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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
in a fetus, the umbilical vein is named for the circulation of the fetus or the mother?
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the fetus
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what does the umbilical vein become after birth?
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ligamentum teres hepatis
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where does each half of the liver's blood come from in a fetus?
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-umbilical vein
-inferior vena cava |
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what duct is used to get blood from inferior vena cava to the liver? (in a fetus)
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ductus venosus
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what does ductus venosus become after birth?
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ligamentum venosum
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where does most of the blood from the aorta (in a fetus) pass to?
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-heart
-head -upper limbs |
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does any blood go to the inactive lungs of a fetus?
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yes, from the pulmonary aa.
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where does ductus arteriosus connect?
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distal part of the aortic arch
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what does ductus arteriosus become after birth?
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ligamentum arteriosum
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what do the umbilical aa of a fetus branches of?
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internal iliac aa
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where does the blood from the umbilical aa (of a fetus) travel to, and through what branches?
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-lower limbs
-abdominal/pelvic viscera -branches of the aorta |
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what do umbilical aa become after birth?
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medial umbilical ligaments
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how many "walls" does the pericardium sac have?
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two
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what does the pericardium enclose?
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-heart
-great vessels |
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how many layers are on the parietal pericardium?
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2
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what are the layers of the parietal pericardium made out of?
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-outer layer - fibrous
-inner layer - serous |
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visceral pericardium is also know as....
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epicardium
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what are the layers of visceral pericardium made of?
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serous only
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what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
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-2 atria
-2 ventricles |
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what are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
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-anterior
-diaphragmatic -posterior ("base") |
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what are the 4 borders of the heart?
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-left border
-right border -superior border -inferior border |
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where does the right border of the heart run?
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vertically along costal cartilages 3-6
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where does the left border of the heart run?
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-from apex upward
-medially to the articulation between 2nd costal cartilage and sternum |
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where does the superior border of the heart run?
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behind the sternal angle
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where does the inferior border of the heart run?
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-horizontally from inferior end of right border
-behind xiphisternal junction to apex |
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when a person is standing, is the heart higher or lower in the chest?
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slightly lower
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what is the smooth part of the inside of the R. atrium marked by?
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fossa ovalis
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foramen ovale in the R. atrium becomes...
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fossa ovalis
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what in the R. atrium is assosiated with the openings?
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-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava -coronary sinus |
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what texture is the anterior part of the inside of the R. atrium?
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rough walled
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what is on the inside of the wall of the R. atrium?
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-musculi pectinati
-crista terminalis |
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what is the landmark for the SA node?
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crista terminalis
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what is located on the anterior wall of the R. atrium?
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tricuspid / right AV orifice
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what are the "irregular muscle bundles" of the heart?
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papillary m.
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where are papillary muscles attached, and how are they attached?
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-cusps of the tricustpid and bicuspid valves
-cordae tendinae |
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where is the tricuspid valve located in the heart?
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the R. ventricle
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what is the function of papillary mm?
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stabalize tricuspid valve to help prevent regurgitation of blood back into right atrium during systole
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during contractions, how does blood leave the R. ventricle?
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via the valve of the pulminary trunk (AKA pulminary valve)
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what forms the posterior base of the heart?
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the L. atrium
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where do the 4 pulminary veins empty?
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the L. atriumq
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what kind of blood the the 4 pulminary veins bring to the heart?
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oxygenated blood
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what thickness walls does the L. ventricle have?
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thick walls
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what is the L. ventricle responsible for?
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pumping blood into system circulation
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where is trabeculae carnae located in the heart?
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R. and L. ventricles
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are papillary muscles located in the ventricles or the atria?
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ventricles
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what marks the entrance to the L. Ventricle?
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the bicuspid valve
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which valve "guards the exit"?
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aortic valve
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what is the function of the aortic valve?
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close to prevent regurgitation from distended aortic arch back into L. ventricle during distole
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what is the name for a "pathological narrowing if L. AV orifice"?
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mitral stenosis
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mitral stenosis can lead to:
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-increased pressure in L. atrium
-pulmonary congestion |
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the coronary aa arise from what a., and where?
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-root of aorta
-at R. and L. aortic sinuses |
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where does the right coronary a. travel into?
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coronary sulcus
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what does the R. coronary supply?
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R. atrium and R. ventricle
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what does the R. coronary artery anastamose with, and where?
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-circumflex branch of left coronary artery
-posterior aspect of the heart |
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what does the L. coronary artery branch into?
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-circumflex branch
-desending branch |
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where does the circumflex branch of the L. coronary artery "pass"?
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passes over the left margin of the heart to reach the posterior aspect
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where does the decending branch of the L. coronary artery "pass"?
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passes downward along the interventricular groove
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what does the L. coronary a. supply?
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L. atrium and L. ventricle
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what does disruption of blood flow in heart cause?
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ischemia
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what can ischemia of the heart lead to?
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necrosis
-dearth of part of heart tissue that doesn't have adequite circulation |
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the area of myocardium that has undergone necrosis is an _____.
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infarct
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what does the Great Cardiac Vein run with, and then what does it continue with?
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-L. anterior decending a.
(LAD) -continues alongside the circumflex branch of the L. coronary artery |
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what does the middle cardiac vein run with?
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posterior interventricular a.
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what does the Small Cardiac Vein run with, and hten what does it continue with?
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-marginal branch of R. coronary a. (at anterior aspect of heart)
-continues posteriorly alongside R. coronary artery |
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where does blood from the cardiac veins empty, and where does that empty?
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-coronary sinus
-R. atrium |
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the SA node is called the _____ of the heart
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pacemaker
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how is the normal resting pace (60-70 b/min) increased?
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sympathetic stiumlation
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how is the normal resting pace (60-70 b/min) decreased or stopped?
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vagal stimulation
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where is the AV node located?
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posteroinferior part of the interatrial septum
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the AV node is impulsed from where?
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both atria
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where does the AV node distribute its impulses to?
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the AV bundle
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where is the AV bundle located?
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interventricular septum
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AV bundle divides into:
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L. and R. bundle branches
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how do impulses to the bundle branches travel?
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rapidly to apex, ventricles contract from apex upward, squeezing blood out
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where else do the impulses of the AV bundle travel?
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papillary muscles
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what do the papillary mm. do with the impulses received from the AV bundle?
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prepare early, pull on AV cusps, stabalizing them and preventing their eversion during systole
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why is it difficult to distinguish sound of closing of each valve?
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they lie behind the sternum and are grouped close together
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what is a PMI?
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-points of maximum intensity
-best locations to hear each valve |
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what is the "lub" sound (first sound) of the heart, and when does it close?
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-when the AV valves close
-early in systole |
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where is the bicuspid valve ausculated?
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superficial to apex of heart, in 5th intercostal space
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where is the tricuspid valve ausculated?
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left 1/2 of inferior end of body of sternum
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what is "dub" sound (second sound) of the heart, and when does it close?
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-the aortic and pulmonary valves close
-end of systole, when pressure is high in aortic arch and pulmonary trunk |
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where is the aortic valve ausculated?
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right edge of sternum, at 2nd intercostal space (just inferior to sternal angle)
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where is the pulmonary valve ausculated?
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left edge of sternum at 2nd intercostal space
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what is a murmer?
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changes in heart sounds
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what deficiency makes a "luff-dub" noise, and where is it heard?
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-bicuspid valve deficiency
-heard in apex |
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what dificiency makes a "lub-duff" noise, and where is it heard?
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-aortic valve deficiency
-heard at right edge of sternum at 2nd intercostal space |