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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the four anatomical planes?
median (midsagittal),
sagittal (parasagittal),
coronal (frontal),
horizontal (transverse)
Horizontal plane:
divides body into upper and lower parts..x-axis
Saggital plane:
pass parallel to the median plane
Coronal plane:
perpendicular to median plane, divides body into front and back
what are anatomical sections?
are actual slices through the body for the purpose of demonstrating the position of anatomical structures
What are the four standard anatomical sections?
longitudinal, vertical, transverse and oblique
what are terms of relationship?
these terms are relative terms used to describe the position of a body part in relation to other body parts
what are the 20 terms of relationship?
superior (cranial), inferior (caudal),
anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal),
medial ( closer to midline), lateral (further away from midline) ,median (in the midline),
proximal (closer to the point of origin), distal (further from the point of origin) ,
superficial, deep,
external (outer), internal (inner),
central, peripheral,
parietal, visceral,
rostral (toward the nose), cephalic (cranial, head), ipsilateral ( to the same side), contralateral (on the opposite side)
an example of combined terms is:
superoinferior, and mediolateral
what are terms of movement?
describe the motion of the body parts relative to one another. used especially to describe the movements of the limbs, but may in some cases apply to movements of the head, neck and trunk as well
what are the different terms of movement?
flexion (decreases angles between defined body surface)

extension (increases angle)

abduction (away)

adduction (toward the midline)

rotation (turning something side to side)

circumduction (combine the above to define a cone of motion)

supination, pronation,

protrusion/protraction (to put something in the body forward)..false bite position, and retraction

elevation -closing you jaw
depression- opening of jaw
in the fetal position all the joints are in what type of movement?
flexion
Median
divides body into right and left halves
Prone
Lying with the face downwards
Supine
lying with the face upward
Afferent
going towards a structure
Efferent
Going away from a structure (E for Exit )
Visceral (Splanchnic)
internal body part or organs
Parietal (Somatic)
the body wall or towards skin
Central (as in CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral
parts near the body surface (nerves supply to muscles or body parts)
integumentary system
this system provides protection to the muscular system, and eliminates heat (thermo regulation)--includes
1. The Skin
2. Tela Subcutannea
3. Associated structures
Skin
1. Epidermis
-- Epithelium
-- Finger prints
2. dermis
-- connective tissues (extracellular fibers)
-- Langer's lines or cleavage lines
dermatoglyphics
patterns of grooves and ridges on the skin
The anatomical position?
the subject stands erect, hand, eyes and toes are directed forward (anterior): the arms are by the side, and the palms face forward (anterior) the legs are together with the toes facing anteriorly
importance of langer's lines (tension lines)?
1. orientation of fibers within dermis
2. Incisions made in the direction of Langer’s lines are less likely to gape. (surgical)
Fascia
Fibrous connective tissues
Tela Subcutanea
subcutaneous connective tissue
two subdivisions are:
- Panniculus adiposus
- Retinacula Cutis
Panniculus adiposus
adipose or fat cells
Retinaculum cutis
also called "Skin ligaments"

fibrous strands that extend through the superficial fascia attaching the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia.
or
fibers that binds dermis to underlying tissues
Deep Fascia
skeletal muscle (remember there are other muscle types but we are focusing on skeletal muscles for now )

bone
associated structures of integumentary system?
1. hair,
2. smooth muscles (goose bump)
3. Glands
- sweat
- sebaceous (oily secretion)
4. blood vessels
5. nerve fiber
Muscular System
skeletal muscles that move the joints
How many types of joints are there?
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
subtypes of fibrous joint
1. suture : connection between irregular bones
2. syndesmosis: sheet of connective tissue (e.g. between radius and ulna)
3. Gomphosis--socket of tooth
synovial joints (freely moveable) structure
Fibrous cpasule
synovial membrane
synovial cavity with fluid
articular cartilage
General structure of arteries and veins
three layers
1. tunica adventitia (outer most layer)
2. tunic media---contains smooth muscle (thicker in arteries)
3. tunic intima (inner lining of blood vessle)
what are tributaries?
small veins that channel blood towards the heart and combine to form larger vessel
Anastomosis
communication between two vessels (supply blood to same area)
Collateral circulation
alternative pathway for blood flow. Important in bypassing blockage (blood flow through anastomosis connection)
What are the components of lymphatic system?
1. Lymphatic vessels
2. Lymph nodes
3. spleen
4. thymus
5. tonsils
lymphatic system function
- recovers lost extra cellular fluid
- filters fluid before returning it to venous system
- forms and circulates cells ( lymphocytes)
- Forms antibodies
this how bacteria and cancer spread from one part of the body to other
what does enlarged lymph node represents?
infections (important when doing oral examination in dentistry) if soft and painful

swollen, hard and pain less sign of cancer.
Aponeurosis
A sheetlike fibrous membrane, resembling a flattened tendon.
Synarthrosis
immovable joint e.g fibrous joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint e.g cartilaginous joints
diarthrosis
several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, e.g synovial joints in shoulder or hip
Synchondrosis
a joint that is connected with cartilage, like the place where the ribs meet the sternum
symphysis
mainly fibrocartilaginous joint; a type of joint in which the apposed bony surfaces are firmly united by a plate of fibrocartilage. e.g intervertebral disc
How blood moves to the heart (in veins)?
By contraction of body wall
what prevents back flow of blood in veins?
Valves
pulmonary circulation route
lungs-->pulmonary veins(oxygenated)-->heart-->pulmonary arteries(un-oxygenated)
systemic circulation
heart-->aorta(oxygenated)-->body tissues-->vena caval collection (un-oxygenated)
What are the four different types of muscles that help in movement?
a. Prime movers
b. Synergists
c. Fixators
d. Antagonists
what are "Prime movers" ?
Muscles responsible for majority of actions.

also called agonist
What are "Synergists" ?
muscles that help produce the movements or muscles that aid Prime Movers.
Fixator
Muscle that stabilize proximal joint or simply muscles that stabilize the joints.
what are "anatagonist" muscles?
muscles that oppose prime movers or muscles that oppose the movement.
sub types of cartilaginous joints
1. synchondrosis - epiphyseal plate
2. symphysis- intervertebral disc