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245 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Percentage of normal overbite
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10-70%
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what is normal over jet
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2-4mm
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SA less than SR equals
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Crowding
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frontal facial proportions are divided into
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1/5's
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vertical facial proportions are divided into
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1/3's
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skeletal profile uses what two planes as measurements
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frankfort horizontal and nasion pogonion
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skeletal profile greater than 90 degrees
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prognathic
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flat mandibular plane is associated with which face
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short face
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Soft tissue profiles are measured from what two points
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nose to chin
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at rest what distance should the lips be separated
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no more than 3-4 mm
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lip incompetence
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lips are separated by more than 4 mm
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lip prominence is measured by
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drawing a vertical line from each concavity of the lips. If lips are significantly ahead of the line they are prominent
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lip roll occurs in patients who have
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excessive overjet and possibly lower face height
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when smiling how much of the crown should be visible from the lip?
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75% of the maxillary crown should be visible
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golden ration
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1.6
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The difference between the size of permeant incisors and primary incisors is termed what?
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Incisor liability
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what is the difference between the sizes of the permanent incisors in mm?
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7.5 for max 5 for man
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Name the 4 ways in which incisor liability is overcome
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1. spacing between the anteriors
2. growth of the inter canine arch 3. labial position of permanent teeth 4. good size ratios |
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what is the term for the difference in size between 345 and cde?
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leeway space
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what is the average amount of leeway space per side of the arch?
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1.7 mm
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What is the movement of the mandibular molar forward later in life called?
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Late mesial shift
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on average how far forward does the mandibular molar move medially during late mesial shift?
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1.77mm mesially
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In what situation is late mesial shift advantageous?
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during end to end occlusion
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in what situation is late mesial shift bad?
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when you cannot afford to decrease the arch length
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which analysis is used to predict crowding
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moyers mixed dentition analysis
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What point is S
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Sella
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What point is N
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Nasion, indention between nose and forehead
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What point is A
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subspinal, deepest point below the anterior nasal spine
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what is point b
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Submental, deepest point on the contour of the mandibular alveolar process
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what is ANS
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anterior Nasal Spine
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what is PNS
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posterior nasal spine
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what is pog
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pogonion, most anterior point of the bony chin
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what is gn
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gnathion, midpoint of the chin button
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what is me
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Menton, the most inferior point of the outline of the symphysis.
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what is go
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gonion, midpoint of the angle of the mandible
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what is p
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porion, the uppermost point of the ear rods on the cephalostat
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what is or
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orbitale, lower most point of the orbit
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what is ptm
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pterygomaxillary fissure, the anterior wall represents the maxillary tuberosity and the posterior wall represents the pterygoid process
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what is another name for frankfort horizontal plane
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the portion-orbitale
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what is another name for the palatal plane
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ANS-PNS
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what is another name for the mandibular plane
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Go-Gn
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what is another name for Sn-SGn
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y-axis
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High SNA numbers indicate
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maxillary prognathisim
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high SNB numbers indicate
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mandibular prognathisim
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an ANB greater than 4 indicates
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a skeletal class II
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an ANB less than 0
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indicates a skeletal class 3
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For a skeletal class I measurement which point, A or B, should be most anterior? (SNB-SNA)
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A should be most anterior
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high Sn-SGn angles are associated with what type of face height?
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long LOWER face types with open bites, similar to michael phelps
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low Sn-GoGn angles are associated with
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short lower face heights and deep bites
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what are the 2 dental measurements in cephalometrics
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mandibular and maxillary incisor measurements
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what skeletal class is associated with high U1-SN(Max1) measurements?
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Class 2 division 1 (excessive over jet)(flared incisors)
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what is different about about the max1-NA and man1-NB (Linear) measurements compared to the other dental measurements?
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they are measured in mm instead of degrees
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Max 1 NA (angular) high measurements indicate what?
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flared incisors (procumbence)
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what is determined for the linear measurement of U1-NA
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the anterior posterior position of the maxillary incisors
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what is the mandibular equivalent of the U1-SN measurement?
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the L1-GoGn
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which measurement indicates procumbence in mandibular incisors?
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linear measurement of Man1-NB
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For dental measurements high values indicate flared or procumbent incisors in all but which measurement
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U1-L1
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what is the esthetic line
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the line from the tip of the nose to the chin
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what is the e plane
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a soft tissue measurement from the anterior part of the lips to the esthetic line
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high E plane values indicate what soft tissue profile
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protrusive profile
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what does an excessive nasiolabial angle indicate
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upper lip Retrusion
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which facial angle used in our clinic is used to located the anterior posterior position of a patients chin?
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Frankfort horizontal and the NPg
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n-ans and ans-me si a measurement of what
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upper facial height vs lower facial height
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what should the ratio between between n-ams and and-me be?
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5:6 45%:55%
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which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification
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cranial vault, maxilla, and the body of the mandible
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which bones are formed by endochondral ossification
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cranial base and the condyle of the mandible.
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which comes first displacement or growth?
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displacement causes growth
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what part of the body does growth complete earliest and latest?
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from the head down growth will complete faster
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what age does the mid palatal suture close?
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around 8
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when does the symphyseal suture close?
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around age 1
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which point of the chin is resorptive during growth
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the chin button
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at what age do males attain the highest rate of growth
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14.3
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what is the highest rate of growth for males
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3.1 mm per year
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when a female is 12 years old what is her peak growth rate
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2.3mm/year
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what skeletal class is a chin cap used to restrict
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skeletal class III
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does a chin cap work even after puberty
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no puberty usually creates a class III again
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is the condyle a growth site?
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no the condyle is not a growth site
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what complications can occur when a mandible is displaced distally
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tmj disturbances
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what complication can occur when incisors flare
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it can create spaces
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what happens when the lower incisors displace distally
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lower incisors crowd.
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what is the most common problem associated with late mandibular growth?
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lower incisors displace distally causing crowding
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what direction does the mandible rotate
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forward
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what does forward rotation of the mandible cause the mandibular incisors to do
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causes the incisors to move posteriorly and decrease the arch length
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will a short face type rotate more or less than average
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rotates more than average
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will the mandibular plane angle be low or high in an individual will a long face type
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high mandibular plane angle in an individual with a long face and open bite
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Rank in order of completion: width, length, height
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width length height
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when does width of jaw complete growth
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before growth spurt
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at what age does inter canine width complete
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age 12
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at what age do females complete growth of the length of their mandible and maxilla?
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14-15
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at what age do males complete growth of the length of their mandible and maxilla?
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18
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when does the height of a female jaw complete growing
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17-18
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when does the height of a male jaw complete growing
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early 20's
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what appliance is used to increase anterior-posterior dimension of the mandible?
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functional appliance
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what is the trade name for a functional appliance
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bionator
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what skeletal profile angle was decreased by both headgear and functional appliances
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ANB angle
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what does thumb sucking do to a patients overjet
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it causes over jet to increase
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what is the name of the appliance used for children who suck their thumbs
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habit appliance
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at what age does the cranial vault complete growing
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age 8
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at what age does the cranial base complete growing
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late teens
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at what age does the last fontanelle close
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the anterior fontanelle closes around 18 months
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at what age does the last synchondrosis close
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the synchondrosis closes in the late teens
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what is the growth center for the cranial base
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the spheno-occipital synchondrosis
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growth movement of an enlarging portion of bone
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drift
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growth movement of an entire bone as a unit in relation to another bone
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displacement
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Will a head change its body proportion more than a leg from birth to adulthood?
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no, the lower an extremity the more it will grow proportionally
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what are the four stages of growth
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prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence
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how long does the prenatal stage last
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40 weeks
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how long does the infancy stage last
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from birth to 2 years
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how long does the childhood stage last?
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2-10 for females and 2-12 for boys
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at what age does a male leave his adolescence? at what age does a female leave her adolescence
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12-20 males 12-18 females
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when does growth velocity plateau
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during childhood
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when does growth velocity increase
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adolescence
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what proportion of total body length is a 3 month old fetus's head
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50%
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as an adult what percentage of total body length is an adults head?
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12%
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what growth rates and times do a human incremental growth chart represent?
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rapid prenatal growth, rapid deceleration of growth postnatal, slow growth during childhood, rapid growth for 2-3 during pubertal adolescence.
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are height and weight the only parts of the body that can be plotted?
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no, any part of the body can be plotted
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what does a significant change from a childs percentile on a growth chart suggest?
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a growth abnormality
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what is a signal of physical or emotional abnormalities on a growth chart
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a change of greater than 2%
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what is the best time to accomplish dentofacial modifications
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during periods of increased growth
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what are the four characteristics of a good biological marker?
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reliable, easily identifiable, recognized in both sexes, and closely correlated with facial bones
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the ossification of the sesamoid adductor is indicative of
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pubertal growth spurt
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complete fusion of the epiphysis to the diaphysis on the distal phalange of the middle finger is indicative of
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the end of the pubertal growth spurt
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the complete fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis at the radius is indicative of what
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near completion of skeletal growth
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with age respiration (increase/decrease), heart rate (increase/decrease), and blood pressure (increase/decrease).
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respiration decrease, heart rate decreases, blood pressure increase
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blood pressure for a 5 year old
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100/65
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blood pressure for a 12 year old
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110/70
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blood pressure for an adult
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120/75
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what classifies a child as hypertensive
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95 percentile on 3 more occasions
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what classifies a child as prehypertensive
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90th percentile on 3 or more occasions
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how are adolescents blood pressure classified
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as adults
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what does sichers sutural dominance theory state
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controlled by intrinsic genetic factors only
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scotts cartilaginous theory states
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cartilage and periosteum are growth centers and sutures are passive
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moss' functional matrix theory states
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form follows function but also denies any intrinsic genetic control
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which cartilage is genetically controlled growth "center"
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primary cartilage
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which cartilage is considered to be adaptive and a growth "site"
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secondary cartilage
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name the postnatal remnants that act as growth centers for the cranium
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Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the nasal cartilage
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what is the dominant factor in craniofacial growth
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chondrocranium
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a child is able to hold its own bottle, roll from back to front, and able to sit up straight in his or her high chair how old are they?
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6 months old
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at what age is the anterior fontanelle nearly closed and a child can pull itself up to its feet
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12 months old
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at what age can a child browse through a book and run
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24 months
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when can a child control his or her bladder and copy a circle
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36 months old
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when can a child cut out a picture with scissors
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4 years old
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when can a child ty their own shoelace
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5 years old
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another name for the dental follicle
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dental sac
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which cells induce oral epithelium to form the dental lamina
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neural crest cells
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how many dental lamina are contained in each arch?
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ten,
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what teeth do not develop from the bud of their primary predecessor
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permanent molars
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problems during the initiation bud stage lead to what anomalies
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tooth number anomalies
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at what stage is the inner and outer enamel epithelium formed
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proliferation cap stage
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what cells form the dental papilla
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ectomesenchymal cells
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what types of anomalies occur during the proliferation cap stage
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anomalies of tooth number and structure
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name the 3 t's of the proliferation cap stage
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tooth number, tooth size, twinning
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at what stage do odontoblast and ameloblast show up
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histodifferentiation bell stage
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what types of anomalies occur during the histodifferentiation bell stage
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anomalies of enamel and dentin structure
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what type anomalies show up during the histodifferentiation bell stage
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amelogenesis imperfecta and odontogenesis imperfecta
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what stage occurs prior to mineralization and establishes the DEJ
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morphodifferentiation bell stage
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what types of anomalies occur during the morphodifferentiation bell stage
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anomalies of size and shape
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name the five anomalies of the morphodifferentiation bell stage
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peg laterals, macrodontia, dens in dente, dens evaginitus, and taurodontism
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blue print during the apposition stage
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DEJ
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what happens during the apposition stage
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deposition of enamel and dentin matrix
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how long does it take for dentin to mineralize
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24 hours
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what types of anomalies occur during the apposition stage
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interruption of matrix deposition
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name four anomalies of apposition
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amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel hyperplasia, dentin dysplasia, and enamel pearls
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in what direction does calcification proceed
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from cusp tips and incisal edges and then cervically
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infection, trauma, or excessive fluoride ingestion can lead to what anomalies if they occur during calcification
|
fluorosis, localized hypocalcification
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when does HERS form
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after crown formation
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what does the outer layer of cells on HERS deposit
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enameloid on the root surface
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what creates cell rests
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breaking of HERS
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what initiates root formation
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breaking up of HERS
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which cells differentiate into cementoblasts after they come into contact with the root surface
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mesenchymal cells
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what maintains space and in the PDL and protects against root resorption
|
ECRM (epithelial cell rest of mallassez)
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do primary teeth have more or less ECRM
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less, causing them to resorb more quickly
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six or more missing teeth
|
oligodontia
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absence of all teeth
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anodontia
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what is the most common developmental dental anomaly
|
hypodontia
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does hypodontia occur more in primary or permanent teeth
|
permanent teeth
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second most frequently missing tooth
|
max lateral incisor
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what is a group of syndromes that all relate to abnormalities relating to ectodermal structures. described as abnormalities of two or more ectodermal structures
|
ectodermal dysplasia
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what is the most common type of ectodermal dysplasia
|
x-linked HYPOhidrotic ED
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is HYPERdontioa more or less common in permanent teeth
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more common in permanent teeth
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is hyperdontia more or less common in males
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more common in males
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is hyperdontia found more or less in the maxilla?
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found more in the maxilla
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are more or less mesiodens
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most are mesiodens
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to allow normal eruption what procedure may need to be done on a patient with hyperdontia
|
extraction
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what is associated with over retention of primary teeth root deflection, displacement of teeth, diastemas and and abnormal root resorption
|
Mesiodens
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when a mesiodens is observed in a preschool age child what radiograph should be taken?
|
occlusal radiographs, but a PA is best for diagnoses
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if their is a reasonable chance the mesiodens with erupt by itself do you still have to perform surgery?
|
observe it first and then you can extract it
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if permanent incisor roots are 2/3 developed and a mesiodens is observed what should be done
|
extract mesiodens
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what is the dentinal union of two embryologically developing teeth
|
fusion
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in which type of teeth and where is fusion more common
|
primary anteriors
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how many root chambers does a fused root have
|
two root chambers
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how would you diagnose fusion
|
less than the normal number of teeth in the dentition
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abortive attempt by a single tooth to divide
|
gemination
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how many root chambers does a geminated tooth contain
|
1 pulp chamber
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how would you diagnose a geminated tooth over a fused tooth
|
the normal unit of teeth are present
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what clinical significance does a geminated tooth present
|
may slow the eruption of the permanent succesor
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abnormal proliferation of what cells cause an odontoma
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tooth germ
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what should be done with an odontoma
|
surgically remove the odontogenic tumor
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odontoma in which the dental tissue is in an orderly fashion
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compound odontoma, similar to a tooth
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odontoma in which the dental tissue has formed in a rudimentary fashio
|
complex
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where do compound odontomas typically occur
|
in the anterior maxilla
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where do complex odontomas typically occur
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in the posterior mandible
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permanent, primary or both dentitions are affected by amelogenesis imperfecta
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both
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insufficient quality ( rough, pitted) of enamel is which type of amelogenesis imperfecta
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hypoplastic (type I)
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soft enamel is which type of amelogenesis imperfecta
|
hypocalcified (type II)
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poor mineralization but less severe and hypocalcified type II amelogenesis imperfecta is
|
hypomaturation (type III and IV)
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what is the most common form of amelogenesis imperfecta
|
hypoplastic type I
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what dental procedure do hypoplastic type I amelogenesis imperfecta teeth look like?
|
a crown prep
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what color is hypoplastic type I amelogenesis imperfecta teeth
|
yellow/brown
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what sensitivity stand out in hypoplastic type I amelogenesis imperfecta
|
thermal sensitivity
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what color are hypocalcified type II ameolgenesis imperfecta teeth and why
|
honey brown because dentin becomes exposed rapidly after erruption
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what do teeth of hypomaturation type III and IV amelogenesis imperfecta look like
|
they have a chalky white appearance and stain easily
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what other anomaly is frequently mistake for hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta type III and IV
|
fluorosis
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what commonly happens to the enamel of hypomaturation type III and IV amelogenesis
|
the commonly fracture
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what type of inheritance is shown in dentinogenesis imperfecta?
|
autosomal dominace
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which type of dentinogenesis imperfecta occurs with osteogenesis imperfecta
|
type I
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which type of dentinogenesis imperfecta occurs as an isolated type
|
type II
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what color are teeth that have dentinogenesis imperfecta
|
red brown to gray
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what do the roots look like radiographically of a tooth that has dentinogenesis imperfecta
|
they are slender roots with small or absent chambers.
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what is a microdontia disease
|
peg laterals
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how do you verify a diagnoses of dens in dente
|
radiographically
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where is dens in dente most common
|
max lateral incisors
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what may raise suspicion of dens in dente
|
deep lingual pits
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why is dens in dente clinically significant
|
because a foramen exists from the pit to the pulp chamber
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how do you treat dens in dente
|
sealant or restoration of the pit
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what is a condition in which a tooth appears to have formed an extra cusp
|
dens evaginitus
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what population typically has dens evaginitus
|
asians
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why is dens evaginitus clinically significant?
|
because the pulp chamber may run into the cusp. the cusp is improperly formed anatomy and may fracture causing pulpal necrosis.
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name of the anomaly in which the body of the tooth expands at the expense of the roots and the pulp chamber extends deeply into the region of the roots.
|
taurodontism
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trichodento-osseus syndrome, otodental syndrome, andx-chromosome aneuploides is associated with what anomaly
|
taurodontism
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why is taurodontism clinically significant?
|
may make pulp therapy difficult
|
|
|
horizontal lines across the enamel may indicate
|
enamel hypoplasia
|
|
|
nutritional deficiency, cerebral palsy, local infection or trauma, cleft lip or palate, and excess fluoride ingestion during apposition can cause what
|
enamel hypoplasia
|
|
|
Hypomineralization of systemic origin that effects 25% of all molars is called
|
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
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|
sign of Molar Incisor hypomineralization is
|
sharp demarcation between sound and unsound enamel
|
|
|
Molar incisal hypomineralization
|
teeth chip easily and are caries prone
|
|
|
excess fluoride ingestion during apposition mineralization stage
|
fluorosis
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sign of mild fluorosis
|
snow capped appearance
|
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sign of sever fluorosis
|
pitted surface
|
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|
how do you treat fluorosis
|
leave it alone or place crowns or veneers
|
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at what age can you introduce fluoridated toothpaste
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not until age two
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when can a child start using a toothbrush, no toothpaste
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1-3
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what amount of toothpaste should be used in a child under 2
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a smear
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what size toothpaste should be used in a child 2-5
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a pea sized amount
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at what age can a child no longer get cosmetically objectionable fluorosis from excessive fluoride ingestion
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age 6
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