Gross Anatomy Final

Front 1

Lordosis

Back 1

The inward curvatures of the spine. There are two, cervical and lumbar

Front 2

Kyphosis

Back 2

The outward curvatures of the back. There are two, thoracic and sacral

Front 3

Scoliosis

Back 3

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Front 4

What structures make up the intervertebral foramen?

Back 4

The superior vertebral notch on the lower vertebrae and the inferior vertebral notch on the upper vertebrae

Front 5

What is the foramen transversarium?

Back 5

It is a foramen of the 7 cervical vertebrae where the vertebral arteries run

Front 6

Zygapophyseal joint

Back 6

It is a synovial joint made up of the inferior articular process of the upper vertebrae and the superior articular process of the lower vertebrae

Front 7

Where on the vertebrae do the ribs articulate?

Back 7

On the body and the transverse process

Front 8

What are the three strong ligaments of the spine?

Back 8

Anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, and ligamentum flavum

Front 9

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 9

The strongest ligament of the spine. In runs on the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks

Front 10

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 10

One of the strong ligaments of the spine, but weaker than the anterior longitudinal. Runs within vertebral canal along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

Front 11

Ligamentum flavum

Back 11

Spinal ligament that extends from lamina to lamina. Its function is to resist separation of the vertebral lamina

Front 12

What are the two components of the intervertebral disks?

Back 12

The outer annulus fibrosis and the inner nucleus pulposus, which acts as a jeely-like shock absorber

Front 13

Explain why older people can become shorter over time

Back 13

If you lose water from the hyaline end-plate of the intervertebral disks than you can actually get shorter (disks shrink basically)

Front 14

What vertebral level does the spinal cord stop?

Back 14

At the level of L1-L2. Below this there is a subdural and subarachnoid space and the cauda equina

Front 15

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 15

The strongest ligament of the spine. In runs on the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks

Front 16

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 16

One of the strong ligaments of the spine, but weaker than the anterior longitudinal. Runs within vertebral canal along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

Front 17

Ligamentum flavum

Back 17

Spinal ligament that extends from lamina to lamina. Its function is to resist separation of the vertebral lamina

Front 18

What are the two components of the intervertebral disks?

Back 18

The outer annulus fibrosis and the inner nucleus pulposus, which acts as a jeely-like shock absorber

Front 19

Explain why older people can become shorter over time

Back 19

If you lose water from the hyaline end-plate of the intervertebral disks than you can actually get shorter (disks shrink basically)

Front 20

What are the three muscles that comprise the erector spinae?

Back 20

From medial to lateral they are the spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

Front 21

Origins and attachments of the spinalis muscle

Back 21

Originates from a tendon that attaches to the iliac crest and then runs from spinous process to spinous process

Front 22

Origins and attachments of the longissimus muscle

Back 22

Originates from the same tendon as the spinales and inserts on the transverse processes (inferiorly) and the mastoid process (superiorly)

Front 23

Origins and attachments of the iliocostalis muscle?

Back 23

Originates from the same tendon as the other erector spinae muscles and inserts onto the ribs

Front 24

What innervates the erector spinae muscles?

Back 24

Branches of segmental dorsal primary rami

Front 25

What are the two parts of the splenius muscle?

Back 25

Splenius capitis and splenius cervis

Front 26

Origins and attachements of the splenius muscles

Back 26

Originate from the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3. Attaches on the mastoid process (capitis) and the transverse processes of C1-C3 (cervis)

Front 27

Innervation of the splenius muscles

Back 27

Branches of segmental dorsal primary rami

Front 28

Actions of the splenius muscles

Back 28

Alone they will rotate the head toward the active side. Together they extend the head and neck

Front 29

What are the smaller muscles of the deep back?

Back 29

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costarum

Front 30

What innervates the large and small muscles of the deep back?

Back 30

Branches of segmental dorsal primary rami

Front 31

What is the thoracolumbar fascia?

Back 31

It is a deep investing fascia that covers the deep muscles of the back. The abdominal muscles also originate from it

Front 32

How can strengthening the abs help your back muscles?

Back 32

As the abs get stronger they pull on the thoracolumbar fascia that they originate from and this in turn pulls on the transverse processes of the vertebrae to stabilize them

Front 33

What muscles contribute to neck flexion?

Back 33

The scalenes and sternocleidomastoid acting bilaterally

Front 34

What muscles contribute to extension of the neck?

Back 34

Deep neck muscles like the splenius, semispinalis, iliocostalis, and longissimus

Front 35

What muscles contribute to lateral bending of the neck?

Back 35

Unilateral action of the iliocostalis, longissimus, and splenius

Front 36

What is a dermatome?

Back 36

It is a sensory area of skin associated with a specific spinal nerve

Front 37

What is cutaneous distribution?

Back 37

Sensory distribution from a specific area of skin that is related to an end nerve

Front 38

What is the innervation of the superficial muscles of the back and shoulder?

Back 38

They derived from ventral somites so they are innervated by ventral primary rami

Front 39

What are the superficial muscles of the back and shoulder?

Back 39

Trapezius, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and deltoid

Front 40

Actions of the trapezius

Back 40

Scapular elevation, retraction, superior rotation, and depression

Front 41

Actions of the latissimus dorsi

Back 41

Humeral extension, adduction, and medial rotation

Front 42

Actions of the rhomboids

Back 42

Scapular elevation, retraction, and inferior rotation

Front 43

Muscles of the rotator cuff

Back 43

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS)

Front 44

Actions of the supraspinatus muscle

Back 44

Abduction of the humerus

Front 45

Actions of the infraspinatus

Back 45

Lateral rotation of the humerus

Front 46

Actions of the teres minor

Back 46

Lateral rotation of the humerus

Front 47

Actions of the teres major

Back 47

Humeral extension, adduction, and medial rotation

Front 48

Actions of the subscapularis muscle

Back 48

Medial rotation of the humerus

Front 49

Borders of the triangular space

Back 49

Terers minor, teres major, and long heads of triceps brachii

Front 50

Contents of the triangular space

Back 50

Branch of the circumflex scapular artery

Front 51

Borders of the quadrangular space

Back 51

Teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps and laterl head of triceps (or shaft of humerus)

Front 52

Contents of the quadrangular space

Back 52

Posterior humeral circumflex artery and axillary nerve

Front 53

Borders of the triangular interval

Back 53

Teres major, long head and lateral head of the triceps (sits right below the quadrangular space)

Front 54

Contents of the triangular interval

Back 54

Profunda brachii artery and radial nerve

Front 55

What is the collateral circulation around the scapula?

Back 55

It connects the subclavian with the axillary artery via the suprascapular, subscapular, and transverse cervical arteries

Front 56

Actions of deltoid muscle

Back 56

Anteriors do flexion, adduction, and medial rotation. Medial do abduction. Posteriors do extension, adduction, and lateral rotation

Front 57

Actions of serratus anterior

Back 57

Scapular protraction, superior rotation, and depression

Front 58

Actions of pec major at the shoulder

Back 58

Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation

Front 59

Actions of the pec minor at the shoulder

Back 59

Depression, inferior rotation, and protrusion

Front 60

What tendon runs through the glenohumeral joint capsule to attach to the scapula?

Back 60

The tendon of the long head of the biceps

Front 61

Anterior wall of the axilla

Back 61

Pect major, pec minor, and clavicle

Front 62

Posterior wall of the axilla

Back 62

Scapula, subcapularis, and latissimus dorsi

Front 63

Medial wall of the axilla

Back 63

Thorax and serratus anterior

Front 64

Lateral wall of the axilla

Back 64

Intertubercular sulcus (groove) of the humerus

Front 65

Contents of the axilla

Back 65

Fat, axillary lymph nodes, axillary vein and its tributaries, axillary arteries and its branches, and the brachial plexus and its branches

Front 66

Branches of the subclavian artery

Back 66

In order: Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk

Front 67

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

Back 67

Inf thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery, and suprascapular artery

Front 68

What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?

Back 68

Branches to root of the neck and first two intercostal spaces

Front 69

Branches of the axillary artery

Back 69

Supreme thoracic artery, thoracoacromial trunk and its branches, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery and its branches, posterior humeral circumflex and anterior humeral circumflex

Front 70

What are the branches of the thoracoacromial trunk?

Back 70

Acromial, deltoid, pectoral and clavicular

Front 71

What are the branches of the subscapular artery?

Back 71

Circumflex scapular artery and the thoracodorsal artery (to the latissimus dorsi)

Front 72

What are the major veins of the arm?

Back 72

The brachial, basilic, and cephalic (all drain into the axillary, which drains into the subclavian)

Front 73

Which are generally more superficial in the axilla, the arteries or veins?

Back 73

The veins are usually superficial, but not always

Front 74

Which part of the ulna articulates with the humerus?

Back 74

The olecranon and the coronoid process slide on the trochlea of the humerus

Front 75

What divides the arm into its two compartments?

Back 75

The median intermuscular septum

Front 76

What muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the arm?

Back 76

Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and the brachialis.

Front 77

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Back 77

The musculocutaneous nerve

Front 78

What muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Back 78

The triceps mainly

Front 79

What is unique about all the nerves of the upper limb?

Back 79

They all have a cutaneous sensory distribution (which means they are end nerves)

Front 80

List the muscles of the anterior compartment from lateral to medial?

Back 80

The long head of the biceps is lateral, then the short head, then the coracobrachialis is medial

Front 81

Why does the long head of the biceps appear to be shorter than the short head?

Back 81

Because the long head actually originates in the shoulder joint at the superior aspect of the glenoid fossa so the first part of it is covered by the capsule

Front 82

Where is the musculocutaneous nerve found?

Back 82

It peirces the coracobrachialis (on of the few nerves that does this) and runs down onto the brachialis

Front 83

Which arm muscle is considered the true flexor of the forearm?

Back 83

The brachialis (not biceps)

Front 84

What muscle is the primary extensor at the elbow?

Back 84

The triceps

Front 85

What does the brachioradialis do?

Back 85

It serves as a secondary flexor at the elbow. It originates on the posterior arm, then attaches to the anterior radius

Front 86

Actions of the triceps

Back 86

Extension and adduction at the shoulder, and extension at the elbow

Front 87

Action of the anconeus

Back 87

Extension at the elbow

Front 88

Brachioradialis

Back 88

Flexion at the elbow

Front 89

Actions of the biceps

Back 89

At the shoulder the long head flexes and the short head adducts. At the humero-ulnar joint they flex, and at the radio-ulnar joint they supinate

Front 90

Action of the coracobrachialis

Back 90

Flexion and adduction at the shoulder

Front 91

Actions at the brachialis

Back 91

Flexion at the humero-ulnar joint

Front 92

Branches of the brachial artery

Back 92

From superior to inferior: deep artery of arm, superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries, ulnar and radial arteries

Front 93

Which branches of the brachial artery are involved in anastomoses?

Back 93

The deep arteries of the arm and the recurrent radial and ulnar arteries

Front 94

Main veins of the arm

Back 94

The brachial is the deep vein, the superficial veins are the cephalic and basilic

Front 95

Which vein connects the cephalic and basilic veins?

Back 95

The median cubital vein

Front 96

What nerve runs along side the brachial artery?

Back 96

The median nerve

Front 97

Of the two deep nerves of the arm, which is lateral?

Back 97

The radial nerve is lateral and the median nerve is medial

Front 98

When is the anular ligament of the radius fully developed?

Back 98

Not til 8-9 yrs old, so you should be careful swinging your kids around so the radius doesn't dislocate

Front 99

What are the main ligaments of the humero-ulnar and radio-ulnar joints?

Back 99

The radial collateral, ulnar collateral, and anular ligament (of radius)

Front 100

What are the carpal bones?

Back 100

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Front 101

Nemonic to remember the carpal bones

Back 101

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle

Front 102

Which carpal bone is only seen from the palmar (ventral) side and what is it covered by?

Back 102

The pisiform bone lies on the ventral aspect of the triquetrum so you don't see it from the dorsal aspect

Front 103

What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Back 103

The radial nerve

Front 104

What nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Back 104

The median nerve (except for half the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor carpi ulnaris that are innervated by the ulnar nerve)

Front 105

Pronator teres

Back 105

Originates on medial epicondyle of humerus and medial side of coronoid process of ulna. Inserts on radius. Pronates at elbow joint

Front 106

Flexor carpi radialis

Back 106

Originates on medial epicondyle of humerus and inserts on 2nd metacarpal. Flexes and abducts at the wrist

Front 107

Palmaris longus

Back 107

Originates on the medial epicondyle and inserts in palmar aponeurosis of the hand. Does flexion at the wrist

Front 108

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 108

Originates on medial epicondyle and olecranon and inserts on pisiform bone. Does flexion and adduction at the wrist

Front 109

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Back 109

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator quadratus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus

Front 110

Pronator quadratus

Back 110

Originates on the ulna and inserts on the radius. Primary action is pronation

Front 111

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 111

Originates on medial epicondyle of humerus and proxiaml aspect of radius. Inserts on middle phalanx of each finger. Primary action is flexion at PROXIMAL interphalangeal joints

Front 112

Flexor digitorum profundus

Back 112

Originates on anterior aspect of ulna and interosseus membrane. Inserts on distal phalanx of each finger. Primary action is flexion at DISTAL interphalangeal joints

Front 113

Flexor pollicis longus

Back 113

Originates on proximal aspect of radius and interosseous membrane. Inserts on distal phalanx of thumb. Primary action is flexion at interphalangeal joint of thumb

Front 114

Which tendon goes through a tunnel formed by another tendon?

Back 114

The flexor digitorum profundus runs right through the tnedon of the flexor digitorum superficialis

Front 115

What is golfer's elbow?

Back 115

It is really called medial epicondylitis and is due to inflammation and tearing of the tendons attaching to the medial epicondyle

Front 116

What nerve innervates all the muslces of the posterior forearm?

Back 116

The radial nerve

Front 117

Brachioradialis

Back 117

Originates on the humerus and inserts on the lateral surface of the distal radius. Primary action is flexion at the elbow

Front 118

Anconeus

Back 118

Originates on the lateral epicondyle and inserts on the ulna. Primary action is extension at the elbow

Front 119

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Back 119

Originates on distal end of humerus, inserts on 2nd metacarpal. Primary action is extension at the wrist

Front 120

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Back 120

Originates on lateral epicondyle and inserts on 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. Primary action is extension at the wrist

Front 121

Extensor digitorum (communis)

Back 121

Originates on laterl epicondyle and inserts via extensor hoods into dorsal aspect of middle and distal phalanges or four fingers. Primary action is extension at the fingers

Front 122

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Back 122

Originates on the lateral epicondyle and ulna and inserts on the fifth metacarpal. Primary action is extension and adduction of the wrist

Front 123

If the radial nerve is damaged, would you still be able to adduct/abduct the wrist?

Back 123

Yes because those functions are served by two nerves

Front 124

Supinator muscle

Back 124

Originates on lateral epicondyle and ulna and inserts on lateral surface of the radius. It supinates at the raio-ulnar joint

Front 125

Abductor pollicis longus

Back 125

Originates on ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane and inserts on base of 1st metacarpal. Primary action is abduction at the wrist

Front 126

Extensor pollicis brevis

Back 126

Originates on radius and interosseous membrane and inserts on proximal phalanx of thumb. Primary action is extension of metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of thumb

Front 127

Extensor pollicis longus

Back 127

Originates on the ulna and interosseous membrane and inserts on distal phalanx or ghumb. Primary action is extension of interphalangeal joints of the thumb

Front 128

Extensor indicis

Back 128

Originates on radius and interosseus membrane and inserts on extensor hood of index finger. Primary action is extension of index finger

Front 129

What important structure runs right through the anatomical snuffbox?

Back 129

The radial artery

Front 130

What is tennis elbow?

Back 130

Lateral epicondylitis from inflamed tendons that attach to the lateral epicondyle

Front 131

What is a plexus?

Back 131

When a group of nerve fibers join together, merge, and new groups of fibers emerge from them

Front 132

End nerves of the brachial plexus

Back 132

Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves

Front 133

Spinal nerves that contribute to the radial nerve

Back 133

C5-T1. Radial innervates all muscles of the posterior arm

Front 134

Spinal nerves that contribute to the musculocutaneous nerve

Back 134

C5-C6. Innervates biceps, brahialis, and coracobrachialis

Front 135

Spinal nerves that contribute to the ulnar nerve

Back 135

C7-T1. Innervates flexor carpi ulnaris, 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundus, muscles of 5th digit, medial two lumbricals, and all interossei

Front 136

Spinal nerves that contribute to the median nerve

Back 136

C5-T1. Innervates all muscles of the anterior forearm and hand not innervated by the ulnar nerve

Front 137

Lateral pectoral nerve

Back 137

C5-C7. Innervates the pec major

Front 138

Medial pectoral nerve

Back 138

C8-T1. Innervates the pec major and pec minor

Front 139

Upper subscapular nerve

Back 139

C5-C6. Innervates the subscapularis

Front 140

Lower subscapular nerve

Back 140

C5-C6. Innervates the subscapular and teres major

Front 141

Thoracodorsal nerve

Back 141

C6-C8. Innervates the latissimus dorsi

Front 142

Suprascapular nerve

Back 142

C5-C6. Innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Front 143

Dorsal scapular nerve

Back 143

C5. Innervates the levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor

Front 144

Long thoracic nerve

Back 144

C5-C7. Innervates the serratus anterior

Front 145

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

Back 145

The flexor retinaculum

Front 146

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 146

Pain, tingling, ansence of tactile sensation, and progressive loss of coordination and strength of thumb

Front 147

Treatment for carpal tunnel?

Back 147

Surgical division of flexor retinaculum providing carpal release, steroids, physical therapy, and stopping the action that caused the injury

Front 148

What muscles does the recurrent branch of the median nerve supply?

Back 148

The abductor policis brevis, flexor policis brevis, and opponens policis

Front 149

Lumbricals

Back 149

They originate on the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and insert on the proximal phalanges.

Front 150

Action and innervation of the lumbricals

Back 150

They assisit in extending at the distal interphalangeal joints and flexing at the carpometacarpal joints. The two on the thumb side are median nerve and the two on the pinky side are ulanr nerve

Front 151

Interossei muscles

Back 151

They are deep to the lumbricals and lie between the bones of the fingers. They are the small muscles seen on the posterior aspect of the hand.

Front 152

Innervation of interossei muscles

Back 152

All innervated by the ulnar nerve

Front 153

Action of the interossei muscles

Back 153

Palmar adduct (PAD) and dorsal abduct (DAB)

Front 154

What is bagel cut syndrome?

Back 154

Laceration of the thenar eminence resulting in severing the recurrent median nerve that serves the thumb

Front 155

What is the sign of benediction?

Back 155

It is a sign of damage to the median nerve. It is inability to flex the distal joint of the index finger and inability to flex digits two and three into a compact fist

Front 156

Ulnary nerve injury

Back 156

Difficulty making a fist and loss of flexion of the 4th and 5th digits at distal IP joints (clawhand)

Front 157

What kind of injury would lead to wrist drop?

Back 157

Radial nerve damage

Front 158

What connects to the extensor expansion or "hood" of the fingers?

Back 158

THe extensor digitorum, lumbricals, and dorsal interossei

Front 159

Borders of the triangle of auscultation

Back 159

Rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi, and trapezius

Front 160

What major muscle of the anterior forearm does not cross the elbow?

Back 160

The flexor digitorum profundus. It originates on the ulna and radius and interosseous membrane

Front 161

What structure travels with the median nerve down the anterior forearm?

Back 161

It travels by itself most of the time

Front 162

What travels with the radial artery down the forearm?

Back 162

Nothing, it travels by itself

Front 163

What travels with the ulnar nerve down the forearm?

Back 163

The ulnar artery

Front 164

What nerve runs with the posterior humoral circumflex artery?

Back 164

The axillary artery, and they both are found in the quadrangular space

Front 165

Which of the 4 intrinsic muscles of the thumb is innervated by the ulnar nerve?

Back 165

The adductor pollicis, the others are innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve

Front 166

What kind of joint is the zygapophyseal joint?

Back 166

A synovial joint

Front 167

What is the only adult remnant of the notochord?

Back 167

The nucleus pulposus

Front 168

What are the "true" muscles of the back?

Back 168

The muscles developed from dorsal mesoderm and include the erector spinae muscle group

Front 169

What three muscles attach to the anterior superior aspect of the humerus and can medially rotate it?

Back 169

The subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi

Front 170

What are the main arteries contributing to anastomoses around the scapula?

Back 170

The transverse cervical and suprascapular (both branches of the thyrocervical trunk), the circumflex scapular artery, and the intercostal arteries

Front 171

Where does the subclavian artery turn into the axillary artery?

Back 171

Once it passes the first rib

Front 172

Where does the axillary artery turn into the brachial artery?

Back 172

Once it passes the tendonous insertion of the latissimus and teres major on the anterior humerus

Front 173

What are the trochlea and capitulum

Back 173

Both make up the inferior articular surface of the humerus. The trochlea is medial and articulates with the ulna. The capitulum is lateral and articulates with the radius

Front 174

Which of the nerves of the upper limb has a cutaneous distribution?

Back 174

They all do

Front 175

If the musculocutaneous nerve was damaged, would you still be able to flex your arm at the elbow?

Back 175

Yes, but only a little. The brahcioradialis is a secondary flexor and originates on the posterior humerus so it is innervated by the radial nerve

Front 176

Borders of the anatomical snuff box

Back 176

Tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus are on the lateral side and the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus are on the medial side.

Front 177

What are the actions of the lumbricals?

Back 177

They flex at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend at the interphalangeal joints