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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Occipital
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1 bone
flat bone at posterior inferior aspect of the cranium |
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Foramen Magnum
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Large foramen at the base of the skull near the anterior aspect of occipital bone
Where spinal cord enters cranium |
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External Occipital Protuberance
(Occiput) |
Large, prominent eminence on the posterior midline of the occipital bone
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Superior Nuchal line
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Curved ridge extending laterally from the occiput
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Occipital condyles
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Prominent oval projections at the anterolateral aspects of the foramen magnum.
Articulates with the first cervical vertebrae |
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Clivus
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Basilar part of the occipital bone.
Lies anterior to the foramen magnum Articulates with the sphenoid bone |
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Parietal
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2 bones
Froms a large part of the walls of the skull located at lateral and superior aspect of the cranium |
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Frontal
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1 bone - the forehead
At anterior and superior aspect of cranium anterior to the parietal bones Forms roof of the orbits |
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Supraorbital margin
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part of the frontal bone
forms the superior border of the orbit |
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Supraorbital notch or foramen
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small notch or hole found at the medial third of the supraorbital margin
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Squamous part of the frontal bone
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Forms the forehead
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Temporal
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2 bones
Lie at the lateral aspect of the cranium inferior to parietal bones Weakest cranium bone |
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Zygomatic Process
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Extends anteriorly from the anteroinferior aspect of the squamous part.
Articulates with zygomatic bone (temporal bone) |
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Zygomatic Arch
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Formed by zygomatic process and zygomatic bone.
(temporal bone) |
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Mandibular Fossa
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Oval depression posterior to the zygomatic arch.
Articulates with condyloid process of mandible (temporal bone) |
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Mastoid Process
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Breast-shaped projection extending inferiorly from the posterior aspect of the mastoid part
(temporal bone) |
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External Auditory Meatus
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Large canal posterior to the mandibular fossa
Opens into the ear (temporal bone) |
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Styloid Process
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Long, slender, pencil-like process anteromedial to the external auditory meatus that extends inferiorly.
(temporal bone) |
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Petrous portion of the temporal bone
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Hard, wedge-shaped portion between the occipital and sphenoid bone.
Houses the middle and inner ear. (temporal bone) |
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Sphenoid
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1 bone
located between the cranial and facial bones forms the base of the cranium anterior to the temporalis and occipital. Also, forms part of the floor and lateral walls of the orbit. |
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Body of Sphenoid
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Cubical portion of the sphenoid in the midline of the base of the cranium anterior to the occipital bone
Hollowed out to form two sphenoid air sinuses |
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Sella turcica
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Deep depression on the superior aspect of the body
posterior border formed by the dorsum sellae Contains hypophyseal fossa, which houses the pituitary gland (sphenoid) |
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Greater wings of sphenoid
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Two broad, lateral extensions from the body
contains openings: foramen rotundum foramen ovale |
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Lesser wings of sphenoid
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Thin, triangular projections that extend into the posterior wall of the orbit.
Form anterior aspect of the superior surface of the body |
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Ptyergoid Process
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Extends inferiorly from the junction of the greater wings and the body
Medial pterygoid plate and lateral pterygoid plate separated by pterygoid fossa |
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Ethmoid
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1 bone
Sievelike bone at the anterior base of the cranium between the two orbits |
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Cribriform Plate
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Forms the anterior aspect of the cranium
Numerous foramina for the passage of nerve fibers (ethmoid) |
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Crista galli
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Surrounded by the cribriform plate
(ethmoid) |
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Perpendicular Plate
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Perpendicular to and extends inferiorly from the cribriform plate
Forms the superior aspect of the septum (ethmoid) |
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Lateral Mass
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Lateral aspects of the ethmoid
Made of large air cells Forms part of the orbit Ethmoid sinuses |
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Middle nasal concha
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Free, convoluted inferior margin of the medial plate of the lateral mass
(ethmoid) |
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Superior nasal concha
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Part of the lateral mass superior to the middle nasal concha
(ethmoid) |
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Maxilla
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2 bones
forms upper jaw |
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Body of maxilla
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pyramidal in shape
contains large air sinuses - maxillary sinus |
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Alveolar process of maxilla
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Arch on the inferior border of the maxilla.
Bears cavities into which the teeth of the upper jaw are set. |
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Palatine Process
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Extends medially to articulate with the contralateral maxilla, forming the hard palate.
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Infraorbital Foramen
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On anterior surface of the body inferior to the infraorbital margin
(maxilla) |
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Mandible
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1 bone
Chin bone - forms the lower jaw Horseshoe-shaped bone = body paired Rami perpendicular to body, projecting superiorly from posterior aspect |
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Alveolar process of mandible
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Arch on superior border into which the teeth of the lower jaw are set
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Mental foramen
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On lateral aspect of the body
Inferior to the 2nd premolar tooth (mandible) |
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Angle
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Formed at intersection of the body and ramus of mandible
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Condyloid Process
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Head
On superior border of the ramus Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (mandible) |
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Neck of mandible
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Constricted area of ramus inferior to the head
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Coronoid Process
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Found on superior border of the ramus
(mandible) |
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Mandibular Foramen
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Large, central foramen on the medial surface of the ramus
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Zygomatic
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2 bones
cheek bone help form the zygomatic arch that connects the zygomatic and temporal bones Also, forms part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit |
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Nasal
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2 bones
Help form the nose Forms the anterior superior aspect of the nose (bridge) inferior to the frontal bone |
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Lacrimal
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2 bones
Near the tear ducts Small, thin irregular bones that form the anterior portion of the medial wall of the orbit |
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Inferior Nasal Conchae
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2 bones
Small, curved, irregular, shell-like bone Extends horizontally along the lateral nasal wall superior to the hard palate |
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Palatine
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2 bones
Forms the posterior portion of the hard palate posterior to the maxilla |
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Vomer
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1 bone
Vertical, irregular bone in the median plane Extends between the hard palate inferiorly to the sphenoid and the ethmoid superiorly |
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Sagittal suture
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Articulation of two parietal bones in the median plane of skull
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Frontal (Coronal) suture
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Parietal bones with frontal bone
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Lambdoid suture
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Parietal bones with occipital bone
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Squamous suture
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Parietal bone with temporal bones
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Temporomandibular Joint
(TMJ) |
Synovial joint
Bony surfaces: mandibular fossa of temporal bone and head (condyloid process) of the mandible |
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Articular disc
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The one prominent intraarticular ligament of TMJ
Oral plate of fibrous tissue - circumference of disc attaches to the articular capsule Divides joint cavity into two separate compartment: superior and inferior |
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Movements of TMJ
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Depression: inferior mvt (open mouth)
Elevation: superior mvt (close mouth) Protraction - anterior mvt Retraction - posterior mvt Lateral - side-to-side mvt |
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Fontanelles
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Six major unossified membranous areas between the cranial bones
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Anterior fontanelle
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Largest
At junction of the frontal (coronal) and sagittal sutures In adults = bregma Good for: positioning of fetal head in utero, determining development of skull (it doesn't become bony til age 2), and determining extent of pathological intracranial pressure |
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Posterior fontanelle
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Triangular
At junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures In adults = Lambda |
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Anterolateral Fontanelles
(sphenoid fontanelles) |
Small, irregular
At junction of frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones |
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Posteriolateral Fontanelles
(mastoid fontanelles) |
Small, irregular
At junction of occipital, parietal and temporal bones |
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What layer of the scalp contains hair and sebaceous glands?
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Layer 1 - skin
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What are two names for Layer 3 of the scalp?
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Galea aponeurotica and Epicranium
Frontalis muscle is anterior and occipitalis muscle is posterior |
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Describe Layer 2 of the scalp.
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Close subcutaneous tissue.
Richly vascularized Well supplied with nerves |
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Which layer of the scalp is known as the Danger Layer? Why?
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Layer 4 - It contains many potential spaces that are capable of filling with fluid and allowing pus or blood to spread easily through here. Connecting veins to dural sinuses can lead to the spread of infection to the cranial cavity.
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Describe Layer 5 of the scalp.
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It is the deepest layer and firmly anchored to the skull.
Pericranium also - periosteum of external surface of the skull. |
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What are the three layers of the cranial bone and what type of bone are they?
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External layer = Outer table = compact bone
Middle layer = Diploe = spongy bone Internal layer = Inner table = compact bone |
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What supplies the Frontal region with blood?
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Branches of the internal carotid.
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What supplies the Temporal and Occipital bones with blood?
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Branches of the external carotid.
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What innervates the scalp anterior to the external ears?
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Trigeminal nerve (CN V) branches:
Opthalmic Maxillary Mandibular |
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What innervates the scalp posterior to the ear?
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Cervical spinal nerves
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What are the two layers of the Dura Mater?
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Endosteal Dura - outer layer - fuses to skull
Meningeal dura - inner layer These layers adhere to eachother except at dural sinuses. |
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What do dural sinuses contain?
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Blood and absorbed CSF.
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What is the dural fold that separates the superior portion of the right and left sides of the cerebellum? What are its attachments?
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Falx Cerebri
Attaches anteriorly to the crista galli and posteriorly to the tentorium cerebelli, at the level of the internal occipital protuberance. |
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Where is the Tentorium Cerebelli?
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It forms a tent over the cerebellum.
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Describe Falx Cerebelli
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Sickle shaped
Inferior to the surface of tentorium cerebelli Separates the right and left hemispheres |
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Describe Diaphragma Sella
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Small, circular, horizontal sheet of dura.
Forms a roof over the hypophyseal fossa in the sella turcica. It is pierced by the hypophyseal stalk (infundibulum) |
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What supplies the dura with blood?
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Meningeal arteries.
The middle meningeal artery courses external to the dura mater and the indentation is noticable on the inner surfaces of the calvaria |
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What are characteristics of dural sinuses?
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Actually a vein lined with endothelium.
Not collapsable Drain all blood and absorbed CSF from brain All flow toward the internal jugular vein. |
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Where is the Superior Sagittal Sinus located and where does it drain?
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Lies in the median plane on the superior portion of the falx cerebri.
Drains posteriorly into the confluence. Also, connects with diploic veins, cerebral veins and lateral expansions of SSS called lateral lacunae. |
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Where is the Inferior Sagittal Sinus and where does it drain?
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Lies in the median plane on inferior portion of the falx cerebri.
Drains posteriorly into the straight sinus. |
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Where is the Straight Sinus? What does it receive blood from? Where does it drain?
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Found between the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli.
Receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and cerebral veins. Drains posteriorly into the confluence. |
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Where is the Tranverse sinus located? Where does it go?
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It is found within the external borders of the tentorium cerebelli. It begins at the confluence and courses laterally.
It passes anteriorly towards the petrous portion of the temporal bone to the sigmoid sinus. |
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Where is the sigmoid sinus? And where does it go?
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It extends from the transvers sinus and courses in an S-shape along the petrous portion to the jugular foramen.
It continues in the neck as the internal jugular vein. |
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Where are the Cavernous sinuses located?
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Lateral to the sella turcica on each side.
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List the 8 cranial bones
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Occipital
Temporal x 2 Frontal Parietal x 2 Ethmoid Sphenoid |
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What bone is the petrous portion located on?
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Temporal
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What bone is the condyloid process located on?
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Mandible
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What bone is the infraorbital foramen located on?
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Maxilla
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What bone is the sella turcica located on?
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Sphenoid
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What bone are the alveolar processes located on?
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Mandible and Maxilla
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What bone is the supraorbital foramen located on?
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Frontal
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What bone is the pterygoid process located on?
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Sphenoid
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What are the structures of the occipital bone?
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Occipital condyles
Clivus External occipital protuberance (occiput) Superior nuchal line |
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Name all the structures found on the mandible.
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Condyloid process, coronoid process, mental foramen, mandibular foramen, alveolar process, angle and neck.
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What is a fontanelle? How many do you have in your skull?
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A fontanelle is an unossified membranous area between the cranial bones.
I don't have any but Cletus the Fetus has 6. |
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Name all the layers that a pin would pierce through from outside the skull to the brain.
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Skin, Close subcutaneous tissure, aponeurosis, loose subaponeurotic tissue, pericranium, outer table, diploe, inner table, endocranium, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, brain.
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Name the two horizontal dural folds.
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Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sella |
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Trace the flow of blood from the inferior sagittal sinus to the internal jugular vein.
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Inferior sagittal sinus - straight sinus - confluence - transverse sinus - sigmoid sinus - internal jugular vein.
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What bones are responsible for making up the orbit?
Roof? Medial wall? Lateral wall? |
Roof: supraorbital margin of frontal
Lateral walls and floor: Zygomatic bone and sphenoid Anterior portion of medail wall: Lacrimal |
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Longitudinal fissure
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Separates the R and L cerebral hemispheres
Occupied by the falx cerebri |
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Transverse fissure
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Separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
Occupied by the tentorium cerebelli |
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Lateral fissure
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Separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum superior to it.
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Central sulcus
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separates the precentral (motor) and postcentral (sensory) gyri
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What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
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Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insula
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What is responsible for controlling movement and posture?
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The basal ganglia
It constitutes the central gray matter of the cerebrum |
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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It sends incomming impulses from the receptors of the body to the cerebral cortex.
Most important sensory relay center in the brain. |
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What structures is the hypothalamus associated with?
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Optic chiasma
mamillary bodies (part of the limbic system) pituitary gland |
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
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Body temp.
Carb and lipid metabolism Sleep Sexual activity Emotions |
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What three structures make up the brainstem?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata |
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What does the roof (dorsal surface) of the midbrain contain?
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The corpora quadrigemina
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What does the corpora quadrigemina consist of?
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4 elevations arranged as two pairs:
Superior colliculi - involved in pathway of vision Inferior colliculi - involved in pathway of hearing |
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What is the pons and what does it do?
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it is a bridge connecting the R and L cerebellar hemispheres.
It relays impulses from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. |
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Medulla oblongata...what, where, why??
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Directly continuous with the spinal cord. It contains most of the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord.
It contains several nuclei involved in the regulation of vital body activities: respiratory, cardiac (HR) and vasomotor (BP) |
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Pyramidal decussation
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The area inferior to pyramids where pyramidal tracts cross (or decussate) over to the contralateral side.
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What does the cerebellum connect with and how?
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It connects with the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata via the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
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What are the two hemispheres of the cerebellum separated by?
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The vermis
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What is the interior portion of the cerebellum called?
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Arbor Vitae - white matter
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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Coordination of muscle activity
Regulation of muscle tone Maintenance of equilbrium |
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What separates the lateral ventricles? Who do they communicate with? How?
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Septum pellucidum separates the lateral ventricles. They communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen of Monro
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Where is the third ventricle located? How does it communicate with the fourth ventricle?
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It is located between the thalami. It communicates via the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius.
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Where is the fourth ventricle located? What are the openings and where do they lead?
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It is located in the pons and medulla oblongata.
There are three openings: 2 lateral openings known as foramen of Lushka 1 medial opening known as foramen of Magendie They both open to the subarachnoid space |
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How is CSF produced?
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It is formed by choroid plexus.
Modified pia mater along with modified ependymal cells form choroid plexus. |
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What are the characteristics and functions of CSF?
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Clear, colorless and acellular
It cushions and supports the brain and spinal cord, acts at a lymphatic system and provides an environment for neurons. |
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Describe the course of CSF
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R and L lateral ventricles---interventricular foramen of Monroe--- third ventricle--- cerebral aqueduct of sylvius--- fourth ventricle--- foramen of Lushka or Magendie --- subarachnoid space --- arachnoid granulations --- lateral lacunae --- superior sagittal sinus --- venous system of body.
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CN I
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Olfactory
sensory Smell Cribriform plate |
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CN II
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Optic
sensory vision optic canal |
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CN III
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Oculomotor
motor extrinsic and intrinsic eye movement Superior orbital fissure |
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CN IV
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Trochlear
motor extrinsic eye movement superior orbital fissure |
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CN V
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Trigeminal
Both Sensation in head and muscles of mastication V1 = opthalmic - superior orbital fissure V2= maxillary - foramen rotundum V3 = mandibular - foramen ovale |
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CN VI
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Abducens
motor extrinsic movement of eye Superior orbital fissure |
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CN VII
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Facial
both Muscles of facial expression and taste Internal acoustic meatus |
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CN VIII
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Vestibulocochlear
sensory Hearing and equilbrium internal acoustic meatus |
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal
both Muscles of pharynx and taste Jugular foramen |
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CN X
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Vagus
both parasympathetic to major viscera and larynx and pharynx muscles. Jugular foramen |
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CN XI
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Accessory
motor trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles jugular foramen |
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CN XII
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Hypoglossal
Motor Tongue muscles hypoglossal canal |
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Name the parts of the external nose.
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Apex = tip
Root = base where attaches to face Dorsum = superior aspect Bridge = upper part of dorsum Nares Ala = skin on lateral aspect |
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What are the areas of cartilage of the EXTERNAL nose?
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Septal cartilage
Lateral expansions of septal cartilage Greater alar cartilage - bent so it forms medial and lateral walls of nares. |
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Where is the vestibule of the nose located and what does it contain?
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Located just inside the nares and bounded medially and laterally by the greater alar cartilage.
Contains hair and sebaceous glands. |
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What is the Limen nasi?
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A curved elevation, superior to the vestibule, formed by the lateral expansion of the septal cartilage.
It is the area where the vestibule gives way to the mucous membranes. |
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Where is the atrium of the nose?
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It is located in the nasal cavity just above the limen nasi.
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Where is the nasal cavity located and where does it open?
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Located between the cranial cavity and the oral cavity. It is divided by the median septum.
It open anteriorly via the nares, and posteriorly to the nasopharynx via the chonae. |
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What is the Chonae formed by?
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Vomer (medially)
Palatine bone (inferiorly) medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid (laterally) Body of sphenoid (superiorly) |
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What is the piriform aperture?
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It is only seen when the cartilages of the external nose are removed. It is the pyramid or pear shaped opening to the nose bounded by the nasal bones superiorly and the maxilla laterally and inferiorly.
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What bones make up the superior boundary (roof) of the nasal cavity?
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Nasal
Frontal Ethmoid (cribriform plate) Sphenoid (body) |
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What bones make up the inferior boundary (floor) of the nasal cavity?
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Maxilla - anteriorly
Palatine - posteriorly These two form hard palate and separate nasal cavity from oral cavity. |
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What bones make up the lateral boundary of the nasal bone?
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Nasal
lacrimal ethmoid inferior nasal concha palatine medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid maxilla |
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What is special about the middle meatus?
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It contains an elevation called the ethmoidal bulge, that is bounded anteroinferiorly by a semilunar slit known as the hiatus semilunaris.
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What makes up the medial boundary of the nasal bone?
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Vomer - posteriorly and inferiorly
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone - superiorly septal cartilage - anteriorly |
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Where is the Olfactory region of mucous membrane and what is so special about it?
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It makes up the upper 1/3 of the nasal septum and superior concha. This is where filaments of the olfactory nerve is distributed and where we get our sense of smell.
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Where is the Respiratory region of mucous membrane and what is so special about it?
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Makes up the lower 2/3 of the lateral and medial walls. It functions in dust removal of inspired air and also warming and humidifying incoming air.
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What are the characteristics of the Maxillary Sinus?
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It is located within the maxilla and is the largest sinus.
There is one on each side, single chamber and pyramid in shape. The base is medial, the apex is lateral and the floor is adjacent to the upper teeth. |
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What does the maxillary sinus open up to?
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It opens to the nasal cavity in the middle meatus via the hiatus semilunaris
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What are the characteristics of the frontal sinus? What does it open up to?
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There is one on each side, contained within the frontal bone in the supraorbital area.
It opens into the middle meatus via the hiatus semilunaris. |
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What are the characteristics of the Ethmoidal sinus and where does it open up to?
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Labyrinth: consists of numerous air cells contained within the lateral mass.
Two types: Anterior opens into the middle meatus via the ethmoidal bulla Posterior opens into the superior meatus. |
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What are the characteristics of the sphenoid sinus and where does it open up to?
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One on each side contained within the body of the sphenoid.
It opens up into the sphenoidethmoidal recess, an area above the superior concha. |
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What is the nasolacrimal duct?
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It drains tears into the inferior meatus.
This is why you get stuffed up when you cry. |
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What are the characteristics of the Pharynx?
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It is part of the digestive and respiratory system.
It lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage (C6). It is approx. 12 cm. It is funnel shaped. |
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The pharynx is continuous with what cavities?
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2 nasal cavities
2 tympanic cavities oral cavity larynx esophagus |
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Whar are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?
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It is the part of the pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity.
It is open to the nasal cavity at the choanae. The roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx is a continuous sloping surface that lies under the body of the sphenoid and basilar part of the occipital bone. The pharyngeal tonsil lies at bottom. |
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What is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil? What might happen if it is enlarged?
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Adenoids
It may cause respiratory obstruction. |
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Where is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube?
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On the lateral wall of the nasopharynx posterior to the inferior nasal conchae.
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What is the auditory tube?
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A 3.5 cm long tube that connects the tympanic cavity of the middle ear with the nasopharynx.
Anterior-medial 2/3 - related to pharynx - elastic cartilage. Posterior-lateral 1/3 - related to middle ear - bony. |
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What is special about the cartilage portion of the auditory tube?
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It usually remains collapsed. It opens during swallowing, yawning and when pressure differences exist between tympanic cavity and atmospheric pressure.
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What is the torus tubarius?
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It is where the medial end of the cartilaginous part of the tube projects into the nasopharynx on the lateral wall just superior to the opening of the auditory tube.
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Where is the salpingopalatine fold?
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It extends from the torus to the soft palate.
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Where is the salpingopharyngeal fold?
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It extends from the torus to the lateral wall of the pharynx.
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Where is the torus levatorius?
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It sits between the salpingopalatine fold and the salpingopharyngeal fold. It extends from the mouth of the tube to the soft palate.
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What is the pharyngeal recess?
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It is the portion of the nasopharynx posterior to the torus.
It may contain lymphoid tissue. |
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Where is the pharyngeal isthmus?
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It is the connection between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. It is bounded by the soft palate anteriorly and wall of pharynx posteriorly.
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Oropharynx
What? Continuous with oral cavity how? Bounded by what? |
The part of pharynx posterior to the oral cavity.
Continuous with the oral cavity by the orpharyngeal isthmus. Bounded by: soft palate (superiorly), tongue (inferiorly) and pillars of the fauces (laterally). |
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Where is the palatoglossal arch and what does it contain?
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It is the anterior pillar of the fauces. A fold of mucous membrane extending from the palate to the side of the tongue. It contains the palatoglossus muscle.
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Where is the palatopharyngeal arch and what does it contain?
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The posterior piller of the fauces. It extends from the soft palate to the lateral side of the pharynx. It contains the palatopharyngeus muscle.
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Where is the palatine tonsil?
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It lies in the tonsillar bed between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch.
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Where is the laryngopharynx located?
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It extends from the upper border of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus. It is posterior to the larynx.
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What and where is the piriform recess?
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It lies on either side of the larynx. Food is deviated here during swallowing. The internal laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery course under the mucous membrane in each piriform recess.
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What are the layers of the pharyngeal wall?
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Mucous membrane
fibrous layer muscular layer fascial layer |
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What are the functions of the larynx?
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It acts as a valve to guard air passages - expecially during swallowing.
It maintains an open air passage. Vocalization |
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What are the four major types of cartilage in the larynx?
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Thyroid
cricoid arytenoid epiglottic |
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What are the characteristics of thyroid cartilage?
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It is the largest cartilage of the larynx.
It is comosed of two flat plates termed laminae with fuse anteriorly and diverge posteriorly. |
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What is the laryngeal prominence?
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Where the thyroid cartilage fuses anteriorly. (Adam's Apple).
Superior border is known as the superior thyroid notch. |
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What are the parts of the laryngeal prominence?
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The superior horn which attaches to the hyoid bone.
The inferior horn which articulates with the cricoid cartilage. The lateral surface, known as the oblique line, where the strap muscles attach. |
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What about the cricoid cartilage?
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It is at the level of C6.
It is a complete ring of cartilage. The posterior part is a flat plate (lamina). The anterior part is narrow (arch). |
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What does the upper border of the cricoid cartilage articulate with?
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The arytenoid cartilage
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What is the lower border of the cricoid cartilage connected to?
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The first ring of the trachea via the cricotracheal ligament.
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Where are the arytenoid cartilages?
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They are a pair of cartilages located at the upper border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
They are pyramid shaped - Apex above and Base below. |
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What are the processes of the base of arytenoid cartilage?
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Vocal process - extends forward from the base and serves as an attachment for the vocal ligament.
Muscular process - extends laterally from the base and serves as an attachment for the muscles of the larynx. |
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Where is the epiglottic cartilage? What is its function?
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It is leaf shaped and extends superiorly and posteriorly from the thyroid cartilage. The lower end narrows and forms the stalk (petiolus) that attaches to thyroid cartilage. Its function is to close the opening into the laryngeal cavity during swallowing.
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Where are the corniculate cartilages?
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They are set upon the apices of the arytenoid cartilages.
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Where are the cuneiform cartilages?
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They are located with the aryepiglottic folds.
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What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
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Elevators: Thyrohyoid, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric
Depressors: Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid. |
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What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
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Cricothyroid
posterior cricoarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid arytenoideus thyroarytenoid vocalis |
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Cricothyroid
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Origin: arch of cricoid
Insertion: lamina of thyroid and inferior horn of thyroid Action: adduct vocal folds Innervation: superior laryngeal nerve |
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Posterior cricoarytenoid
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Origin: Posterior surface of the lamina of cricoid
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid Action: Abduction of vocal cords Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Lateral cricoarytenoid
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Origin: Arch of cricoid
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid Action: adduction of the vocal cords Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Aryenoideus
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Connects posterior surface of the two arytenoids.
Action: Adduction of the vocal cords Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Thyroarytenoid
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Origin: Medial surface of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid Action: adduction of vocal cords Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. |
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Vocalis
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Origin: internal surface of the thyroid cartilage posteriorly
Insertion: vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage Action: adduction of vocal cords Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
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External branch: courses the external surface of the larynx to innervate the cricothyroid muscle.
Internal branch: pierces the membrane between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage (thyrohyoid membrane) to supply sensory innervation to the mucous membrane lining the larynx. |
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The superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve are branches of what nerve?
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Vagus
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Where does the recurrent laryngeal begin? And where does it go?
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It begins in the thorax.
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the subclavian artery The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the aorta. Both ascent to the larynx in the groove between the esophagus and the trachea. |
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What are the bones in the neck?
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C1 - atlas
C2 - axis C3 - C6 C7 - vertebra prominens Hyoid bone |
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Where is the hyoid bone and what are its characteristics?
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It lies in the anterior portion of the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is U-shaped and open posteriorly.
Anteriorly, the body has greater horns and lesser horns. It does not articulate with any other bone. |
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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On either side of the trachea just below the larynx. It has two lobes connected by the isthmus.
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Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
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Platysma
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Origin: skin over deltoid and pectoralis major
Insertion: lower border of the mandible Innervation: facial nerve |
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Sternocleidomastiod
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Origin: manubrium of sternum and clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process Innervation: CN XII - accessory nerve |
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What are the infrahyoid (strap) muscles?
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thyrohyoid
sternohyoid sternothyroid omohyoid |
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Thyrohyoid
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Origin: thyroid cartilage
Insertion: Hyoid bone Innervation: CN XII (hypoglossal) and C1 |
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Sternohyoid
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Origin: manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: hyoid bone Innervation: ansa cervicalis |
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Sternothyroid
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Origin: manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: thyroid cartilage Innervation: ansa cervicalis |
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Omohyoid
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Origin: Scapula
Insertion: hyoid bone Innervation: ansa cervicalis |
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What are the suprahyoid muscles?
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Digastric
Stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyoid |
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Scalene anterior
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Origin: Cervical vertebrae
Insertion: First rib Innervation: ventral rami |
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Scalene medius
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Origin: cervical vertebrae
Insertion: first rib Innervation: ventral rami |
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Scalene posterior
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Origin: cervical vertebrae
Insertion: second rib Innervation: ventral rami |
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What are structures anterior to the scalene anterior?
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Phrenic nerve
common carotid artery internal carotid artery internal jugular vein subclavian vein vagus nerve |
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What are the structures posterior to the scalene anterior?
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Subclavian artery
brachial plexus |
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What structures make up the scalene triangle?
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Scalene anterior
Scalene medius first rib |
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What are the prevertebral muscles?
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Longus capitis
Longus cervicis (colli) |
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What forms the cervical plexus? What does it supply? What are its branches?
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Formed by ventral rami of C1 - C4
Branches supply scalene and prevertebral muscles Named branches: phrenic nerve and ansa cervicalis Superifcial branches: lesser occipital (C2, C3), greater auricular (C2, C3), transverse cervical (C2, C3), and supraclavicular (C3, C4) |
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Where does the phrenic nerve arise from? Where does it go? And what does in innervate?
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Arises from ventral ramus C4 (C3, C5)
Courses through neck anterior to scalene anterior and through thorax anterior to root of lung. Innervates the diaphragm |
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Ansa cervicalis - where? supplies what? name the roots and what they are derived from?
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Lies anterior to the carotid sheath.
Supplies all infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid. Superior root: derived from C1 and connects with the hypoglossal nerve. Inferior root: derived form C2 or C3 |
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Vagus nerve - arises from where? goes where? supplies what?
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Arises from the brain
Cranial exit is jugular foramen Courses through neck in carotid sheath. Courses through thorax posterior to the root of the lung. Courses through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm and enters abdomen. Supplies abdominal organs |
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Sympathetic trunk
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Part of the autonomic nervous system located in the neck posterior to the carotic sheath.
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What are the vessels of the neck?
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Common carotid (and branches) supply the head and neck.
Subclavian arteries (and branches) supply the upper limbs. Subclavian veins Jugular veins |
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What are the branches of the aortic arch?
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Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery |
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What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
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Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery |
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Common carotid arteries - course through where? terminate where?
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Both L and R ascend through the neck in respective carotid sheath.
Both R and L terminate at the upper border of thyroid cartilage and divide into terminal branches: internal and external |
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Internal carotid artery
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Enters cranial cavity and supplies 80% of blood to brain.
There are no branches in the neck. |
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External carotid artery
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Each artery ascends towards respective ear and gives off eight named branches that supply all the structures of the neck.
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Subclavian arteries
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Course through the neck posterior to scalene anterior muscle and over the first rib on respective side.
At lateral border of first rib its name changes to Axillary artery. Each has five named branches. One is the vertebral artery which supplies 20% of blood to brain. |
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Subclavian veins
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Each arises as a continuation of its respective axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib.
Course through the neck anterior to scalene anterior muscle. Terminates by joining with its respective internal jugular vein to form brachiocephalic vein. |
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What muslce separates the subclavian vein from the subclavian artery?
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The scalene anterior.
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External jugular vein
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Arises from veins draining the scalp and face.
Course superficially across the sternocleidomastoid muscle Terminates by joining the subclavian vein |
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Internal jugular veins
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Arises as a continuation of the dural sinuses that drain the brain.
Courses the neck within the carotid sheath. Terminates by joining subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. |
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What does the carotid sheath contain?
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Common carotid artery
internal carotid artery internal jugular vein vagus nerve |
