Gross - Spring - Equine And Ruminant Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity And Pharynx - Mt1

Front 1

What are the cartilages of the equine nostrils?

Back 1

Dorsal and ventral lateral cartilages

Alae or wings
Lateral wing for each nostril – skin, muscle, fibrous CT

Medial cartilage of both nostrils – cartilaginous base:
Lamina of alar cartilage – dorsal
Cornu of alar cartilage – ventral

Front 2

In the equine nose, what is the alar fold a continuation of?

Back 2

Mucous membrane fold continuous rostrally with a fold of skin attached to the lamina of the alar cartilage and caudally with the ventral nasal concha

Front 3

Where are the true and false nostril of the equine nose?

Back 3

True - ventral to alar fold
False - dorsal to alar fold (nasal diverticulum (2)

Front 4

What is the nasal diverticulum?

Why is it clinically relevant?

Back 4

Blind pocket located dorsal to the alar fold

Clinical relevance - to be aware of with passing a nasogastric tube.

Front 5

Where is the nasolacrimal duct orifice in the equine nostril?

Back 5

Nasolacrimal duct orifice (3)
External opening of the nasolacrimal duct
Located on floor of vestibule

Front 6

What are the nose and nostril cartilages of the ox? How does the nose help in identification?

Back 6

Dorsal and ventral lateral cartilages
Planum nasolabiale – ox

The planum nasolabialis is glandular and should be moist. You can take nose prints for identification. :)

Front 7

What are the features of the small ruminant nose and nostrils?

Back 7

Dorsal and ventral lateral cartilages
Planum nasale – small ruminant
Philtrum – small ruminant

Front 8

What are a, a', a", a'''?

Back 8

a Nasal septum
a’ Membranous part
a” Cartilaginous part
a’’’ Osseous part – perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Front 9

What are a, a', a', a'"?

Back 9

a Nasal septum
a’ Membranous part
a” Cartilaginous part
a’’’ Osseous part – perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Front 10

Is the equine choana vertical or horizontal? What nasal areas is it located between?

Back 10

horizontal

Located between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx

Front 11

Is the ruminant choana horizontal, vertical or oblique?

Back 11

Oblique

Front 12

What is the fold of the dorsal nasal concha of the equine?

Back 12

Straight fold – courses from the dorsal nasal concha to the nostril

Front 13

Which equine nasal meatus communicates with the maxillary sinus?

Back 13

The middle nasal meatus

Front 14

Which nasal meatus of the equine do you want to pass a nasograstric tube through? Why?

Which meatus can you get hung up in?

Back 14

The ventral nasal meatus.

Because it leads to the choana.

The dorsal nasal meatus can be a dead end for your nasogastric tube.

Front 15

Which equine nasal meatus opens up as you move caudally?

Back 15

The ventral nasal meatus

Front 16

What fold is in the dorsal nasal concha of the bovine?

Back 16

The straight fold

Front 17

What is the largest nasal meatus in the bovine?

Back 17

The ventral meatus

Front 18

Which bovine nasal meatus opens into the nasomaxillary opening (maxillary sinus)?

Back 18

The middle nasal meatus

Front 19

What divides the middle nasal meatus in the ruminant? What does it divide into?

Back 19

Divided into dorsal and ventral passages caudally by the middle nasal concha

Front 20

What are the interesting feature of the ruminant cheek?

Back 20

Conical buccal papillae. They are mechanical, not sensory.

Front 21

T/F ruminant canines and incisors are movable.

Back 21

True - this is thought to be a way to protect the dental pad from getting hit in the same spot every time.

Front 22

What subsets of sublingual salivary gland do horses have?

Back 22

Polystomatic only, so there is no sublingual salivary duct.

Front 23

Should performing surgery on the parotid salivary duct in the horse make you nervous?

Back 23

Yes, because the duct is surrounded by a lot of vasculature

Front 24

What subgroups of sublingual salivary gland do the bovine have?

Back 24

Monostomatic portion is located ventral to the rostral half of the polystomatic portion
Drains at sublingual caruncle

Polystomatic portion drains directly into floor of mouth on the sublingual fold

Front 25

what salivary glands drain at the sublingual caruncle in the bovine?

Back 25

Mandibular and monostomatic sublingual salivary glands.

Front 26

Name these equine oral cavity structures!

Back 26

A. Sublingual caruncle
B. Lingual frenulum
C. Fungiform papillae
D. Filiform papillae
E. Vallate papillae
F. Foliate papillae
G. Lingual tonsil
H. Palatine tonsil
I. Stump of palatoglossal arch

Front 27

Is the horse palatine tonsil located in the wall of the pharynx?

Back 27

No, they are located laterally to the tongue.

Front 28

Name these ruminant oral cavity structures!

Back 28

A. Sublingual caruncle
B. Lingual frenulum
C. Fungiform papillae
D. Filiform papillae
E. Conical and lenticular papillae
F. Vallate papillae
G. Region of palatoglossal arch
H. Lingual tonsil

Front 29

What are the boundaries to the intrapharyngeal ostium of the equine pharynx?

Back 29

Located between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx
Formed by the palatopharyngeal arch (4) and free border of soft palate (3)

Front 30

why is the pharyngeal recess of the equine nasopharynx clinically important?

Back 30

It is another blind pouch that the nasogastric tube can get stuck in. Important to pass the tube with the curve pointing down.

Front 31

Can you name these equine tonsils/openings?

Back 31

1. Oropharynx
2. Nasopharynx
3. Palatine tonsil
4. Lingual tonsil
5. Tonsil of the soft palate
6. Pharyngeal tonsil
7. Tubal tonsil (located around the auditory tubes)

Front 32

What are the dorsal and ventral boundaries of the guttural pouch?

Back 32

Dorsal - base of cranium and atlas
Ventral - pharynx and beginning of esophagus

Front 33

How many guttural pouches are there? Do they communicate?

Back 33

There are R and L guttural pouches that do not communicate. Each side has medial and lateral compartments (1 and 2)

Front 34

What is the medial compartment of the guttural pouch in contact with?

Back 34

The medial compartment is in contact with the internal carotid artery, ventral cerebral vein (from occipital vein), glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), vagus n. (CN X), accessory n. (CN XI), hypoglossal n. (CN XII), cranial cervical ganglion, and sympathetic trunk. Ventrally, the medial compartment is in contact with the medial retropharyngeal lnn.

Front 35

What does the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch have coursing along its surface?

Back 35

The lateral compartment has the facial nerve coursing along its lateral surface along with the maxillary artery and vein.

Front 36

What can you ID here?

Back 36

1. Medial compartment of guttural pouch
1’. Lateral compartment of guttural pouch
2. Stylohyoid bone
5. Medial retropharyngeal lnn.
18. Septum between guttural pouches

Front 37

How does air get into the guttural pouch?

Back 37

Through the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube that opens during expiration and swallowing

Front 38

What equine structure does this describe:
it is a mucosal fold attached to the lateral wall of pharynx and medial wall of auditory tube, located ventrally?

Back 38

Plica salpingopharyngea

Front 39

What are 1 through 4?

Back 39

1 - epiglottis
2 - opening into trachea
3 - pharyngeal recess
4 - external auditory openings

Front 40

Here we are in the guttural pouch. What can we see?

Back 40

see key

Front 41

What are some important structures to avoid during surgical drainage of the guttural pouch?

Back 41

Parotid duct
Linguofacial v.
Common carotid a.
External carotid a.
Hypoglossal n.
Glossopharyngeal n.

Front 42

What forms the pharyngeal tonsil caudally in the ruminant?

Back 42

The pharyngeal septum

Front 43

What might you need to reflect in the ruminant to see the external auditory opening?

Back 43

The pharyngeal septum

Front 44

What is the name of the structure that the palatine tonsil surrounds in the ox?

Back 44

Tonsillar sinus

Front 45

How are the ruminant tonsils different between small ruminants and ox (shown)?

Back 45

1. Oropharynx
2. Nasopharynx
3. Palatine tonsil
4. Lingual tonsil
5. Tonsil of the soft palate
6. Pharyngeal tonsil
7. Tubal tonsil

Front 46

What muscle raises the soft palate to close the choana during swallowing in the large animals?

Back 46

levator veli palatini m.

Front 47

Name b, c, d, e

Back 47

Tensor veli palatini m. (B)
Levator veli palatini m. (C)
Pterygopharyngeus m. (D)
Palatopharyngeus m. (E)

Front 48

what is the only muscle that dilates the pharynx in the large animals (as in the small animals)

Back 48

stylopharyngeus m.

Front 49

These yellow areas are palpable, what are they?

Back 49

Facial crest
Ventral and caudal borders of the mandible
Angle of mandible
Nasoincisive notch
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process of frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen
Nuchal crest

Front 50

What are the palpable features of the ruminant head?

Back 50

Facial tuberosity
Poll / intercornual protuberance
Temporal line
Zygomatic arch
Infraorbital foramen

Front 51

ID CNs 15, 16, 17 here

Back 51

15. Accessory n. (CN XI)
16. Vagus n. (CN X)
17. Sympathetic trunk and
cranial cervical ganglion

Front 52

What are the CNs called 20, 21, 22?

Back 52

20. Vagus n. (CN X)
21. Pharyngeal br.
22. Cranial cervical ganglion