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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Navigation Tools (categories) (5) |
(1) celestial - star chart, cross staff? (2) coastal pilots (3) landscape/area knowledge - coastline, shorebirds, smells, winds, clouds, waves (4) measuring - transverse log board, towed log, hero's paddle (5) sound lead/weight |
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Landscape / Area knowledge(7) |
(1) landmarks (2) coastline (3) shorebirds (4) smells (5) winds (6) clouds/weather (7) wave patterns |
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Measuring Methods of Navigation (3) |
(1) transverse log - board, put peg in, chart of winds helps find where you end up (2) towed log - how many knots pass through hand (3) hero's paddle - measures velocity but not direction |
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Sounding-weights (9) |
(1) katapeiretes, molybdos, catapirates (2) used by 6th c BC (3) hold lump of tallow from seafloor and measure depth (4) no skill in measuring depth - by feel of knots (5) 180 roman throughout mediterranean (6) most important until compass (7) Herodotus - earliest mention (Nile alluvium (8) Althiburus Mosaic 'catapirates' (9) Paul Caesarea to Rome |
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Outstanding Navigations (3) |
(1) c. 600 BC - Phs hired by Necho to circumnavigate Africa counterclockwise - Herodotus describes, sun on right side (2) early 5th c BC - Hanno from Carthage explores W African coast - through straits of gibralter - verbatim report inscription on temple in Carthage - colonization scheme, hard to id places (3) 310/16 BC - Pythaes of Marseilles explores British Islands, Baltic, "Thule" - first to say north star isnt north - pursuit of knowledge - and tin? - avoids blockage of straits by Carthage - habitable areas reported about for ages |
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How did the developments in maritime technology (3) political situations (3) or social factors (3) affect design and materials of warships in HELLENISTIC GREECE? + 4 examples |
Mari-tech (1) heavy (2) less ramming, siege attacks instead, hurl spears (3) fire pot Poli (1) hellenistic arms race (2) money from huge empires (3) must keep balance Social (1) ^ pop at disposal (2) professionalization of navy/army/research (3) more men per oar (less skilled) Examples - Athlit Ram, c 290 BC - Nike of Samothrace, c 200 BC - Ptolemy IV - '40' - - Antigonus - Ph for cedar/pine |
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What were the bulk goods and why? (4) |
(1) grains - 400 000 tons a year for rome, 8 shiploads a day in sailing season (2) juvenal satirres - crowded seas (3) sea trade up in 200 bc - 200 ad, 58% of shipwrecks from ancient world (4) central to workings of empire |
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What effect did these needs and cargoes have on ship design? (4 + eg) |
(1) sware sail (2) tubby: 3:1 or 4:1 (3) not much change from hellenistic (4) row if no wind or need speed eg. europa graffito, pompei, 1st c (steering oars, heavy wales, high stern and bow, man in crow's nest) |
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What effect did these needs and cargoes have on cargo stowage / product packaging for economical transport? (4) |
(1) amphoras - marks from producers and customs agents - shape - space save and easy identification - clay v durable (2) barrels in riverboats (3) mixed cargo, some isolated grain (4) potsherd hill / monte testaccio |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Topographical / Greek (4) |
(1) cothons - artifical harbor basin eg. at carthage (2) indented coastline provides good natural harbors (3) add quay or jetty (4) homer's ideal: natural peninsula and headland |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Economic / Greek (4) |
(1) revival of trade with east c. 8th c BC (2) colonies (3) coinage (7th c) -> public monuments (4) tyrants eg. samos herodotus |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Technological / Greek (6) |
(1) cothon from Phoenicians (2) ashlar masonry joined with mortar (3) breakwaters/embankments of rubble (4) kleistos limen - closeable harbor (5) shipsheds (6) hellenistic lighthouses |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
General Facts (3) |
(1) manmade harbors appear 9th/8th c BC (2) not progress/develop evenly across empire, nor are techniques adopted universally (3) Vitruvius - harbor construction methods |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Topographical / Roman (3) |
(1) pozzolana! Puteoli (2) no/few natural harbors (3) huge empire to coordinate |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Economic / Roman (5) |
(1) piscinae/fishtanks (Cosa) (2) local volcanic ash to save money (3) more harbor infrastructure (4) regularity in planning (5) need to support empire, communication, military, trade, tourist (Puteoli/Baiae) |
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What were the topographical, economic and technological reasons for the differences between greek and etruscan harbor technology, and roman harbour technology?
Technological / roman |
(1) hydraulic concrete (pozzolana, unskilled labor, o fire mice, cure even if large shape) (2) timber formwork (3) more developed engineering skills (4) also use ashlar masonry (5) breakwaters to prevent silting esp near rivers (6) pilae so current can carry silt through (7) empire - can send workers eg. Josephus - Agrippa sends engineers to HTG |
