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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vertebral formulas for dog and cat
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Dog: C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca20-23
Cat: C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca18-21 |
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Ligaments of vertebral column (3 atlas/axis, 7 vertebral, 1 costal)
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Transverse ligament of atlas: dens --> fovea dentis
Apical and alar ligaments: dens --> basioccipital bone Dorsal atlanto-axial ligament: spine of axis --> arch of atlas Nuchal ligament: axis --> T1 (only in dogs) Supraspinous ligament: connects spinous processes of T1-Ca3 Dorsal longitudinal ligament: courses ventral to spinal cord C2-->S Ventral longitudinal ligament: courses ventral to vertebral bodies C2-->S Interspinous ligaments: sheets connecting spinous processes Intertransverse ligaments: between lumbar transverse processes Interarcuate (yellow) ligaments: course between dorsal part of arches Intercapital ligaments: connect pairs of ribs 2-10 at the head, across the intervertebral disc |
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Locations of spinal tap?
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1. Cisterna magna: dilated area of subarachnoid space between foramen magnum and dorsal arch of atlas
2. Lumbar Dogs: space between L5-6 or L6-7 Cats: lumbosacral junction |
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Epaxial vs. Hypaxial muscles (15)
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Epaxial: iliocostalis, longissimus, and transversospinalis systems
Hypaxial: Neck: longus capitis and colli Thorax: scalenus, rectus thoracis, serratus ventralis and dorsalis, external and internal intercostals Abdomen: external and internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus, rectus abdominus Tail: ventro-medial/lateral sacrocaudalis, ventral caudal intertransversarius |
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Muscles of inspiration (4) and expiration (4)
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Inspiration: scalenus, serratus dorsalis cranialis, rectus thoracis, external intercostal
Expiration: serratus dorsalis caudalis, internal intercostal, iliocostalis system, transversus thoracis |
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Longus capitis (origin, insertion, action)
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Origin: transverse processes of C2-6
Insertion: tubercle of occipital bone Action: flex atlantooccipital joint and draw neck downward |
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Longus colli (origin, insertion, action)
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Thoracic:
Origin: ventral surfaces of T1-6 Insertion: transverse processes of C6-7 Cervical: Origin: ventral borders of transverse processes of C3-6 Insertion: ventral crest of cranial vertebra, and ventral tubercle of atlas Action: draw neck downward |
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Obliquus capitis cranialis (origin, insertion, action)
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Origin: lateral wing of atlas
Insertion: mastoid process and nuchal crest Action: extend atlanto-occipital joint (nod head) |
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Obliquus capitis caudalis (origin, insertion, action)
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Origin: spinous process and caudal articular process of axis
Insertion: wing of atlas Action: stabilizes and rotates atlantoaxial joint (shake head) |
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Rectus capitis dorsalis (origin, insertion, action)
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Origin: spinous process of axis and dorsal arch of atlas
Insertion: occipital bone Action: extend atlantooccipital joint (nod head) |
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Action and innervation of epaxial muscles
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Action: extend vertebral column, or bend it when they act unilaterally
Innervation: dorsal branches of spinal nerves |
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Components of carotid sheath (4)
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Carotid artery
Internal jugular vein Vagosympathetic trunk Tracheal lymphatic duct |
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Name 3 fetal bypass structures and their adult remnants
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Ductus venosus:umbilical vein --> caudal vena cava, bypasses liver (ligamentum venosum)
Foramen ovale: right atrium --> left atrium, bypasses pulmonic circulation (fossa ovalis) Ductus arteriosus: pulmonary trunk --> aorta, bypasses pulmonic circulation (ligamentum arteriosum) |
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Branches of thoracic spinal nerves
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Dorsal:
Medial: motor to epaxial muscles Lateral cutaneous: sensory to skin Ventral: Intercostal: motor to thoracic wall Lateral and ventral cutaneous: sensory to skin |
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Line of pleural reflection
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Sternum at 8th costal cartilage --> middle of 9th costal cartilage --> junction of 11th rib --> dorsal 13th rib
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Auscultation area of lungs
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Dorsal border: lateral margin of epaxials
Cranial border: 5th rib Ventral/caudal border: curved line from costochondral juntion of rib 6 --> middle of rib 8 --> dorsal rib 11 |
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Pleural recesses (2)
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Costodiaphragmatic
Costomediastinal |
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Structure cranial to heart? Function?
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Thymus: trains incompetent T-cells
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Thoracic lymph nodes (names, afferent and efferent)
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Sternal: drain muscles of ventral chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, first three pairs of mammary glands (--> cranial veins)
Tracheobronchial: drain lungs, mediastinal structures, part of diaphragm (--> cranial mediastinal lnn.) Cranial mediastinal: drain structures of mediastinum and deep muscles at base of neck (--> veins at thoracic inlet) |
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Muscle structure of esophagus
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Dogs and ruminants: tunica muscularis is all skeletal muscle, mucosa forms transverse folds
Cat, horse, pig: tunica muscularis transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle, mucosa creates herringbone pattern caudally |
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Puncta maxima of cardiac valves (dog and cat)
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DOG:
Pulmonary: left 3rd intercostal space at junction Aortic: left 4th intercostal space above junction Mitral: left 5th intercostal space at junction Tricuspid: right 3rd or 4th intercostal space at junction CAT: Pulmonary: high left 4th Aortic: high left 5th Mitral: left 6th costal cartilage Tricuspid: low right 5th |
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Location of cardiac puncture in dog and cat
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Dog: right 4th at junction
Cat: right 5th at junction |
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Layers of pericardium (clinical and anatomical)
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Clinical: pericardial mediastinal pleura, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium
Anatomical: fibrous pericardium, parietal paricardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
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Embryonic origin of COST muscles and muscles of head
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Pharyngeal arches
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Origin of phrenic nerve
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ventral branches of C5-7
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Branches of vertebral artery
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Muscular branches: course with branches of spinal nerves
Cervical spinal branches: through intervertebral foramena to supply spinal cord, form ventral spinal artery Basilar artery: courses ventral of brain stem, formed by terminal vertebral artery and ventral spinal artery |
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Branches of external jugular vein
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Splits off maxillary vein, becomes linguofacial vein
Linguofacial splits to lingual and facial Lingual veins join via venous hyoid arch |
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Path of lymph from abdomen
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Collected in cisterna chyli
Carried cranially by thoracic duct Drains to left veins cranial to heart |
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Layers of heart wall
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Epicardium
Myocardium Endocardium |
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Connection between heart and diaphragm
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Phrenicopericardial ligament
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Interventricular grooves
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Paraconal (on auricular surface)
Subsinuosal (on atrial surface) |
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Parts of atrium
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Sinus venarum
Auricle |
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Grooves on heart walls
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In atria: pectinate muscles
In ventricles: trabeculae carneae and trabeculae septomarginalis |
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Parts of valves
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AV valves: parietal and septal
Aortic valve: 3 semilunar cusps (right, left, and septal) contain aortic sinuses |
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Outflow tract of right ventricle
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Conus arteriosus
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Branches of coronary arteries
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Left: paraconal interventricular, circumflex --> subsinuosal interventricular
Right: circumflex (some cats --> subsinuosal interventricular) |
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Locations and destination of coronary veins
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Great: paraconal interventricular groove
Middle: subsinuosal interventricular groove both drain to coronary sinus |
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Intervertebral discs: type of joint, layers
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Symphysis (cartilaginous joint)
Anulus fibrosus = collagenous outer layer Nucleus pulposus = inner gelatinous core |
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Recurrent laryngeal nerves (what do they wrap around?)
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Right: right subclavian artery
Left: aortic arch |
