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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Growth |
An increase in the physical size of the body or its part |
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Development |
Changes in an individual's level of functioning overtime |
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Factors affecting growth and development |
1. Heredity - genes help determine size & other physical traits
2. Nutrition - malnourishment prevents the body from excelling
3. Socio-Economic Status - higher SES = larger body - lower stress, better sleep, regular exercise, healthier habits & access to organized sports
4. physical activities - important for optimal growth (Muscle, bone density, lean mass & cardio) - social development (leadership, interaction & cooperation)
5. Glandular / Hormonal activity - numerous glands in body secrete hormones that travel into different organs & tissues |
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4 components of human development |
1. Physical development - growth and development of body's bones, energy systems & nervous system.
2. Cognitive development - emotional development & development of one's self concept.
3. Motor / skills development - combination of physical and cognitive development - humans ability to perform a range of tasks
4. Social development - development of relationships with friends, family, relatives, peers, adults and others.
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4 stages of human growth and development |
1. Infancy / toddler stage - 0-2 & 2-3 years old - most growth occurs (length& mass)
2. Childhood - 4-10 years old - maintain a rapid level of growth - body goes though a stabilizing period
3. Adolescence - 11-18 years old - growth speeds up (growth spurt) - physical and psychological changes occur
4. Adulthood - 18+ years old - weight gains - increased blood pressure and resting heart rate |
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Skill Acquisition Process |
1. Cognitive stage - task is first introduced - learner makes large errors and need specific instruction - goal of stage is to learn what the skill is and what needs to be achieved
2. Associative stage - begin refining skill - learner develops awareness of mistake - stage takes longer
3. Autonomous stage - task is automatic - very little time is spent thinking about basic fundamentals - aware of mistakes and how to correct them |
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Factors affecting skill development |
1. Incorrect understanding of movement
2. Poor physical abilities
3. Poor coordination of movement
4. Incorrect application of power
5. Lack of concentration
6. Inappropriate equipment
7. External factors |
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Teaching motor skills |
1. Whole vs. Part - whole method is learning entire skill / activity - part method is learning parts of activity separately then combining parts to form a unified whole Whole-part-whole |
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Teaching motor skills |
2. Blocked vs. Random practice Blocked practice: refers to talking all trials under the same conditions Random practice: refers to taking all trials under varying conditions. |
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Open Skill |
Is one that is performed in an unpredictable environment, which requires participants to adapt their movements to the changing nature of that environment |
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Closed skill |
Is one that takes place in an environment that is predictable and permits participants to plan their movements in advance |
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Massed vs. Distributive |
Massed method: refers to a schedule which the amount of rest is short relative to the drill length Distributive: refers to a schedule that has a longer amount of rest. |
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Effective feedback |
1. Specific 2. Constructive 3. Directed at changeable behaviour 4. Sooner 5. Check for clarity 6. Positive and informative |
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Information Feedback |
KP feedback - is gained by the knowledge of performance (how body performed during activity)
KR feedback - is gained by the knowledge of the results (seeing final outcome)
Intrinsic feedback - comes from within
Extrinsic feedback - comes from an external source
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Somatotyping |
1. Endomorph - pear shaped body - rounded head - wide hips & shoulders - a lot of fat on body
2. Mesomorph - wedge shaped body - a cubical head - wide & broad shoulders - muscled arms and legs - narrow hips - minimum amount of fat
3. Ectomorph - a high forehead - narrow shoulders and hips - thin arms and legs - little muscle and fat |
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Long-term athlete development |
Stages: 1. Active start (0-6 years old) - Improves basic movement skills - builds strong bones and muscles
2. FUNdamentals (6-9) - well structured, positive, and fun
3. Learning to train (9-12) - most important period for motor development - apply ratio of 70% training and 30% competition
4. Training to train (12-16) - learning the basics instead of competing
5. Training to compete (16-23) - select one sport
6. Training to win (19+) - competition to training ratio is 25:75
7. Active for life (can occur any age) - positive sports experience is key to retaining athletes. |
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Long-term athlete development |
1. The FUNdamentals - referred to as physical literacy and included skipping, hopping, jumping, throwing, catching, hitting, and swimming.
2. Specialization - sports either classified as early or late specialization. - early specialization sports include: gymnastics, diving, and figure skating. - late specialization sports include: hokey, soccer, basketball, and baseball.
3. Developmental age - can identify if a child is an early, average or late maturer.
4. Trainability - refers to the responsiveness of individuals at different stages of growth and maturation to training stimulus
5. Physical, mental, cognitive, ethical and emotional development - training, competition, and recovery programs should be designed to match
6. Periodization - refers to the amount of time applied to training
7. Competitive calendar - sports should identify specific training to competition ratios
8. The 10 year rule - minimum of 10 years (10,000 hours) of training for athletes to achieve highest level of elite competition |
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Object control skills |
1. Throwing - rotation of spine and hips to generate power - greater step & weight shift
2. Catching - can catch ball on the run - elbows flexed - ball caught with hand alone
3. Striking - step into swing - weight shift - rotation and follow through
4. Kicking - running start - step beside ball - flexion & extension of knee |
