Gross Anatomy Of Cardiovascular System

Front 1

overview of development of cardiovascular system

Back 1

Angiogenic cell clusters form in the splanchnic mesoderm.
They form two endocardial tubes that then fuse to form a single primitive heart tube.
Five dilations form – Truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus.
U-shaped folding brings the arterial and venous ends together resulting in the caudal ventricle and cephalad atria.

Front 2

which dilation?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk separated by the aorticopulmonary septum

Back 2

truncus arteriosus

Front 3

which dilation?
Smooth part of the right ventricle (conus arteriosus/outflow tract – same name) and left ventricle (aortic vestibule)

Back 3

Bulbus Cordis

Front 4

which dilation?
Trabeculated part of right and left ventricles (TRUE ventricle)

Back 4

Primitive Ventricle

Front 5

which dilation?
Trabeculated part of right and left atrium (TRUE atrium)

Back 5

Primitive Atrium

Front 6

which dilation?
smooth part of right atrium (sinus of the venae cavae), coronary sinus, and oblique vein of left atrium. (drainage of heart)

Back 6

Sinus Venosus

Front 7

talk about the different parts of the pericardium

Back 7

A fibroserous sac located in the middle mediastinum.
Encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
Innervated by the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and sympathetic trunks. Somatic afferent fibers are carried by the phrenic nerve, therefore pericardial problems may refer pain to the C3-C5 dermatomes (Supraclavicular region of the shoulder and lateral neck area)

Front 8

A strong layer that blends with the adventitia of the great vessels superiorly, the central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly, and the sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly. (think about leaning forward and leaningback – the heart doesn’t move due to this “fascia”)

Back 8

Fibrous pericardium

Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity.

Front 9

Consists of the parietal layer that lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer that forms the epicardium and the outer layer of the roots of the great vessels

Back 9

Serous Pericardium

Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity.

Front 10

layers of the pericardium

Back 10

fibrous layer
parietal pericardium
percardial cavity
visceral pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
BLOOD

Front 11

what are the 6 external surfaces of the heart

Back 11

Posterior – Location of the base of the heart which consists mostly of the left atrium and proximal part of the great veins.
Diaphragmatic - Consists mostly of the left ventricle.
Apex – Comprised of the inferolateral surface of the left ventricle. Located at the 5th ICS at the midclavicular line.
Anterior – Comprised mostly of the right ventricle.
Left Pulmonary
Right Pulmonary

Front 12

what are the 3 sulci on the external surface of the heart

Back 12

External Sulci
Coronary sulcus – Marks the division between the atria and ventricles and contains the right coronary artery, the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, the small cardiac vein, and the coronary sinus.
Anterior interventricular sulcus – Contains the anterior IV artery and the great cardiac vein.
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus – Contains the posterior interventricular arteries and middle cardiac vein.

Front 13

unique properties of right atrium

Back 13

Venous return via SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus
Crista terminalis is an internal muscular ridge that separates the posterior smooth sinus of the venae cavae from the anterior “atrium proper” which consists of the pectinate muscles and the right auricle.
Fossa ovale - remnant of the foramen ovale

Front 14

unique properties of right ventricle

Back 14

Inflow tract – Contains the trabeculae carneae that line the ventricular wall and give rise to the papillary muscles which are tethered to the cusps of the tricuspid valve via chordae tendineae.
Outflow Tract/Conus Arteriosus - Smooth surface that leads to the pulmonary valve.
Papillary muscles – Anterior (largest – most important), posterior, and septal (smallest and sometimes absent)
Septomarginal Trabecula/Moderator Band – A specialized trabeculum that runs from the IV septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. Contains the right bundle branch that stimulates the right ventricular wall. – just think structure - function

Front 15

unique properties of left ventricle

Back 15

A conical chamber with the thickest layer of myocardium.
Also contains trabeculae carnae and 2 papillary muscles (anterior and posterior).
Interventricular septum is divided into membranous part (upper portion) and muscular part (inferior portion).

Front 16

fibrous cardiac skeleton and valves

Back 16

Dense connective tissue
Provides anchor site for the valves
Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

Front 17

talk about the important function of the right heart valves

Back 17

Tricuspid Valve – Provides unidirectional blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Consists of the anterior, posterior and septal cusps. Contraction of the papillary muscles prevents the cusps from everting into the atrium during ventricular contraction.  keeps shit moving in the right direction
Pulmonary Valve – Consists of 3 semilunar cusps (left, right, and anterior). Each cusp has a deep concavity (pulmonary sinus) on the arterial side of the valve. At the end of systole, the backflow of blood fills the sinuses and causes the valve to close to prevent ventricular filling. (no muscle contraction here, it works due to force of blood flow)

Front 18

talk about the importance of the left heart valves

Back 18

Mitral Valve – Left atrioventricular valve that consists of anterior and posterior cusps. The 2 papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae work the same as they do in the right ventricle.
Aortic Valve – Similar in structure to the pulmonary valve with 3 semilunar cusps (right, left, and posterior). Each cusp also contains an aortic sinus. Right and left sinuses contains openings to the right and left coronary arteries. After systole, as blood recoils and closes the valve, it fills the coronary arteries via the sinuses.

Front 19

precordial areas of auscultation

Back 19

ALL PEOPLE EAT TURKEY MEAT
ALL – aortic area
People – pulmonic area
Eat – erb’s point
Turkey – tricuspid area
Mitral area - meat

Front 20

in a right dominant heart the right coronary artery supplies...

Back 20

SA and AV node (block here interferes with conduction)
Right ventricle and apex via Right Marginal Branch
Posterior 1/3 of IV Septum via the posterior interventricular artery

Front 21

in a right dominant heart the left coronary artery supplies...

Back 21

Anterior 2/3 of IV Septum via the anterior interventricular branch.
Left atrium and ventricle via the circumflex branch.
Left ventricle via the left marginal branch

Front 22

in a left dominant heart...

Back 22

The posterior interventricular artery comes from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.

and supplies...

Anterior 2/3 of IV Septum via the anterior interventricular branch.
Left atrium and ventricle via the circumflex branch.
Left ventricle via the left marginal branch
Posterior 1/3 of IV Septum via the posterior interventricular artery

Front 23

the venous return of the heart is similar to systemic circulation ; the veins travel with an artery and all veins lead to the

Back 23

coronary sinus

Front 24

from start to finish talk about the conducting system of the heart

Back 24

SA node – “Pacemaker” – Located near crista terminalis at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.
AV node – Located near the opening of the coronary sinus
AV bundle (of His) - single continuation from AV node into the IVS
Right and left bundle branches – Located in the IV Septum
Purkinje Fibers – Subendocardial plexus that occupies the ventricles


The electrical impulse is insulated until it reaches the purkinje fibers so that the excitation-contraction sequence can begin bottom-up.