Gross Anatomy Mediastinum

Front 1

At what level does the arch of the aorta end ?

Back 1

At the vertebral level T4/5

Front 2

What is the first branch of the arch of the aorta?

Back 2

Brachiocephalic trunk,
Beginning of the right it is the largest of the three branches

Front 3

Where does the brachiocephalic divide?

Back 3

At the right sternoclavicular joint, it divides into the common carotid and the right subclavian artery

Front 4

What is the second branch of the arch of the aorta?

Back 4

The left common carotid artery

Front 5

What is the third branch of the arch of the aorta?

Back 5

The left subclavian

Front 6

What two vessels doe the ligamentum arteriosum connect?

Back 6

It connects the pulmonary trunk with the arch of the aorta
It allowed blood to bypass the lungs during development

Front 7

What are the three fixed points of attachment of the aorta?

Back 7

the aortic valve
the ligamentum arteriosum
the point of entry behind the crura of the diaphragm
The aorta is likely to suffer a deceleration injury at these points

Front 8

At what level does the trachea divide into the left and right main bronchi?

Back 8

At the transverse plane between the sternal angle and vertebral level T4 -5

Front 9

As the right vagus nerve enters the superior mediastinum what vessels sandwiches it?

Back 9

It lies between the right brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocephalic trunk

Front 10

Where is the right azygos vein in relation to vagus nerve

Back 10

Just before the esophagus it is crossed by the arch of the azygos vein

Front 11

How does the left vagus enter the superior mediastinum?

Back 11

Posterior to the left brachiocephalic and in between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

Front 12

Where does the left vagus give off the left recurrent nerve?

Back 12

at the bottom of the arch of the aorta and next to the ligamentum arteriosum, where it enters a groove between the trachea and esophagus, the recurrent laryngeal continues superiorly and terminates in the trachea

Front 13

What innvervation does the phrenic nerves provide through somatic sensory fibers

Back 13

to the mediastinal pleura, fibrous pericardium, and parietal layer of serous pericardium

Front 14

Describe the positioning of the the right phrenic nerve as it enters the middle mediastinum

Back 14

The right phrenic nerve descend along the right side of the pericardial sac within the fibrous pericardium

Front 15

How does the right phrenic nerve leave the thorax?

Back 15

It leaves the thorax by passing through the diaphragm with the IVC

Front 16

How does the left phrenic nerve leave the thorax?

Back 16

It leaves by piercing the diaphragm near the apex of the heart

Front 17

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve give off the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Back 17

The right recurrent laryngeal hooks around the subclavian artery at the superior sulcus of the right lung

Front 18

What is the significance of Pancoast's tumor

Back 18

Lung tumor located in the right apex that can cause compression of the right laryngeal artery --> cause hoarseness and right vocal cord palsy

Front 19

Where is the aortopulmonary window?

Back 19

It is bordered by the Ligamentum arteriosum , the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
It contains the Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 20

What level does the esophagus begin?

Back 20

It begins at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage opposite C6

Front 21

At what vertebral level, does the esophagus end

Back 21

T11

Front 22

What is the vertebral level where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm?

Back 22

T 10

Front 23

Name the four compressive points of the esophagus

Back 23

1. esophageal-pharynx junction
2. in the superior mediastinum where the esophags is crossed by the arch of the aorta
3. where the esophagus is compressed by the main bronchus
4. at the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

Front 24

Are the viseceral efferents from the vagus nerves for the esophagus involved in pain?

Back 24

no

Front 25

What is involved in pain for the esophagus

Back 25

The visceral afferents that pass through the sympathetic trunks and the splanchnic nerves

Front 26

What innervates the striated muscle of the esophagus

Back 26

The branchial afferents of the vagus nerve

Front 27

Which vagus nerve contributes to the anterior esophageal plexus?

Back 27

the left vagus nerve

Front 28

Where does the thoracic aorta begin?

Back 28

T4 where it is continuous with the arch of the aorta

Front 29

Where does the thoracic aorta end?

Back 29

At the lower end of vertebrae T12, where it passes through the aortic hiatus posterior the diaphragm

Front 30

What side is the azygous vein located?

Back 30

the right!!

Front 31

What is the starting point for the azygous vein?

Back 31

It starts around L1 or L2 with the union of the right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein

Front 32

How does the azygous vein enter the thorax?

Back 32

Through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

Front 33

At what vertebral level does the azygous vein enter the SVC

Back 33

T 4

Front 34

What forms the hemiazygous vein?

Back 34

It forms at the junction of the left ascending vein and the left subcostal vein

Front 35

At what level does the hemiazygous vein join the azygous vein?

Back 35

T 9

Front 36

At what level does the accessory hemiazygous vein join the azygous vein

Back 36

T8

Front 37

How does the thoracic duct enter the diaphragm?

Back 37

With the aorta at T12

Front 38

Where does the thoracic duct empty into venous drainage?

Back 38

At the junction of the Left subclavian and Left IJ veins

Front 39

The greater splanchnic nerve is from what thoracic ganglia?

Back 39

5-9, it ends in the celiac gangion

Front 40

The least splanchnic nerve arises from what gangion

Back 40

12th , it descends at pass thought the crus of the diaphragm to end in the renal plexus

Front 41

What is the inferior margin of the lungs with quiet respiration?

Back 41

Rib 6 in the midclavicular line
Rib 8 in the midaxillary line
Vertebrae T 10 posteriorly