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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how is the prevertebral fascia related to the pharynx?
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posterior to it
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how is the carotid sheath related to the pharynx?
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posterolateral to it
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what are the attachments of the pharynx?
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superiorly:
basiocciput at the pharyngeal tubercle medial tip of the petrous bone medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone inferiorly: continuous with esophagus at C6 |
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where is the first constriction point for the esophagus?
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C6
(where the pharynx meets the esophagus) |
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what are the four coats of the pharyngeal wall, from exterior in?
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visceral wall
skeletal muscular wall fibrous internal muscular fascia mucosal lining |
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what is covered by the visceral fascia, besides the pharynx?
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external surface of the buccinator muscle
superior constrictor muscle |
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what is the fascia which covers the external surface of the buccinator muscle?
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buccopharyngeal fascia
(an extension of the visceral fascia) |
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what is the common origin of the buccinator muscle and the superior constrictor muscle?
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pterygomandibular raphe
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what is the relationship of the pharyngeal plexus of veins to the visceral fascia?
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deep to the visceral fascia
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what is drained by the pharyngeal plexus of veins?
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pharynx
soft palate pharyngeal tonsil |
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with what other plexus of veins does the pharyngeal plexus of veins communicate?
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pterygoid plexus
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into what vein does the pharyngeal plexus of veins drain?
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internal jugular vein
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where can infection from the pharynx, palate and tonsils spread?
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systemically
meningeal venous plexus |
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why does infection spread readily from the pharynx, palate and tonsils?
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pharyngeal plexus of veins has no valves
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what forms the pharyngeal nervous plexus?
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skeletal and parasympathetic motor branches of CN X
sensory branches of CN IX vasomotor branches of sympathetic system |
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how many muscles form the circular layer of the skeletal muscular wall of the pharynx?
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3 muscles
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how many muscles form the longitudinal layer of the skeletal muscular wall of the pharynx?
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2 muscles
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what are the three muscles that make up the circular layer of the skeletal muscular wall of the pharynx?
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superior pharyngeal constrictor
middle pharyngeal constrictor inferior pharyngeal constrictor |
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what is transmitted between the superior constrictor muscle and the base of the skull?
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auditory tube from base of skull to nasopharynx
ascending pharyngeal artery |
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what is transmitted between the superior constrictor muscle and the middle constrictor muscle?
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stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
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what covers the interval below the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?
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thyrohyoid membrane
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what is transmitted via the interval below the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?
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internal laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal artery |
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from what artery is the superior laryngeal artery a branch?
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superior thyroid artery
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from what nerve is the internal laryngeal nerve a branch?
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superior laryngeal nerve, from the vagus nerve
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what structures pierce the pharyngeal wall, below the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, to enter the larynx?
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inferior laryngeal artery
recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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from what artery is the inferior laryngeal artery a branch?
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inferior thyroid artery
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from what nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve a branch?
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vagus nerve
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what are the two longitudinal muscles in the skeletal muscular layer of the pharynx?
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stylopharyngeus muscle
palatopharyngeus muscle |
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what are the attachments of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
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styloid process
pharynx thyroid cartilage |
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what are the attachments of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
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palatine aponeurosis
hard palate thyroid cartilage |
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where do the stylopharyngeus and the palatopharyngeus muscles both attach?
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internal aspect of middle and inferior constrictors on the thyroid cartilage
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what separates the stylopharyngeus from the palatopharyngeus superiorly?
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superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
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where does the stylopharyngeus arise from the base of the skull, in relation to the superior constrictor?
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external to the superior constrictor
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what nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
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cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
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where does the stylopharyngeus muscle enter the pharyngeal cavity?
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between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
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where does the glossopharyngeal nerve enter the pharyngeal cavity? with what other structure?
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between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
with the stylopharyngeus muscle |
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what is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?
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elevates the larynx during swallowing
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in relation to the superior pharyngeal constrictor, where does the palatopharyngeus muscle arise?
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internal to the superior constrictor
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what forms the palatopharyngeal arch? where is it?
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mucosa overlying the palatopharyngeus muscle
located posterior to the palatine tonsil |
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what innervates the palatopharyngeus muscle?
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vagus nerve (CN X)
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what is the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
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a superior extension of the palatopharyngeus muscle onto the lateral nasal wall and the cartilage of the auditory tube
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what are the divisions of the interior of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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what separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
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soft palate
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what is the function of the soft palate?
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to act as a flap valve between the nasopharynx and oropharynx to allow continuity between the two during respiration
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what are choanae?
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right and left posterior nasal apertures
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what forms the lateral and posterior walls of the nasopharynx?
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mucosa lining the inside of the upper part of the superior constrictor muscle and 2 palatal muscles surrounding the opening of the auditory tube
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what are the two palatal muscles?
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levator palati
tensor palati |
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what happens to the nasopharynx when the muscles contract?
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remains open to ensure patency of airway
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where is the opening of the eustachian tube?
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in the posterior part of the nasopharynx
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what is the eustachian tube?
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auditory tube
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what surrounds the opening to the eustachian tube?
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salpingopharyngeal fold and tubular tonsil
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where are the nasopharyngeal tonsils located?
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on the posterior and superior walls of the pharynx
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what are adenoids?
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enlarged nasopharyngeal tonsils
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what is an adenoidectomy?
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surgical removal of enlarged nasopharyngeal tonsils, because they restrict breathing through the nose, etc.
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where is the oropharynx?
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inferior to the soft palate and superior to the root of the tongue
continuation of oral cavity |
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what demarcates the oropharynx?
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palatoglossal arches
(embryonic buccopharyngeal membrane separating the ectodermal stomodeum from the endodermal foregut) |
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what is the function of the palatoglossus muscle?
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depress the soft palate
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what innervates the palatoglossus muscle?
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vagus nerve (CN X)
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where is the palatoglossus muscle?
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underlying the palatoglossal folds, posterior to the palatine tonsil,
attaching to the side of the tongue at the junction between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 |
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what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
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elevates the larynx during swallowing
depresses the soft palate during respiration |
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where innervates the palatopharyngeus muscle?
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vagus nerve (CN X)
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where is the palatine tonsil contained?
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in the triangular area between the palatopharyngeus and the palatoglossus muscles (called the fauces)
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what are the pillars of the fauces?
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palatopharyngeus muscle
palatoglossus muscle |
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what arteries vascularize the palatine tonsils?
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tonsillar branches of the ascending pharyngeal and facial arteries
(sometimes also the lingual artery) |
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what innervates the mucosa of the oropharynx?
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sensory branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
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what is a way to test of the sensory fibers of cranial nerve IX?
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gag reflex
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what innervates the soft palate?
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maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)
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what innervates the lateral pharyngeal wall?
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vagus nerve (CN X)
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what nerves can produce a gag reflex?
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glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X) |
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how can one test the parasympathetic component of CN IX?
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observe parotid secretion from the parotid papilla
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where are the parotid papillae?
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opposite the second upper molar tooth in the mouth
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how can one test the motor components of CN IX and CN X?
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CN IX - stylopharyngeus muscle
CN X - palatopharyngeus muscle test both by elevation of larynx during swallowing |
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where is the beginning of the laryngopharynx?
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posterior to the opening of the larynx at C3-C4
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how is the opening of the nasopharynx oriented?
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obliquely
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what are the borders of the opening of the larynx?
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anterior - epiglottis
posterior - mucosa and muscles attaching to arytenoid cartilages lateral - aryepiglottic folds |
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what happens in the laryngopharynx during swallowing?
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larynx is elevated
aryepiglottic folds are contracted epiglottis tilted posteroinferiorly |
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what is the function of the epiglottis?
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closes the inlet to the larynx during swallowing
directs food and drink into the lateral aryepiglottic folds |
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what happens during respiration?
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larynx descends
tongue protrudes forward |
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where are the valleculae?
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between the anterior surface of the epiglottis and the posterior surface of the tongue
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what are the valleculae?
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depressions just behind the root of the tongue, between the folds in the throat
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what is the clinical significance of the valleculae?
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position to place laryngeoscope during intubation so that you can see the epiglottis
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what separates the valleculae?
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glossoepiglottic fold
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with what do the vallecular fossae communicate?
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piriform recesses lateral to the aryepiglottic folds
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what innervates the vallecular fossae?
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internal laryngeal nerve
from the superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (CN X) |
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what innervates the mucosa lining the interior of the larynx, superior to the vocal cords?
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internal laryngeal nerve
from the superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (CNX) |
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what is the function of the palate?
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separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
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what forms the hard palate?
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palatine processes of maxilla bone
horizontal processes of palatine bone |
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what covers the hard palate?
(over and under) |
mucoperiosteum
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where are you likely to see rugae on the palate?
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anterior 1/3 of the oral surface
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which lies anteriorly, hard or soft palate?
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hard palate
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which lies posteriorly, hard or soft palate?
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soft palate
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what innervates the mucosa of the palate?
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maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2)
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what innervates the anterior 1/3 of the hard palate?
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nasopalatine nerve
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from what nerve does the nasopalatine nerve branch?
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maxillary nerve
pterygopalatine ganglion |
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through which foramen does the nasopalatine nerve reach the mouth?
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incisive foramen
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what innervates the posterior 2/3 of the hard palate?
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greater palatine nerve
from mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) |
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from what nerve does the greater palatine nerve branch?
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mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) in the pterygopalatine fossa
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through what foramen does the greater palatine nerve enter the mouth?
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greater palatine foramen
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where are the greater palatine foramina?
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at either posterior angle of the hard palate
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what innervates the mucosa membrane of the soft palate?
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lesser palatine nerves
from mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) |
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through what foramina do the lesser palatine nerves enter the mouth?
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lesser palatine foramina
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where are the lesser palatine foramina?
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posterior to the greater palatine foramina
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where do the branches of V2 (which go to the palate) pick up postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers?
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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from what nerve do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, which synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion and accompany sensory branches of the palate, arise?
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greater (superficial) petrosal nerve (VII)
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with what nerve do taste fibers from CN VII run?
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greater (superficial) petrosal nerve
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where are the cell bodies of the taste fibers from CN VII?
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geniculate ganglion
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what artery supplies the oral mucosa of the hard palate?
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greater palatine artery
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from what artery does the greater palatine artery branch?
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terminal branch of the maxillary artery, branching off in the pterygopalatine fossa
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through what foramen does the greater palatine artery enter the nasal cavity?
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incisive foramen
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with what artery does the greater palatine artery anastomose?
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sphenopalatine artery
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what four arteries anastomose in Kiesselbach's plexus?
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superior labial artery
greater palatine artery sphenopalatine artery anterior ethmoid artery |
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what are the muscles of the soft palate?
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levator palati
tensor palati |
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what is the origin of the levator palati?
insertion? |
origin: apex of petrous bone
insertion: palatal aponeurosis on upper soft palate |
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what innervates the levator palati muscle?
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pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
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how can one test for a lesion of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve?
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have patient say "AH" and watch the elevation of the uvula in the midline
deviation is away from lesioned side |
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where is the origin of the tensor palati?
insertion? |
origin: base of the skull, anterior to the cartilagenous auditory tube
insertion: soft palatal aponeurosis |
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around what does the tensor palati wrap itself?
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hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate
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what innervates the tensor palati?
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mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
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what function belongs to the levator palati and tensor palati together?
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opening the auditory tube to relieve pressure difference between middle ear and nose
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