Grt - Aging As A Social Construction

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Social stratification

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A process by which social attributes (age,gender, race, social class, religion, ethnicity) are evaluated differently according to societal views and values

Individuals can be ranked higher or lower than others

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Stereotypes

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Defined as rigidly categorizing others and pre-juding others based on limited information. In contemporary society, the media is often considered a significant source responsible for highlighting negative stereotypes of older persons.

This is changing

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Socioeconomic status/ social class

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Person's position in system of social stratification/ hierarchy that differently allocates major resources, services, opportunities.

Often defined on the basis of education and income

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Social structure/ hiearchy

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Used to think about people in society differ from one another

Placement on an invisible ladder

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Social gradiant/of health and illness

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The lower the socioeconomic position the worse the health

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Social inequality / inequity

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Uneven distribution of wealth and poverty, unequal/unfair opportunities for education, Healthcare, leisure, and differential access to power and rewards

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Sex

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Biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women

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Gender

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Socially constructed roles, behaviour, activities,and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women

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Gender equality

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The absence of discrimination on the basis of a person's sex in opportunities, allocation of resource or benefits, and access to services

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Gender equity

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Fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits, power, resources and responsibility between men and women

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Culture

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Learned and shared way of life, traditions, values, beliefs, norms, dress, language, artifacts, attitudes,behaviour and knowledge that create a describable pattern in the lives of groups of people or cummunities.

A series of guiding 'mechanism' that direct behaviour and thoughts and complex and concrete patterns of behaviour.

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Multiculturalism

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Presence and persistence of diverse racial and ethnic minorities who define themselves as different and who wish to remain so.

At the policy level is structured around the management of diversity through formal initiatives in the federal, provincial and municipal domains.

Is the process by which racial and ethnic minorities compete with central authorities for achievement of certain goals and aspirations.

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Race

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Biological construct which refers to a person's physical appearance, features, and characteristics

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Ethnicity

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Sociological construct which relate to people sharing a common culture, origin, language, nationality

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Racialization

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The process through which groups come to be designated as different, and on that basis is subjected to differential and unequal treatment. In the present context, racialized groups include those who may have experience differential treatment on the basis of race, ethnicity, language, economics,religion, culture,politics.

Treated outside the norm and receiving unequal treatment based upon phenotypical (physical and visible) features

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Representation of aging are determined by ______________________

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Social interactions, expectations, conditions and policies

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Senior discount

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_______ such as life expectancy may be used to determine what is old

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Health indicators

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_______ cultures tend to value age, wisdom, and interdependence, while _________ cultures tend to highly value youth and individuality.

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Eastern and Western

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Dominant individualistic view

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Sees each person as a free agent capable of independence decision making and choosing their own way of life.

Has influenced the view of aging.

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Social reconstruction of aging

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Form a critical perspective, what may seem to be common socio-cultural practices across a community may in fact reflect the subordinate status of certain groups in society.

Need to generate a positive reconstruction of circumstances that are often views as debilitating by focusing on positive aging

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Stereotypes of older people

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Sick

Useless

Fragile

Mental disease

Bad workers

Not interested in sex

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Positive views if older person

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Golden ager

Traveller

Live wire

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Percentage of older women living below the low-income cut-off

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7.6%

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Percentage of older men living below the low-income cut-off

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3.6%

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Percentage of older couples living below the low-income cut-off

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1.6%

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2008: After-tax income for women older than 65 was ___ that if men

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65%, which translates to an annual income difference of $13 300. ($24 800 vs $38 100)

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Considering the _________ category, educational attainment and income may be lower, especially for women

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Oldest old

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________ living in Canada's wealthiest neighborhoods had longe r life expectancy

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Senior men

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Health/ social disparaties

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Described as differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, burden of disease, and other adverse health conditions or outcomes between minority and majority population groups.

Occur among groups who have persistently experienced historical trauma, social disadvantage, discrimination, and systemically experience worse health or greater risks than more advantage social groups.

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Older adults aged _______ from lower socio-economic groups are less likely to engage in health promoting and preventive behaviour

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60-69

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___________ seniors are more likely to experience chronic conditions and low health literacy and barriers to accessing health services

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Lower income

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Women face which double jeopardy

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Sexism and ageism

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2011 Canada: women made up _____ of seniors aged 65-74, ________ seniors aged 75-84 and ________ seniors aged 85+

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52% 65-74

56% 75-84

68% 84+

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2011 globally: ________ women for every 100 men aged 60 and over, by age 80+, there are _______ women for every 100 men.

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123 women for every 100 men (60+)

189 women for very 100 men (80+)

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In 2011, ______ of the total Canadian Population was foreign-born

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20.6%

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______ of seniors are immigrants, majority of whom were born in _________

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28%

Western Europe and Asia

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Poverty among older ____________ has remained while poverty rates among older adults ________ have declined.

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Canadian immigrants

Born in Canada

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_____ of aboriginal population is over 65, and _____ is over 75.

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5% 65+

1% 75+

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U.S: _______ exhibits poorer health and physical and cognitive functioning relative to _________.

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African American

White population

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Cultures impact on seniors

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Ageism

Elder care

Views on death

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Anti-aging medicine

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Specialty founded on the application if advanced scientific and medical technologies for the early detection, prevention, treatment and reversal of age related dysfunction, disorder, and disease.

Healthcare promoting innovative science and research to prolong healthy lifespan in humans.

Anti-aging medicine is based in principles of sound and responsible medical care that are consistent with those applied in other preventive health specialties.

Aims to both extend and prolong the length of time we are able to live productively and independently.

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Individual positive view of aging

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Assing positive attributes to self and re-defining old age

Improvisation to continously reshape conditions

Determining actual needs and resources

Generating routes to resilience

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Society positive view on aging

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Wiser

Knows how to work

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In recent years, older people have been portrayed in a wider variety of _________ and ______ _______ that more closely coincide with reality

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Occupations and social roles

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Older adults aged 50 and older from ______________ are more likely to engage in negative or health harming behaviour

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Lower socio-economic groups

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________ tend to live alone after widowhood and have larger social networks than ______ outside the work environment

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Women

Men