Gsp150 Quiz

Front 1

__________ is the combined action of all processes that cause rock to _______ and ______ (in place) because of exposure near earth's surface

Back 1

weathering; weaken; disintegrate

Front 2

weathering acts to produce _______, a surface layer of __________________ rock particles over solid, unaltered ______.

Back 2

regolith; unconsolidated; bedrock

Front 3

vulnerability of rock surfaces depends on 3 things

Back 3

1. how much of the rock is exposed

2. existing climatic conditions

3. ability of water, air, roots, and microscopic organisms to penetrate the exposed rock surface

Front 4

the main passageways through which weathering agents enter rock surfaces are:

Back 4

1. joints

2. pores

Front 5

joints

Back 5

fractures in bedrock caused by tectonic forces that often occur in parallel and intersecting planes

Front 6

pores are tiny spaces between ________ grains in _________ and __________ rocks & ______ grains in ___________ rocks

Back 6

mineral; igneous; metamorphic; sediment; sedimentary

Front 7

two types of bedrock disintegration

Back 7

joints: joint-block disintegration

pores: granular disintegration

Front 8

2 types of weathering

Back 8

physical and chemical

Front 9

name 5 types of physical weathering

Back 9

1. frost action

2. salt-crystal growth

3. exfoliation

4. thermal action

5. biological action

Front 10

frost action: repeated __________ and ________ ice crystals in _________ and ______ of rock or soil.

when water freezes, it _______ and can split rocks apart.

*high altitude & high latitude environments

Back 10

growth; melting; joints; pores

expands

Front 11

in arid climates, slow __________ of ground water from outcropping sandstone surfaces causes the growth of ____ ________.

Back 11

evaporation; salt-crystals

Front 12

salt-crystal growth breaks the rock apart ______ by _______, producing a large range of ________:

1. _________ pits

2. _________

3. shallow ________

4. rock _______

Back 12

grain; grain; landforms; surface; niches; caves; arches

Front 13

_______ occurs when rock is brought near the earth's surface by the _________ of _______ crust.

also known as sheeting

Back 13

exfoliation; erosion; overlying

Front 14

exfoliation: as the __________ rock is slowly removed, _______ is reduced and the rock below _______ slightly in _________.

Back 14

overlying; pressure; expands; volume

Front 15

exfoliation: the rock cracks in ________ that are more or less _________ to the surface

Back 15

layers; parallel

Front 16

chemical weathering: minerals that make up rocks are ___________ altered through reactions with 1)__________, 2)_________, & 3)_______.

Back 16

chemically; water; oxygen; acids

Front 17

chemical weathering reactions proceed more rapidly at _________ temperatures.

this type of weathering is most effective in ____ and _____ climates

Back 17

higher; warm; moist

Front 18

dominant processes of chemical weathering are:

1. __________ (reactions with water)

2. ______ (reactions with oxygen & water)

3. __________ (reactions with carbonic acid)

Back 18

hydrolysis; oxidation; carbonation

Front 19

chemical weathering changes the mineral in rock into ____ forms, such as clay and oxides

Back 19

weaker

Front 20

carbonation occurs when ______ _______ dissolves in water, forming _________ ____, which ______ minerals that are then washed away.

carbonate rich rocks such as _______ and _______ are susceptible to this type of weathering.

____ __________ caused by pollution also results in similar weathering reactions

Back 20

carbon dioxide; carbonic acid; dissolves

limestone; marble

acid precipitation

Front 21

slope: _______ ________ land surface

material _______ downslope because of gravity and accumulated at the slope's base is called __________.

the ________ _________ of Earth material resists downslope movement. the ________ the friction, the _______ the resistance.

Back 21

down inclined

transported; colluvium;

internal friction; higher; stronger

Front 22

angle of repose: the _________ slope _______ that disaggregated earth material can stay in place without movement

Back 22

maximum; angle

Front 23

what 3 things can cause earth materials to overcome friction and move downslope? (mass wasting)

Back 23

1. water

2. vibrations from earthquakes

3. additional falling material

Front 24

____ _______ involves the slow downhill movement of soil and regolith. goes on constantly but is ________.

can be accelerated by cycles of ________ & ________, ________ fluctuations, and animal burrowing.

Back 24

soil creep; imperceptible

wetting; drying; temperature

Front 25

solifuction: when soil creep is caused by the _________ of soil with _______. common in the tropics and the arctic

Back 25

saturation; water

Front 26

the falling, bouncing, and rolling of rock material down _____ ________is called _______ .

loose, fallen rock which _________ at the bottom of cliffs and steep slopes, often in _____-________ piles, is called _____.

Back 26

steep slopes; rockfall; accumulates; cone shaped; talus

Front 27

_________: the rapid sliding of large masses of earth material down a slope

_________ slide: mass rotates as it slides downslope

__________ slide: mass slides directly downslope, resulting in a gap

Back 27

landslide; rotational; translational

Front 28

mass wasting of earth materials with a _____ _____ content usually results in ______.

occur when _______ or _________is greater than __________ into the underlying material.

_______ involve the moderately rapid movement of ________-_________ regolith and soil.

Back 28

high water; flows;

precipitation; snowmelt; absorption

earthflows; water saturated

Front 29

_____ are rapid events in which water saturated ___ pours down slopes and valleys to ___ _______.

often produced by ______ _____ and _____ ________.

________ occuring with volcanic ash = _____

______ flow when mixed with boulders

Back 29

mudflow; mud; low elevations; heavy rains; rapid snowmelt; mudflow; lahars

Front 30

how can fire damage cause debris flow

Back 30

fire killed trees ---> no longer able to anchor the soil ---> monsoons washed away unstable soil---> caused debris flow

Front 31

sample question:

the process in which rocks are fractured, broken, and/or transformed to softer, more soluble forms is known as __________.

Back 31

weathering

Front 32

in arid climates, disintegration and eventual erosion of permeable sandstone cliff-bases due to __________ often results in a niche or cave.

Back 32

salt-crystal growth

Front 33

briefly describe 3 ways that human activity can induce mass wasting failures on steep hillslopes:

Back 33

1. undercutting natural sloppes (to build roads onto the sides of mountains)
2. modifying drainage patterns

3. removing natural vegetation cover