Gross Anatomy Pleurae And Lungs

Front 1

what is a pneumothorax?

Back 1

collection of gas in the pleural space resulting in collapse of the lung on the affected side

Front 2

what divides the mediastinum into a superior and an inferior part?

Back 2

imaginary line joining manubriosternal joint and T4 vertebra

Front 3

what is visceral pleura in the thorax?

Back 3

layer of simple squamous epithelium over surface of lung

Front 4

what innervates the pleura of the thorax?

Back 4

visceral - not innervated
parietal - free sensory nerve endings of intercostal and phrenic nerves

Front 5

what is the function of the visceral pleura?

Back 5

provides a moistened surface for lung movement

Front 6

what attaches the parietal pleura to the costal, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal surfaces of the thorax?

Back 6

endothoracic fascia

Front 7

what is the cupola?

Back 7

projection of parietal pleura into the root of the neck

vulnerable to injury, which would cause pneumothorax

Front 8

what is pleurisy?

Back 8

severe pain from parietal pleura, possibly caused by adhesions

Front 9

to where is pain referred for the parietal pleura?

Back 9

dermatomes served by specific thoracic intercostal and phrenic nerves

Front 10

where is the visceral pleura continuous with the parietal pleura?

Back 10

root of the lungs, where pulmonary ligament forms a sleeve

Front 11

what are the reflections of the parietal pleura?

Back 11

vertebral reflection - on costal surface, where it is continuous with mediastinal pleura ant. to vertebral colum

sternal reflection - mediastinal pleura posterior to the sternum

costal reflection - diaphragmatic pleura near the thoracic wall

Front 12

where do the parietal pleurae touch?

Back 12

level of ribs 2-4

separated between 4-6 by heart indentation

Front 13

where is the base of the parietal pleura found?

Back 13

midclavicular line - 8th costal cartilage

midaxillary line - 10th costal cartilage

dorsally - rib 12

Front 14

what are the pleural recesses?

Back 14

costodiaphragmatic recess
sternocostal recess
costomediastinal recess

Front 15

where can pleural fluids be sampled?

Back 15

between ribs 8 and 10

Front 16

what is the costophrenic angle of radiologists?

Back 16

costodiaphragmatic recess, where costal and diaphragmatic pleurae come in contact during expiration

Front 17

which lung is shorter? why?

Back 17

right lung is shorter, because left part of dome of diaphragm is lower (T8/T9) than that of the right part (T8)

Front 18

where can the base of the lungs be found?

Back 18

midclavicular line - 6th costal cartilage
midaxillary line - 8th costal cartilage
dorsally - rib 10

Front 19

in the hilus, how are the vessels related to one another?

Back 19

artery above, brochus behind

in a triangle, the pulmonary artery is anterosuperior, the pulmonary vein is anteroinferior, and the bronchus is posterior

Front 20

what is the only structure traversing the thorax which passes anterior to the hilus of the lung?

Back 20

phrenic nerve

Front 21

what passes above the hilus on each side?

Back 21

right side - azygous arch (posterior to anterior to reach SVC)

left side - arch of aorta (anterior to posterior

Front 22

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Back 22

three

(superior, inferior, middle)

Front 23

how are the lobes of the right lung examined?

Back 23

superior - anterior chest wall
middle - anterior chest wall
inferior - posterior chest wall, below scapula

Front 24

what fissures divide the lobes of the right lung?

Back 24

oblique fissure - superior lobe and middle lobe from inferior lobe

horizontal fissure - superior lobe from middle lobe

Front 25

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 25

two

(superior and inferior)

Front 26

what fissures divide the lobes of the left lung?

Back 26

oblique fissure - superior lobe from inferior lobe

Front 27

what part of the left lung overlies the anterior aspect of the heart?

Back 27

lingula

Front 28

how are the lobes of the left lung examined?

Back 28

superior lobe - anteriorly
inferior lobe - posterioroly, below R6

Front 29

at what level does the trachea branch?

Back 29

T4/5

Front 30

what is the sequence of the bronchial tree?

Back 30

primary bronchus
secondary (lobar) bronchi
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
bronchopulmonary segments

Front 31

how many secondary bronchi does each primary bronchus divide into?

Back 31

right lung - 3 - upper, middle, lower
left lung - 2 - upper (lingular), lower

Front 32

at what point in the bronchial tree does a tertiary division of the pulmonary artery join it?

Back 32

tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus)

Front 33

what is the significance of bronchopulmonary segments?

Back 33

they can be resected with less physiological loss than a lobectomy or pneumonectomy

Front 34

how many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

Back 34

right - 10
left - 8

left is missing apicoposterior and basal anteromedial

Front 35

how must the patient be oriented to drain their lung?

Back 35

base - head down, on opposite side

upper lobe - sitting down

Front 36

what is the most likely segment to receive aspirated objects if a person is in a vertical position at the time?

Back 36

posterior basal segment of right lung

(right bronchus is almost in line with trachea)

Front 37

what is the most likely place to receive aspirated objects if a person is on their right side at the time?

Back 37

bronchopulmonary segments of right posterior or middle lobes

Front 38

what is the most likely place to receive aspirated objects if a person is on their left side at the time?

Back 38

superior or inferior bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula

Front 39

what is the most likely place to receive aspirated objects if a person is lying supine at the time?

Back 39

superior bronchopulmonary segment of lower lobe (left or right)

Front 40

what is atelectasis?

Back 40

diminished volume affecting all or part of a lung

one of most commonly encountered abnormalities in chest radiology findings

Front 41

what is bronchiectasis?

Back 41

chronic obstructive pulmonary lung disease manifested by airways that are inflamed and easily collapsible

results in air flow obstruction with shortness of breath, impaired clearance of secretions ofthen with disabling cough

Front 42

what is a chylothorax?

Back 42

presence of lymphatic fluid in pleural space secondary to leakage from thoracic duct or one of its main tributaries

Front 43

what is a tension pneumothorax?

Back 43

life-threatening condition caused by air within the pleural space that is under pressure; displacing mediastinal structures and compromising cardiopulmonary function

Front 44

how does the pulmonary artery branch in the lungs?

Back 44

pulmonary artery
lobar branches
tertiary branches (close relationship to tertiary bronchus)

Front 45

at what level is deoxygenated blood oxygenated?

Back 45

alveolar ducts
bronchial sacs

Front 46

how many pulmonary veins are there?

Back 46

4

2 lower - from inferior lobes
upper right - from superior and middle lobes
upper left - from superior lobe

Front 47

by what arteries is oxygenated blood supplied to the lungs?

Back 47

bronchial arteries

Front 48

what drains the blood from the bronchial arteries?

Back 48

pulmonary veins

Front 49

from where do the bronchial arteries branch?

Back 49

descending aorta or 3rd intercostal branch

Front 50

where do lymphatics from the lungs drain?

Back 50

--right side--
pulmonary lymph nodes
right lymphatic duct
intersection of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

--left side--
pulmonary lymph nodes
thoracic duct
intersection of left subclavian with left internal jugular veins

Front 51

what supplies parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to the bronchial and vascular trees of the lungs?

Back 51

bronchopulmonary plexus

sympathetic - postganglionic vasomotor fibers to arterial system

parasympathetic - preganglionic secretomotor fibers from vagus nerve to glands in bronchial mucosa