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1857 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Draw table of how the body's cavities are divided up
see notes
What are the (2)major division of the body cavites?
(1)ventral body cavity
(2)dorsal body cavity
NAME
this has two cavties: ventral body and dorsal body cavity
body cavities
What separates the thoraic cavity and the abdominopelivic cavity?
the diaphragm
the diaphragm separates these two cavities (2)
(1)thoracic cavity (2)abdominopelvic cavity
What are the (2)different divisions of the ventral body cavity?
(1)thoracic (2)abdominopelvic cavity
NAME
this has two divisions: the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
ventral body cavity
What are the different subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? (3)
(1)right pleural cavity (2)mediastinum (3)left plerual cavity
NAME
this has three subdivisions: right pleural cavity, mediastinum, and left plerual cavity
thoarcic cavity
NAME
this also contains the pericardial cavity
mediastinum
The mediastinum also contains the (1)
pericardial cavity
The (1)also contains the pericardial cavity
mediastinum
The (1) is also called the coelom
ventral body cavity
The ventral body cavity is also called the (1)
coelom
What are the functions of the ventral body cavity? (3)
it provides protection (2) allows organ movement (3) it's lining prevents friction
NAME
this provides protection, allows for organ movement, and its lining prevents friction
ventral body cavity
What is the thoracic cavity?
it is surrounded by the chest wall and the diaphragm
NAME
this is surrounded by the chest wall and the diaphragm
thoracic cavity
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
contains the peritioneal cavity
NAME
this contains the peritioneal cavity
abdominopelivic cavity
What is the differ btwn the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity?
(1)thoracic cavity surrounds the chest wall and diaphragm (2)contains the pertioneal cavity
What are the (2) divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
(1)cranial (2)spinal cavity
NAME
this has two divisions: the cranial and the spinal cavity
dorsal body cavity
What are the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity? (2)
(1)abdominal cavity (2)pelivic cavity
NAME
this has two divisions: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
What is the right pleural cavity?
surrounds the right lung
NAME
this surrounds the right lung
right pleural cavity
What is the mediastinum?
contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
NAME
this contains the trachea, esophagus and major vessels
mediastinum
What is the left pleural cavity?
surrounds the left lung
NAME
this surrounds the left lung
pleural cavity
What is the differ btwn the right pleural cavity and the left pleural cavity?
(1)the right pleural cavity surrounds the right lung
(2)the left pleural cavity surrounds the left lung
What is the pericardial cavity?
surrounds the heart
NAME
this surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
What is the dorsal body cavity?
cushions and protects the CNS
NAME
this cushions and protects the CNS
dorsal body cavity
NAME
this contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem
cranial cavity
The dorsal is usally (1)
posterior
The (1)is usall posterior
dorsal
The ventral is usally (1)
anterior
The (1)is usally anterior
ventral
T or F
This applies for all parts of the body, dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior
false
What is the only exception for the saying that dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior?
from the head up
From the (1)down, dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior
head
What is the cranial cavity?
contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem
NAME
this contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem
cranial cavity
Work on the packet of pictures
see back for answers
What is the spinal cavity?
contains the spinal cord
NAME
this contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
What is the abdominal cavity?
contains many digestive glands and organs
NAME
this contains many digestive glands and organs
abdominal cavity
NAME
this contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last portion of digestive tract
pelvic cavity
What is the differ btwn the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity?
(1)abdominal cavity-contains the digestive glands and organs
(2)pelvic cavity-contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of digestive tract
What is regional anatomy?
study of the body by parts or regions
NAME
this is the study of the body by different parts or regions
regional anatomy
What is systemtic anatomy?
is the study of the body by systems
NAME
this is the study of the body by systems
systemtic anatomy
T orF
None of the organ systems functions in isolation
true
what is the inteugmentary system?
consists of the skin and appendages such as the hair, and nails
NAME
this consists of the skin, and appendages such as the hair and nails
integumentary system
What kind of organ is the integumentray system?
an extensive sensory organ
NAME
this is a extensive sensory organ that forms a protective covering for the body
integumentary system
What is the skeletal system?
consists of bone and cartilage
NAME
this consists of bone and cartilage
skeletal system
The skeletal system provides (1) for the body and (2)
support (2)protects vital organs
NAME
this system provides support and protects vital organs
skeletal system
The musclular system acts on the (1) to produce movemnt
skeletal system
How does the muscular system act on the skeletal system?
by it produces movment
What is the articular system?
it connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides sites at which movement occurs
NAME
this connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides sites at which movement occurs
articular system
What does the articular system consist of?
joints and thier associated ligaments
NAME
this consists of joints and thier associated ligaments
articular system
What is the musclular system?
is composed of muscles that contract to move or postion parts of the body
NAME
this is composed of muscles that contract to move or postion parts of the body
muscular system
What is the nervous system?
consists of the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
NAME
this consists of the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
nervous system
What is the CNS?
the brain and the spinal cord
NAME
this is the brain and the spinal cord
CNS
What is the peripheral nervous system?
the nerves and ganglia together with thier motor endings
NAME
this is the nerves and ganglia together with thier motor endings
peripheral nervous system
What is dermatology?
the study of the integumentary system
NAME
this is the study of the integumentary system
dermatology
What is osteology?
is the study of the skeletal system
NAME
this is the study of the skeletal system
osteology
What is the arthrology?
is the study of the articular system
NAME
this is the study of the articular system
arthrology
What is myology?
is the study of the muscular system
NAME
this is the study of the muscular system
myology
What is neurology?
is the study of the nervous system
NAME
this is the study of the nervous system
neurology
What is angiology ?
is the study of the ciculatory system
NAME
this is the study of the ciculatory system
angiology
What is the circulatory system?
consists of the cardiovascular and lympathtic systems which function in parell to distrubute fluids through the body
NAME
this consists of the cardiovascular and lympathic systems which function in parell to distrubute fluids though the body
circulatory system
What are (2) systems is the circulatory system divided up into?
(1)cardiovascular system (2)lympathic system
NAME
this is divided up into the cardiovasuclar system and the lympathic system
circulatory system
What is cardiology?
the study of the cardiovascular system
NAME
this is the study of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
What is the cardiovascular system?
consists of the haert and blood vessels that propel and conduct the blood through the body
NAME
this consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct the blood through the body
cardiovascular system
What is the lympathic system?
is a network of lympathic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph)from the body's interstitial fluid compartment, filters it through the lymphh nodes, and returns it to the blood stream
NAME
this is a network of lympathic vessels that withdrwas excess tissue fluid from the body's intersitial fluid compartment, filters it through the lymph nodes and returns it to the blood stream
lympathic system
The digestive system is als ocalled the (1)
alimentary system
The (1) is also called the alimentary system
digestive
What is gastroenterology?
is the study of the digestive system
NAME
this is the study of the digestive system
gastroenterology
What is the digestive system?
consists of organs and glands associatedw the ingestion, mastication, deglution, digestion, and absorption of foods, and the elimination of wastes after the nutrients have been absorbed
NAME
this consists of organs and glands associatedw the ingestion, mastication, deglution, digestion, and absorption of foods, and the elimination of wastes after the nutrients have been absorbed
digestive system
What is pulmonology?
is the study of the respiratory sysem
NAME
this is the study of the respiratory system
pulmonology
What is the respiratory system?
consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
NAME
this consists of air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
respiratory system
What is urinary system?
filters the blood and subsequently produce, transport, store and excrete liquid waste
NAME
this filters the blood and subsequently produce, transport, store and excrete liquid waste
urinary system
What does the urinary system consist of? (4)
(1)kidneys (2)ureters, (3)urinary bladder (4)urethra
NAME
this consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
urinary system
What is the endocrine system?
consists of discrete ductless glands that sercrete hromones
NAME
this consists of discrete ductless glands that sercrete hormones
endocrine system
Hormone are distrubed by the (1)
cardiovascular system
What is clinical anatomy?
empahzies aspects of structure and function of the body imporatnt in the practice of medicine, dentistry and the allied health sciences
NAME
this empahzies aspects of structure and function of the body imporatnt in the practice of medicine, dentistry and the allied health sciences
clinical anatomy
Clinical anatomy can also be called (1)anatomy
applied
(1)can also be called applied anatomy
clinical
What is the anatomical postion? (4)
(1)head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (2)upper limbs by sides w palms facing anteriorly (3)lower limbs close together w feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly
NAME
this includes head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly, upper limbs by sides w palm facing anteriorly, lower limbs close together w fee parallel
anatomical postion
the median plane is also called the (1)
median sagittal plane
The (1)is also called the median sagittal plane
median plane
the frontal plane is also called the (1)
coronal planes
the (1)is also called the coronal plane
frontal plane
the saggital plane is also called the (1)
vertical plane
the (1)is also called the vertical plane
saggital
the horizontal plane is also called the (1)and (2)
tranverse and axial plane
The horizontal plane is also called the (1) and axial plane
tranverse
the horizontal plane is also called the tranverse and (1)plane
axial
The (1)plane is also called the tranverse and axial plane
horizontal
What is the median plane?
divdes the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body
NAME
this divudes the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body
median plane
What is the sagital plane?
divides the body into left and right vertical halves but does not use the middle of the body as the center
NAME
this divides the body into the left and right vertical halves but does not use the middle of the body as the center
sagittal plane
What is the differ btwn the median and the sagittal plane?
(1)Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves but does not use hte middle of the body as the center (2)median plane divides the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body
What is the frontal plane?
divdes the body into anterior and posteior halves
NAME
this divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
frontal planes
What is the tranverse plane?
divides the body into 2 horizontal halves
NAME
this plane divides the body up into 2 horizontal halves
tranverse plane
What is the oblique plane?
is any plane that is diagonal
NAME
this is any plane that is diagnoal
oblique plane
What does bilateral mean?
means that 2 of the same structures are present on both sides of the body
NAME
this means that 2 of the same structures are present on both sides othe body
bilateral
What does unilateral mean?
it means that the 2 same structure are present on one side of the body
NAME
this means that 2 of the same structures are present on one side of the body
unilateral
What is the differ btwn unilateral and bilateral? (2)
(1)bilateral means taht 2 of the same structures are present on both sides of the body (2)unilateral means that 2 of the same structures are present on one side of the body
What does ipsilateral mean?
it means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body
NAME
this means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body
ipsilateral
What does contralateral mean?
it means that there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body
NAME
this means that there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body
contralateral
What is the differ btwn contralateral and ipsilateral?
(1)contralateral-means taht there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body
(2)ipsilateral means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body
What is a example of contralateral
the liver and the spleen
NAME
a example of this is the liver and the spleen
contralateral
Give a example of bilateral?
the hands and knee caps
NAME
a example of this is the hands and the kneecaps
bilateral
Give a example of ipsilateral?
the liver and gallbladder
nAME
a example of this is the liver and the gallbladder
ipsilateral
What does inferomedial mean?
it means nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane
NAME
this means nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane
inferomedial
What is superolateral?
mean nearer to the head and farther from the median plane
NAME
this means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane
superlateral
NAME
this is the largest organ of the body
skin
the skin is the (1)of the body
largest
What are some functions of the skin? (5)
(1)protection for the body from environmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances (2)containment of of tissues, organs, and vital substances of the body preventing dehydration (3)heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat deposists (4)sensation by way of superficial nerves and thier sensory endings (5)synthesis and storage of vitamin D
NAME
some of its functions include protection for the body from evironmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances, containment of tissues, organs, and vital subsances of the body preventing dehydration, heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat deposists, sensation by way of superficial nerves and thier sensory endings, and synthesis and storage of vitamin D
inegumentary system
Superior is also called (1)
cranial
(1)is also called cranial
superior
Inferior is also called (1)
caudal
(1)is also called caudal
inferior
anterior is also called (1)
ventral
(1)is also called ventral
anterior
posterior is also called (1)
dorsal
(1)is also called dorsal
posterioe
What is superior?
means that the structure is nearer to the head
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the head
superior
What does inferior mean?
it means that the structure is nearer to the feer
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the feet
inferior
What is the differ btwn inferior and superior?
(1)inferior means that the structure is nearer to the head (2)superior means that the structure is near to the feet
What does anterior mean?
the structure is near to the front
nAME
this means that the structure is near to the front
anterior
What does posterior mean?
that the structure is nearer to the back
NAME
this means that the structure is near to the back
posterior
What is the differ btwn anterior and posterior?
(1)anterior means that the structure is nearer to the front (2)posterior means that the structure is nearer to the back
What is medial?
means that the structure is nearer to the median plane
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the median plane
medial
What does lateral mean?
it means that the structure is farther from the median plane
NAME
this means that the structure is frather from the median plane
lateral
What is the differ btwn lateral and medial?
(1)lateral means that the structure is farther from the median plane (2)medial mean that the structure is nearer to the median plane
What does proximal mean?
means that the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of orgin
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of orgin
proximal
What does distal mean?
it means that the structure is farther away from the point of orgin
NAME
this means that the structure is farther away from the point of the orgin
distal
WHat is the differ btwn the proximal and distal? (2)
(1)proximal the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of origin (2)distal the structure is farther to the trunk or point of orgin
What does superficial mean?
that the structure is nearer to the surface
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the surface
superficial
What does deep mean?
it means that the structure is farther from the surface
nAME
this means that hte structure is farther from the surface
deep
What is the differ btwn deep and superfical?
(1)superficial-means that the structure is nearer to the surface (2)deep means that the structure is farther away from the surface
the heart is (1) to the stomach
superior
The stomach is (1)to the heart
inferior
the sternum is (1)to the heart
anterior
the kidneys are (1)to the intestine
posterior
the fifth digit(little finger) is on the (1)side of the hand
medial
first digit (thumb)is on the (1)side of the hand
lateral
the elbow is (1)to the wrist
proximal
the wrist is (1)to the elbow
distal
the (1)part of the lower limb is the foot
distal
Muscles of the arm are (1)to its bone
superficial
the humerus is (1)to arm muscles
deep
viens are visisble in the (1)of the hand
dorsum
What is the dorsum?
refers to the dorsal or posterior surface of the hand or foot
NAME
this refers to the dorsal or posterior surface of the hand or foot
dorsum
What is the palm?
refers to the palmar surface of the hand
NAME
this refers to th palamer surface of the hand
palm
What does the sole mean?
refers to the plantar surface of the foot
NAME
this is the plantar surface of the foot
sole
the skin creases are visible on the (1)
palm
the skin is thick on the (1)of the foot
sole
What is the epidermis?
is the outer layer of skin
NAME
this is the outer layer of skin
epidermis
What kind of tissue makes of the epidermis?
keratinzed strafied epithelium
NAME
this skin layer is made up of keratinzed strafied epithelium
epidermis
What kind of cells can be found in the epidermis?
(1)meloncytes (2)keratin
NAME
in this cell layer meloncytes and kertain can be found here
epidermis
What is the dermis?
the middle layer of skin
NAME
this is the middle layer of skin
dermis
What can be found in the dermis? (5)
(1)skin glands (2)hair follicles (3)papillae ridges (4)elastic fibers (5)collagen
NAME
this layer of skin contains skin glands, hair follicles, papillae ridges, elastic fibers, and collagen
dermis
How is the epidermis nourished?
it is avasuclar and nourished by vessels in the dermis
NAME
this layer of skin is nourished by the dermis and is avascular
epidermis
The epdermis is nourished by underlying vessels in the (1)
dermis
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
avascular
What does avascular mean?
it means that there are no blood vessels or lympatics present
NAME
this means that there are no blood vessels or lymapthics present
avascular
NAMe the layer of skin in order (3)
(1)epidermis (2)dermis (3)hypodermis
NAME
this has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
skin
What do elastic fiber account for in the dermis?
they provide the skin tone and the strenght and toughness assocaited w the skin
NAME
this can be found in the dermis and provide the skin with it skin tone and the strenght and toughness associated w the skin
elastic fibers
What does hypodermis mean?
it means underskin and bottom most layer of the skin
NAME
this means underskin and is the bottom most layer of the skin
hypodermis
What determine tension lines and wrinkles in the skin?
the pattern of collagen fibers in a particular region
the pattern of collagen fibers in a particular region determines the (1)and (2)in the skin
tension line and wrinkles
What causes goose bumps?
contraction of arrector muscles
NAME
this results when the arrector muscles contract
good bumps
What happens when the arrector muscles contract?
they erect hair thereby compresing the sebaecous glands and helping them secrete thier oily product onto thier skin
NAME
these erect hair therebay compressing the sebaecous glands and helping them to secrete thier oily products onto the skin
arrecotor muscles
What is subcutaneous tissue?
is composed of loose connective tissue and fat
NAME
this is composed of loose connective tissue and fat
subcutaneous tissue
The subcutaneous tissue is also called the (1)
superficial fascia
The (1) is also called the superficial fascia
subcutaneous tissue
the (1)contains the deepest part of the sweat glands
subcutaneous tissue
the subcutaneous tissue contain the (1)
deepest part of the sweat glands
What is the main function of subcutaneous tissue?
to provide most of the body's fat storage
NAME
the main function of this is to provide the most of the body's fat storage
subcutaneous tissue
What are skin ligaments?
consist of numerous small fibrous bands that extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia
NAME
these consist of numerous fibrous bands that extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach to the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia
skin liagaments
What is the deep fascia?
is a dense organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
NAME
this is a deep organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia
What are some externsions from the internal surface of the deep fascia? (3)
(1)investing fasica (2)musclular septa (3)subserous fascia
NAME
some of its extensions from its internal surface include the investing fascia, muscular septa, and subserous fascia
deep fascia
What is the investing fascia?
it invests deeper structures such as invidual muscles and neurovascular bundles
NAME
this invests deeper structures such as invidual muscles and neurovascular bundles
investing fascia
What is the intermusclular septa?
divides muscles into groups or compartments
NAME
this divides muscles into compartments or groups
intermusclar septa
What is the subserous fascia?
it lies between the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membrane lining body cavities
NAME
this lies btwn the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membrane lining body cavities
subserous fascia
What is the retinacula?
holds tendons in place during movement
NAME
this hold tendons in place during movement
retinacula
the deep fascia also forms the (1) and (2)
(1)retinacula (2)bursae
NAME
this also forms the retinacula and the bursae
deep fascia
What is a bursae?
are close sac containing fluid
NAME
these are closed sacs containing fluid
bursae
What does the bursae do?
helps prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over over another
NAME
this helps to prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over and over another
bursae
What are fascial planes?
are potential spaces btwn adjacent fascia or fascia lined strucures
NAME
these are potential spaces btwn adjacent fascia or fascia lined structures
fascial planes
During operations, surgeons take advantage of (1)to create actual spaces that allow acess to deeply placed structures
facial planes
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
bones of the (1)head (2)neck (3)trunk
NAME
this consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk
axail skeleton
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of ?
bones of the limbs including thos forming the shoulder and pelvic gridles
NAME
this consists of the bones of the limbs including those forming the shoulder and pelvic gridles
appendicular skeleton
What is the differ btwn the axial and appendicular skeleton?
(1)axial consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk (2)appendicular skeleton- consists of the bones of the limbs including those of the shoulder and pelvic gridles
What are the two main parts of the skeleton system? (2)
(1)axial (2)appendicular
What is abduction?
means moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
NAME
this means moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
abduction
What is adduction?
means moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
NAME
this means moving toward the medain plane of the body in the frontal plane
adduction
What is the differ btwn adduction and abduction?(2)
(1)abduction means moving away from the median plany of the body in the frontal plane (2)adduction means moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
What is rotation?
half a circle movement
NAME
is like half a circle movement
rotation
What kind of rotation movements are there? (2)
medial (2)lateral
What is medial rotation?
is turning in
NAME
this type of rotation starts by turning in
medial rotation
What is lateral roatation?
is turning away from the midline
NAME
this type of rotation starts by turning away from the midline
lateral rotation
What type of movement is circumduction?
combo of all movements
NAME
this is combo of all the different types of movement
circumduction
What type of movements do you go through during circumduction? (4)
(1)flexion (2)extension (3)abduction (4)adduction
NAME
this includes a combo of these movments: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
circumduction
What is supination?
is the rotation of the hand starting palm side up
NAME
this is the rotation of the hand starting plam side up
supination
What is pronation?
is the rotation of the hand starting palm side down
NAME
this is the rotation of the hand starting palm side down
pronation
What is the differ btwn pronation and subination?
(1)pronation is the rotation of the hand palm side down (2)supination is the rotation of the hand palm side up
What is eversion?
means turning the sole of the foot outward
NAME
this is turning hte sole of the foot outward
eversion
What is inversion?
think i for turning the foot inward.......it means turning the foot inward
NAME
this means turning the foot inward
inversion
What is the differ btwn eversion and inversion?
(1)eversion means turning the sole of the foot outward (2)inversion means turning the sole of the foot inward
What is protrusion?
means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking the jaw out
NAME
this means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking it out
protrusion
What is retrusion?
means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward
NAME
this means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward
retrusion
What is the differ btwn retrusion and protrusion?
(1)retrusion means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward (2)protrusion means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking it out
What is elevation?
is raising or moving a part superiorly
NAME
this is raising or moving a part superiorly
elevation
What is depression?
is lowering or moving a part inferiorly
nAME
this is lowering or moving a part inferiorly
depression
What is the differ btwn depression and elevation? (2)
(1)depression is lowering or moving a part inferiorly (2)elevation refers to raising or moving a part superiorly
What is flexion?
means increasing angle from distal to proximal
NAME
this means increasing the angle from distal to proximal
flexion
What does extension mean?
increasing the angle from proximal to distal
NAMe
this means increasing the angle from proximal to distal
extension
What is the differ btwn flexion and extension? (2)
(1)flexion means increasing hte angle from distal to proximal (2)extension means increasing the angle from distal to proximal
Tension lines in the skin keep the skin (1)
under tension
What kind of lacerations or surgical incisions are the best?
are ones that are parallel to the tensions lines heal w little scaring and do not disrubt the collagen fibers as much
Lacerations or surgical incisions that are (1)heal with little scaring bc they do not diurbt the collagen fibers
parallel to the tension lines
Incision or lacerations that are (1)cause the wound to gabe and heal w more scaring bc they disturbt the collagen fibers
across tension lines
Incisions or lacerations that are cut across tension lines cause wound to gabe and heal w more scaring bc they (1)
disrtubt collagen fibers
The collagen and elastic fibers of the dermis form a (1)of tissue
tought, flexible meshwork
The (1)and (2)of the dermis form a tough, flexible meshwork of tissue
collagen and elastic fibers
What are first degree burns?
is when the damage is limited to the superfical part of the epdirmis
NAME
this is when the damage is limited to the superfical part of the epidermis
first degree burn
What is second degree burns? (2)
is when the damage extends through the epidermis into the superfical part of the dermis* (2)however the only the except for thier superfical parts, the sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged
NAME
this is when the damage extends through the epidermis into the superfical part of the dermis. However, except for the most superficial parts the sweat glands and hair follices are not damaged andcan provide a source of replacement for cells
second degree burns
What are third degree burns? (2)
is when the entire epidermis, dermis, and perhaps even the underlying muscle are damaged (2) A minor degree of healing my occur at edges but the open ulcerated portions require skin grafting
NAME
this is when the entire epidermis, dermis, and perhaps even the underlying muscle are damaged. A minor degree of healing my occur at edges but the open ulcerated portions require skin grafting
third degree burn
Which is more signigicant in esitmating the the effect of the burns on the vicitim, the extent of the burn or degree of the burn?
the extent of the burn
Which is more signigicant in esitmating the the effect of the burns on the vicitim, the extent of the burn or degree of the burn?
the extent of the burn
What is a bone?
is a living tissue that is highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body
NAME
this is a living tissue that is a highly speacilized hard, form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body
bone
What are some of the functions of the bones? (5)
(1)protection of vital structures (2)support of the body (3)the mechanical basis for movement (4)storage for salts (5)a continous supply of new blood cells
NAME
some of its functions include protection of vital structures, support of the body, the mechnical basis for the movement, storage for salts, and a continous supply of new blood cells
bones
What are produces red blood cells?
the bone marrow
the bone marrow produces (1)
red blood cells
NAME
this produces red blood cells
bone marrow
What is cartilage?
is a resilient, semirigid, asvascular form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibiltiy is necessary
NAME
this is a resilient,semirigid avascasular form of connective tisse that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary
cartilage
The articulating surfaces of bones particapting in a synovial joint are capped w (1)
articular cartialge
the articulating surfaces of bones particpating w (1)are capped w (1)
articular cartialge
What is articular cartilage?
provides smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for movement of the articulating bones
NAME
these provide smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for movement of the articulating bones
articular cartilage
Is cartialge avascualr or vascular?
avascular
How is cartilage nourished?
by diffusion
The bones of newborn infants are often (1)
soft and flexible bc they are mostly composed of cartialge
NAME
there bones are often soft and flexible bc they are mostly composed of cartialge
newborn infants
What is periosteum?
is fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone
NAME
this is a fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone
peristeum
The younger a person, the greater the contribution of (1)
cartilage
What is pericheondrium?
surrounds cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage
NAME
this surrounds cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage
pericheondrium
What do both pericheodrium and periosteuim do? (3)
help nourish the tissue,(2)are capable of laying down more cartilage or bone (3)provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
NAME
these helps to nourish the tissue, are capable of laying down more cartilage or bones, and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments (2)
(1)periosteum (2)perichondrium
WHat are (2)types of bones?
(1)compact (2)spongy
NAME
this has 2 types: compact and spongy
bones
T or F
all bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone where the later is replacted by medullary cavity
true
all bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone where the later is replacted by (1)
medullary cavity
What are the different types of classes of bones? (5)
(1)long (2)short (3)flat (4)irregular (5)sesamoid
NAME
these include long, short, flat, irregular,and sesamoid
bones
NAME BONE CLASS
the humereus
long bone
NAME BONE CLASS
the phalanges in your fingers
long bone
Give some examples of long bones? (2)
(1)the humerus (2)the phalanges in your fingers
Give some examples of short bones (2)
ankle (tarss) (2)wrist (carpus)
What are short bones?
are cubodial and are found only in the ankle and the wrist
nAME
these are cubodial and are found only in the ankle and the wrist
short bones
Where is the only place that short bones are found? (2)
(1)ankle (2)wrist
What are flat bones?
they usally serve protective functions
NAME
this class of bone usally serve protective functions
flat bones
What are some examples of flat bones?
those of the cranium
NAME BONE CLASS
a examples of these are the bones in your cranium
flat
What are sesamoid bones?
they develop in certian tendons and protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass thier attachment
NAME
these develop in certain tendons and protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass thier attachment
sesamoid bones
What are some examples of sesamoid bones?
the patella
NAME BONE CLASS
the patella
sesamoid bones
What are heterotopic bones?
are bones that sometimes form in soft tissues where they are not normally present
nAME
these are bones that sometimes form in soft tissue where they are not normally present
heterotopic bones
(1)often develop heterotopic bones in thier thighs or buttock bc of chronic muscle strain in small hermorrhagic areas that undergo calcification and eventual ossifcation
horseback rides
horseback riders often develop (2) in thier thighs or buttock bc of chronic muscle strain in small hermorrhagic areas that undergo calcification and eventual ossifcation
heterotopic bones
What is mesenchyme?
is embryonic connective tissue
NAME
this is embryonic connective tissue
mesenchyme
All bones are dervied from (1)
mesenchyme
All (1)are derived from mesenchyme
bones
What are (2)ways that are bones derived from mesenchyme?
(1)intramembranous ossification (2)endochondral ossification
NAME
this occurs in two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
bones from mesenchyme
What is intramembranous ossification?
is membranous bone formation during the fetal period
NAME
this is membranous bone formation during the fetal period
intramembranous ossification
What is endochondral ossification?
is when during the fetal period the cartilage is replaced by bones
NAME
this is when during the fetal period the cartialge is replaced by bone
endocondral ossification
What is compact bone?
is bone that is hard on the outside
NAME
this is bone that is hard on the outside
compact bone
What is spongy bone?
is bone that is soft on the inside
NAME
this is bone that is soft on the inside
spongy bone
What are (2)types of bones?
(1)compact (2)spongy
What is diaphysis?
the center of the bone
NAME
this is the center of the bone
diaphysis
What is metaphysis?
are growth plates or where bones grow
NAME
these are growth plates or where bones grow
metaphysis
Spongy bones are also called (1)
trabecule
(1)bones are also called trabecule
spongy bones
How many bones are in the body?
206
There are (1)bones in the body
206
What is atrophy?
refers to a decrease in size
NAME
this refers to a decrease in size
atrophy
What is hypertrophy?
refers to enlarging
NAME
this refers to enlarging
hypertrophy
Unused bones such as in paralized or immoblized limbs, may occur (1)
atrophy
(1)bones such as in(2) may cause atrophy
(1)Unused (2)paralized or immoblized
Bones (1)when they have increased weight to support for a long period
hypertrophy
What is osteoporisis?
is the atrophy of the skeletal tissue
NAME
this is atrophy of the skeletal tissue
osteoporis
Bones are richly supplied w (1) and (2)
(1)blood vessels (2)nerves
What the different arteries that supply the bones? (3)
(1)nutrient arteries (2)periosteal arteries (3)metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
NAME
this is supplied by the nutrient arteries, periosteal arteries, and metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
bones
What are nutrient arteries?
are vessels that supply the bone morrow, spongy bone, and deeper portions of the compact bone
NAME
these are the vessels that supply the bone marrow, spongy bone, and deeper portions of the compact bone
nutrient arteries
What are periosteal arteries?
are small branches of the periosteum that suppply most of the compact bone
NAME
these are small branches of the periosteum that supply most of the compact bone
periosteal arteries
What are metaphysial and epiphysial arteries/
supply the ends of the bones and mainly arise from the arerties that supply the joints
NAME
these supply the ends of the bones and mainly arise from the aerties that supply the joints
metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
In the bones, (1)accompany arteries through the nutrient foramina
arteries
in the bones, arteries accompany arteries through the (1)
nutrient foramina
the periosteum is rich w (1) and (2)
(1)nerves (2)lympathic vessels
the (1)of the bone is rich w nerves and lympathic vessels
periosteum
the periosteum is rich w (1) and (2)
nerves (2)lympathic vessels
What are some of the nervs found in the periosteum? (2)
(1)periosteal nerves
NAME
these type of nerves are found in the periosteum of the bone
periosteal nerves
What are periosteal nerves?
sensory nerves with pain fibers
NAME
these are sensory nerves with pain fibers
periosteal nerves
The periosteum is espically senstitive to (1)
tearing or tension
What are vasomotor nerves?
they are nerves in the bones that cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels, regulating blood flow through the bone marrow
NAME
these are nerves in the bones that cause constriction or dilation of the blood vessels, regulating blood flow through the bone marrow
vasomotor nerves
What are acessary bones?
are bones that dvelop when additonal ossification center appear and form extra bones
NAME
thesea re bones that develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones
acessary bones
What is the main criteria for determining the age of a bones? (2)
(1)the appearance of calcifeid material in the diaphysis and/or epiphyes (2)the disappearnce of dark lines representing the epiphysial plate
the fusion of epiphyses w the diaphysis occurs 1-2 years earlier in (1)than (2)
(1)girls (2)boys
The fusion of (1)occurs 1-2 years earlier in girls than boys
fusion of epiphyses w the diaphysis
The fusion of the the epiphyses w the diaphysis occurs (1)in girls than boys
1-2 years earlier
What are avascular necrosis?
is the loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or othe parts of a bone resulting in the death of bone tissue
NAME
is the loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or othe parts of a bone resulting in the death of bone tissue
avascular necrosis
What are joints?
is an articulation or the place of union or junction btwn two or more rigid components
NAME
this is an articulation or the place of union or junction btwn two or more rigid components
joint
What are (3)types of joints?
(1)fibrous joints (2)cartilaginous joints (3)synovial joints
NAME
there are three types of these: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
joints
What are fibrous joints?
are articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue
NAME
these are articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue
fibrous joint
What are (2)types of fibrous joints?
(1)syndemosis (2)gomphosis
NAME
there are 2 types of this joint: syndemosis and gomphosis
fibrous joints
What are syndemosis?
is a type of fibrous joint that unties the bones w sheet of fibrous tissue either a ligament or fibrous membrane
What determines the amount of movment for fibrous joints?
the legnth of the fibers uniting the articular bones
NAME
this is a fibrous joint that unties the bones w a sheet of fibrout issue either a ligament or fibrous membrane
syndemosis
Describe the movement of syndemosis joint
there is partial movement
NAME
this syndemosis joint has partial movement
syndemosis joint
What is gomphsis?
is a type of fibrous joint in which a peg like fibrous process stablizies a tooth and provides proprioceptive iformation
NAME
is a type of fibrous joint in which a peg like fibrous process stablizies a tooth and provides proprioceptive iformation
gomphosis
What are cartilaginous joints?
are articulating bones that are untied by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
NAME
these are articulating bones that are untied by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
cartilaginous joints
What (2) types of cartilaginous joints?
(1)primary cartilaginous (2)secondary cartilaginous
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
are jointed untied by hyaline cartilage
NAME
these are joints united by hyaline cartilage
primary cartiliginous joints
Primary cartilaginous joints are also called (1)
synchondroses
(1)are also called synchondroses
primary cartilaginous joints
What are synchondroses do?
permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epiphysial plate converts to bone the epiphyses fuse w the diaphysis
NAME
these permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epipysial plate converts to bone the epiphyses fuse w the diaphysis
synchondroses
secondary cartilaginous joints are also called the (1)
symphyses
(1)are also called the symphyses
secondary cartilaginous joints
What are symphyses?
are strong slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage
NAME
these are strong, slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage
symphyses
What is the differ btwn symphyses and synchondroses?
(1)synchondroses are united by hyaline cartilage (2)symphyses are strong slightly mobel joints united by fibrous cartilage
What are synovial joints?
is when two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity containing synovial fluid but are joined by an articular capsule
NAME
this is when two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity containing synovial fluid are joined by an aritcular capsule
synovial joints
What does synovial fluid do in synovial joints? (2)
(1)nourishes the articular cartilage (2)lubricating the joint surfaces
NAME
this nourishes the aritcular cartilage and lubriacates the joint surface
synovial fluid
Synovial joints are the most (1) and (2)
common and important type of joints
NAME
these are the most common and important type of joints
synovial joints
What do synovial joints do?
they provide free movement btwn the bones they join
NAME
these provide free movement btwn the bones they join
synovial joints
Where do joints get there blood from?
articular arteries
joints get there blood from (1)
articular arteries
Joints are rich in (1)
nerve supply
Joints are rich in (10
nerve supply
T or F
joints are not rich in nerve supply
false
What articular nerves?
are branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the underlying skin
NAME
these are branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the underlying skin
articular nerves
Synovail joints are designed to (1)
withstand wear
NAME
these type of joints are designed to withstand wear
synovial joints
Heavy use of the synovial joints can cause (1)over the years
degenration
Which synovial joints tend to degenerate the most from wear tear? (4)
(1)hip (2)knee (3)verebral collumn (4)hands
NAME
these joints tend to degenerate espically in the hip, knee, verebral column, and the hands
synovial joints
(1)are numerous in the fibrous layer of the joints
pain fibers
When joints degenerate they become (1)
less effective as a shock absorber and are easier to break
NAME
this is common in older people and usally affects joints that support the weight ot their bodies
osteoarthitis
(1)and (2)is often accompanied by stiffness, discomfort and pain
degenerative joint disease and osteoarthtis
Degenerative joint disease and osteoarttis are often accomanied by (1)
stiffness, discomfort and pain
Osteoarthritis is common in (1)and usally affects the joints that(2)
(1)older people (2)support the weight of thier bodies
What is proprioception?
is information that provides an awareness of movement and postion of the parts of the body
NAME
is information that provides an awareness of movement and postion of the parts of the body
proprioception
Joints transmit a sensation called (1)
proprioception
(1)transmit a sensation called proprioception
joints
Muscle cells are often called (1)
muscle fibers
(1)are often called muscle fibers
muscle cells
Describe muscle fibers
they are long and narrow when they are relaxed and are speaclized contractile cells
NAME
these are long and narrow when they are relaxed and are speacilized contractile cells
muscle fibers
What are some functions of muscles? (3)
(1)movement (2)give the body form (3)provide heat
NAME
these provide movement, give the body form, and provide heat
muscles
What are (3)types of muscles?
(1)skeletal muscles (2)cardiac muscles (3)smooth muscles
NAME
these include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
musclse
What are skeletal muscles?
they move bones and other structures
NAME
these muscles move bones and other structures
skeletal
What are cardiac muscles?
are muscles that form most of the walls of the heart and adjacent paths of the great vessels
NAME
these are muscles that form most of the walls of the heart and adjacent paths of great vessels
cardiac muscles
What are smooth muscles? (3)
they form part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs
NAME
these muscles form part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs, help to move subtsances through viscrea such as the intestines, and controls movement through blood vessels
smooth muscles
All skeletal muscles have a (1)and (2)
(1)felshy contractile portion (2)a white non-conrtactile portion
What do all skeleta muscls have in common? (2)
they have a fleshy contractile portion (2)a white non-contractile portion
What is the fleshy contractile prtion of skeletal muscles composed of?
skeletal striated muscles
The (1)of skeletal muscles is composed of skeletal striated muscles
fleshy contractile portion
What is the the white non-contractile portion of skeletal muscles composed of?
mainly of collagen bundles
NAME
all of these types of muscles have fleshy contractile protion and a white-noncontractile portion composed maily of collagen bundles
skeletal muscles
How are most skeletal muscles attached?
indirectly or directly by
tendons and aponeuroses to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other structures
NAME
these are indirectly or directly attached by tendons and aponeuroses to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other stucture
skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are indirectly or directly attached by (1)and (2)to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other structure
(1)tendons (2)aponeuroses
Most muscles are named on teh basis of their (1)
bones to which they are attached
What are some types of synovial joints? (6)
(1)hinge (2)pivot (3)saddle (4)condlyoid (5)plane (6)ball and socket joints
NAME
some of these include hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane, and ball and soket joints
synovial joints
What are hinge joints?
are unaixal and permit flexion and extension only
NAME
these are unaxial and permit flexion and extension
hinge joint
What are pivot joint?
are unaxial and allow rotation
NAME
these are unaxial and allow roatation
pivot joint
Describe what pivot joints look like
is like a round process of bone that fits into a bondy ligamentous socket
NAME
this is like a round process of bone that fits into a bondy ligamentous socket
pivot joint
Give a example of a hinge joint
the elbow joint
NAME
a example of this is the the elbow joint
hinge joint
what are some examples of pivot joints?
joint btwn the atalas C1 and axis C2
NAME
a example of this joint is the joint btwn the atalas C1 and C2
pivot joint
What are saddle joints?
are biaxial and are shaped like a saddle
NAME
these are biaxial and are shaped like a saddle
saddle joint
What are some examples of a saddle joint?
joint btwn the metacarpal and the trapexium
NAME
a example of this is the joint btwn the metacarpal and the trapexium
saddle joints
What are condyloid joints?
are biaxial and permit and cirumduction ( c for circumduction)
NAME
this joint is biaxial and permit flexion and extension, abduction, and adducation, and cirumduction
condyloid joint
What are some examples of condyloid joint?
the metacarophalagneal joints of the fingers
NAME
these include the metacarophalagenal joints of the fingers
condyloid joint
What are plane joints?
permit gliding or sliding movements
NAME
this joint permits gliding or sliding movements
plane joints
What are ball and socket joints?
are mulitaxial and permit movement in several axes
NAME
these are multiaxial and permit movement in several axies
ball and socket joints
Give a example of a plane joint
a acromioclavicular joint
NAME
a example of this is acromicoclavicular joint
plane joint
What is a example of a ball and socket joint
the hip joint
NAME
a example of this is the hip joint
ball and socket joint
Draw a pic of what a hinge joint looks like
pg 17
Draw a pic of what pivot joint looks liike
pg 16
Draw a pic of what saddle joint looks like
pg 17
Draw a pic of what plane joint
pg 17
Draw a pic of a pivot joint looks like
pg 17
Draw a pic of condyloid joint look like
pg 17
Draw a pic of ball and socket joint looks like
pg 17
Are skeletal muscles are (1) and (2)
striated and voluntary
ARe skeletal muscles voluntary or unvoluntary?
voluntary
NAME
these muscles are striated and voluntary
skeletal
Where is the skeletal muscles located?
composes gross muscles attached to the skeleton and/or fascia of limbas, body wall and head/neck
NAME
these mucles are attached gross muscles attached to the skeleton and/or fascia of limbs, body wall and head/neck
skeletal muscles
How are skeletal muscles stimulated?
are stimulated voluntary by somatic nervous system
NAME
these muscles are stimulated voluntary by the somatic nervous system
skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles are (1)and (2)
striated and involuntary
NAME
these muscles are striated and involuntary
cardiac
What are some differ btwn skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles/
(1)skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary (2)cardiac muscles are striated and involuntary (3)smooth muscles are unstriated and involuntary
What stimulates the cardiac muscles?
they are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
NAME
these are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
cardiac muscles
Where are smooth muscles located? (4)
(1)the walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels (2)iris (3)cillary bod of the eye (4)attached to hair follicles of the skin
NAME
these can be found in the walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, the iris, cillary body of the eye, and attached to hair follicles of the skin
smooth muscles
How are smooth muscles stimulated?
they are involuntary stimulated by the atuonomic nervous system
NAME
these muscles are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
smooth muscle and the cardaic muscles
Smooth muscles are (1)and (2)
unstriated and involuntary
NAME
these muscles are unstriated and involuntary
smooth muscles
Smooth muscles rae involunary stimulated by the (1)
the autonomic nervous system
the cardaic muscles are stimulated involuntary by the (1)
autonomic nervous system
The skeletal muscles are stimulated by voluntary by the (1)
somatic nervous system
What are some terms used to describe according to thier shape and architeture? (5)
(1)pennate (2)fusiform (3)parallel (4)convergent (5)circular
NAME
some terms to describe this include pennate, fusiform, parallel, convergent, and circular
muscles
What is pennate?
are muscles that are feather like in arrangment of thier fasciles
NAME
these are muscles that are feather like in arrangment of thier fasciles
pennate
What are fusiform muscles?
are muscles that are spindle shaped
NAME
these are muscles that are spindle shaped
fusiform
What are parallel muscles?
are muscles that fasciles that run parallel
NAME
these are muscles that have fasciles that run parallel
parallel muscles
What are convergent muscles?
these muscles have broad attachments from which the fasciles converge a single tendon
NAME
these are muscles that have broad attachments from which the fasciles converge a single tendon
convergent tendon
Wht are circular muscles?
these muscles surround a body opening or orficie constricting it when contracts
NAME
these are muscles that surround a body opening or orficie constricting it when it contracts
circular muscles
When muscles contract they shorten about (1)of thier resting length
70%
How much do muscles contract when the shorten from their resting length?
70%
Which muscles shorten the most?
those with a long parallel fascile arrangment
Muscles wtih a (1)arrangment shorten the most but are not powerful
a long parallel fascile
T or F
even though muscles w a long parallel fascile shorten the most they are also powerful too
false
Muscles w a long parallel fascile shorten the most but are (1)
not powerful
Are muscles w long parallel fascile powerful?
no
Muscle power increases as (1)
total number of muscles increases
Muscle (1)as total number of muscles increases
power increases
Which muscles shorten the most?
muscles w long parallel fascicle
Which muscles shorten the least?
shorter, wide, pennate muscles that pack in the most muscle fibers
Which muscles are the most powerful?
are shorter, wide pennate muscles taht pack in the most muscle fibers
Shorter wide pennate muscles that pack in the most fibers (1)but (2)
shorten the least (2)are most powerful
NAME
these muscles shorten the least but are powerful
pennate muscles that pack the most fibers
Where is the orgin located?
usally at the proximal end of the muscle
NAME
this is usally located at the proximal end of the muscle
orgin
Where is the insertion located?
at the dital end of the muscle
NAME
this is located at the distal end of the muscle
insertion
What is the differ btwn insertion and orgin?
(1)orgin is located at the proximal end of the muscle (2)insertion is located at the distal end of the muscle
What are (3)ways that skeletal muscles can contract?
(1)reflexive contraction (2)tonic contraction (4)phasic contraction
NAME
these muscles contract in three ways: reflexive contraction, tonic contraction, and phasic contraction
skeletal muscles
What is reflexive contraction?
is automatic and involuntary controlled
NAME
these contractions are automatic and not voluntary controled
reflexive contraction
What are some examples of reflexive contraction?
respiratory movements of the diaphragm
NAME
some examples of this type of contraction are respiratory movements of diaphragm
reflexive contraction
What are tonic contractions?
they are slight contractions that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives the muscles frimness asisting the stability of joints and the maintenance of posture or muscle tone
NAME
these are slight contractions that does not produce movement or active resistence but gives the muscles firmness assisting the stability of joints and mainteneance of posture
tonic contraction
What are (2)types of phasic contraction?
(1)isometic contraction (2)istonic contractions
NAME
these 2 types of this include isometric and istonic contractions
phasic contractions
What is isometric contraction?
is contractions in which the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased about tonic levels
NAME
during this type of contraction the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but the muscle tension is increased about tonic levels
isometric contraction
What is isotonic contractions?
is when the muscle changes lenght to produce movement
NAME
this type of contraction is when the muscle changes to produce movement
isotonic contractions
What is the differ tbwn isometric and isotonic contraction?
(1)isometric contraction is contractions in which the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased about tonic levels
What are (2)types of isotonic contractions?
(1)concentric contraction (2)eccentric contractions
NAME
there are (2)types of this contractions: concentric contraction and eccentric contractions
isotonic contractions
What are concentric contraction?
is in which the movement occurs owing to muscle shortening
nAME
during this type of movement, the movement occurs owing to the muscle shortening
concentric contraction
What is eccentric contraction?
is in which the contracting muscle lengthens
NAME
during this type of movement, the contracting muscle lengthens
eccentric contractions
The structural unit of the muscle if a (1)
muscle fiber
the muscle fibers is the (1)
structural unit of the muscle
What is the structural unit of the muscle?
the muscle fiber
What is endomysium?
is a connective tissue covering invidual muscle fibers
NAME
this is a connective tissue covering ividual muscle fibers
endomysium
What is epimysium?
surrounds the entire muscle
NAME
this surrounds the entire muscle
epimysium
What is perimysium?
is a group of fibers or fiber bundles
NAME
this is a group of fibers of fiber bundles
perimysium
What is the differ btwn endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium? (3)
(1)endomysium is connective tissue covering invidual muscle fibers (2)perimysium is a group of muscle fibers (3)epimysium surrounds the entire muscle fiber
What is the functional unit of the muscle?
the muscle unit
NAME
this is the functional unit of the muscle
the muscle unit
What is the muscle unit?
is the functional unit consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fibers
NAME
this is the functional unit consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fiber
muscle unit
Where can some large motor units be found? (2)
in the large trunk (2)thigh muscles
NAME
these can be found in the large trunk and thigh muscles
large motor units
What are some spefic functions that differ muscles can serve? (4)
(1)a prime mover (2)fixators (3)synergist (4)antagonist
NAME
some of these include a prime mover, fixators, synergist, and antagonist
muscles
The prime mover is also called the (1)
agonist
The (1)is also called the agonist
prime mover
What is the prime mover?
is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the body
NAME
this is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the the body
prime mover
What are fixators?
steady the proximal parts of a limb
NAME
these steady the proximal parts of the limb
fixators
What are the syngergist/
they complement the actions of primer movers
NAME
these complement the actions of primer movers
syngergist
What is antagonist?
it is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover
NAME
this is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover
antagonist
What is the differ tbwn a prime mover, fixators, synergist, and antagonist?
(1)primer mover is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the body (2)fixators steady the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occuring at distal parts (3)synergist complements the action of prime movers (4)antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
The cardiac muscle forms the musclular wall of the heart is the (1)
myocardium
NAME
this is the cardaic muscles that forms the muscular wall of the heart
myocardium
the heart rate is regulated by intrinsically by a (1)
pacemaker
NAME
this is regulated intrinsically by the packemaker
heart rate
NAME
this helps to an examiner diagnose nerve injuries
muscle testing
Muscle testing helpst an examiner to diagnose (1)
nerve damage
What are (3)common tests for nerve injuries?
(1)the person performs movement that resist those produced by the examiner (2)the examiner performs movements against resistance produced by the person (3)electromyography
NAME
there are (3)tests that can be used to test this: the person performs movements that resist those produced by the examiner, the examiner performs movements against resistance produced by the person and electromyography
nerve injuries
What does EMG stand for?
electromygraphy
A normal resting muscle shows only (1)which disappears during sleep, paralysis, and when under anesthesia
baseline activity
A (1)muscle shows only baseline activty which disappears during sleep, paralysis, and when under anesthsia
normal resting
A normal resting muscle taht shows only baseline activity which disapeasrs during (1)
sleep, paralysis and when under sleep
Contracting muscles demonstracte variable peaks of (1)
plastic activtiy
(1)muscles demonstrate variable peaks of plastic activity
contracting
Musle atrophy may also be caused by (1)
immobilization such as w a cast
NAME
this may be caused by immobilization such as in cast
musclular atrophy
involuntary muscles can undergo partial contraction for (1)period of times
long
(1)muscles can undergo partial contractions for long periods of times
involuntary
T or F
voluntary muscles can undergo partial contractions for long periods of times
false
Why is involuntary muscle contraction for long periods important?
bc it helps to regulate the size of the lumen of tubular structure
NAME
this helps to regulat the size of the lumen of tubular structure
involuntary muscle contraction for long periods of time
What is peristalsis?
is the process of propelation of contents down tubular structure
NAME
this is the process of propelaton of contents down tubular structure
peristalisis
STOPED HERE
STOPED HERE
What is compensatory hypertrophy?
is when the myocardium responds to increasing demands by increasing the size of its fiber cells
NAME
this is when the myocardium responds to increasing demands by increasing the size of its fiber cells
compensatory hypertrophy
What happens when cardiac muscle fibers are damaged during a heart attack?
the tissue becomes necrotic and fibrous scar tissue develops forms a MI
NAME
when this happens the tissue (cardiac muscle fibers) become necrotic and fibrous scar tissue develops forms a MI
during a heart attack
What does necrotic mean?
mean the cells dies
NAME
this means the cells die
necrotic
What does MI stand for?
myocardial infarct
What is MI?
this is an area of myocardial necrosis
What does MI stand for?
myocardial infarct
NAME
this is an area of myocardial necrosis
MI
What is myocardial nerosis?
is the death of myocardial tissue
NAME
this is the death of myocardial tissue
myocardial nerosis
Give an example of how smooth muscles hyperatrophy in respone to increasing demands
during pregrancy, the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the utereus increase not only in size but numbers
During pregrancy, (1)cells in the wall of the utereus increase not only in size but numbers
smooth muscles
During pregrancy, the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus (1)
not only increase in size but numbers
What is the circulatory system?
it transports fluids throughout the body
NAME
this transports fluids throughout the body
circulatory system
What are (2)types of systems that make up the circulatory system?
(1)cardiovascular system (2)lymphatic system
NAME
this is made up of two systems: cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
circulatory systems
What does the blood carry? (3)
(1)nutrients (2)oxygen (3)waste products from cells
NAME
this carry nutrients, oxygen, and waste products from the cells
blood
What are (3)type of blood vessels?
(1)arteries (2)veins (3)capillaries
NAME
there are three types of these: arteries, veins and capillaries
blood vessels
Blood under high pressure leaves the heart and is disturbed by branching system of thick walled (1)
arteries
Blood under (1)leaves the heart and is disturbed by branching system of thick walled arteries
high pressure
What are arterioles?
they deliver oxygenated blood to capillaries
NAME
these deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries
arterioles
Capilllaries form a (1)
capillary bed
(1)form a capillary bed
capillaries
What is a capillary bed?
is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w extracellular fluid occurs
NAME
this is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w extracellular fluid occurs
capillary bed
What are venules?
these drain into small veins that open into larger veins
NAME
these drain into small viens that open into larger viens
venules
Venules drain into (1)that open into larger veins
small veins
What does SVC stand for?
superior vena cava
What does IVC stand for?
inferior vena cava
What are the largest vein? (2)
(1)SVC (2)IVC
NAME
these are the SVC and IVC
the largest veins
What do the largest veins do?
they return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart
NAME
these return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart
largest veins
Most vessels of the circulatory system have (1)
3 tunics
Most (1)of the circulatory system have 3 tunics
vessels
What are the (3)tunics of most blood vessels?
(1)tunica intima (2)tunica media (3)tunica adventitia
NAME
most of these have three tunics: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
blood vessels
What is tuncia intima?
is a thin endothelia lining of the vessels
NAME
this is a thin endothelia lining of the vessels
tunica intima
What is tunica media?
is the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessel
NAME
this is the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels
tunica media
What is the tunica adventita?
is the outer connective tissue coat of the blood vessel
NAME
this is the outer connective tissue coat of the blood vessel
tunica adventitia
What are arteries?
they carry blood away from the heart and distrubte to the body
NAME
these carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to the body
arteries
What are (3)types of arteries?
(1)large elastic arteries (2)medium muscular arteries (3)small arteries and arterioles
NAME
there are three types of this: large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles
arteries
Large elastic arteries are also called (1)
conducting arteries
(1)are also called the conducting arteries
large leastic arteries
What are conducitn arteries?
these have many elastic layers in thier wall
NAME
these have many elastic layer in thier walls
conducting arteries
NAME
the maintenance of blood pressure in the arterial system btwn contractions of the heart results from the (1) of conducting arteries
elasticity
NAME
the maintenance of blood pressure in the arterial system btwn contractions of the heart results from the elasticity of these arteries
conducting arteries
The medium musclular arteries are also called the (1)
distributing arteries
the (1)are also called the distrubuting arteries
medium muscular arteries
What are distriubting arteries?
they have walls consisting of mainly smooth muscle
NAME
the walls of these blood vessels consist of mainly smooth muscle, circulary arranged
distrubting arteries
Give a example of conducting arteries?
the aorta
NAME
a example of this is the aorta
conducting arteries
Give a example of distributing arteries
femoral artery
NAME
the ability of these arteries to decrease thier diamater regulates the flow of blood to different parts of the body as required
distributing arteries
The ability of the distributing arteries to (1)regulates the flow of blood to different parts of the body as required
decrease thier diamter
The ability of the distributing arteries to decrease thier diamter regulates the (1)
flow of blood to different parts of the body as required
What are small arteries and arterioles?
they have relatively narrow lumina and thick muscular walls
NAME
these have relatively narrow lumnia and thick muscular walls
small arteries and arterioles
The degree of arterial pressure w/in the vascular system is mainly regulated by the (1)
degree of tonus in the smooth muscle of the arteriolar walls
the (1)w/in the vascular system is mainly regulated by the degree of tonus in the smooth muscle of the arteriolar walls
degree of arterial pressure
What is tonus?
refers to firmness
NAME
this refers to firmness
tonus
If the tonus of muscle in the natioer wall is above normal than (1)results
hypertension
Anastomoses is another name for (1)
communications
(1)is another name for commuincations
Anastomoses
What are anastomoses?
refers to the multiple branches of artery and provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case of blockeage of a blood vessel
NAME
these are are btwn the multiple branches of artery and provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed by compression, the postion of joint, pathology, or surgical ligiation
anastomoses
What happens if a main channel is occulated?
the smaller alternate channels can usally increase in size providing a collateral circulation
If a (1)the smaller alternative channels can usally increase in size providing colateral circulation
main channel is occulated
if a main channel is occulated the smaller alternative channels can usally increase in size providing (1)
collateral circulation
What is collateral circulation?
circulation that ensures that blood supply to structures is distal to the blockage
NAME
this circulation ensures that blood supply to structures is distal to the blockage
collateral circulation
T or F
collateral pathways do not require time to develop and are usally sufficient enough to compensate for sudden occulsion or ligation
false
What is one problem w collateral circulation?
is that they require time to develop and are usally insuffient to compensate for the sudden oclusion or ligation
T or F
there are areas where collateral circulation does not exisist or is inadequate to replace the main blood vessel
true
Are there areas where collateral circulation does not exist are inadequate to replace the main blood vessel?
yes
What are terminal arteries?
are arteries that do not anastomose w adjacent arteries
NAME
these are arteries that do not anastomose w adjacent arteries
terminal arteries
What does occulsion of a termina artery do?
distrupts the blood supply to the structure or segment of an organ it supplies
NAME
distrupts the blood supply to the structure or segment of an organ it supplys
the occulusion of a termain artery
What are functional terminal arteries?
are arteries w ineffecutal anastomose or are not true terminal arteries
NAME
these are arteries w ineffectual anastomose or are not true arteries
functional terminal arteries
What is the most common acquired disease of the arteries?
arterioscelrois
Arteriosclerosis is the (1)acquired disease of the arteries
most common
What is Arteriosclerosis?
is the hardening of the arteries
nAME
this is the hardening of the arteries
Artiosclerosis
NAME
this is a common for of arterioscleoris
atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a common form of (1)
arterioscelrois
What is atherosclerosis?
is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholesterol in the arterial walls
NAME
this is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholesterol in the arterial walls
atheroscelrosis
What is the differ btwn arteriosclerois and atheroscelrosis?
(1)Arteriosclerois is the hardening of the arteries (2)Atherosclerosis is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholestral in the arterial walls
Calcium deposits can form (1)
atheromatous plaque
(1)can form atheromatous plaque
Calcium deposits
Atheromatous plaque will the result in (1)
arterial narrowing and irregularticy and then possibly thrombosis
(1)will result in arterial narrowing and irregularticty and then possibly thrombosis
Atheromatous plague
What is thrombosis?
is local clotting
NAME
this is local clotting
thrombosis
What is ischemia?
is the reduction of blood supply of an organ or tissue
NAME
this is the reduction of blood supply of an organ or tissue
ischemia
What is infarction?
is the local death of an organ or tissue
NAME
this is the local death of an organ or tissue
infarction
What is myocardial infarction?
is heart attack
NAME
this is a heart attack
myocardial infarction
What is gangrene?
necrosis in the parts of the limbs
NAME
this is necrosis in the parts of the limbs
gangrene
What are some consquences of thrombus? (3)
(1)myocardial infarction (2)stroke (3)gangrene
NAME
some consquences of this are myocardial infarction, stroke, and gangrene
thrombus
What is hypertension?
is high blood pressure
nAME
this is jst another name for high blood pressure
hypertension
What does the back consist of? (7)
(1)subcutaneous tissue (2)deep fascia (3)verterbal column (4)ribs (5)spinal cord (6)meninges (7)various segmental nerves and vessels
NAME
this consists of subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, vereterbral column, ribs, spinal cord, meninges, verious segmental nerves, and vessels
the back
What is the vertebral column?
the spine
NAME
this is the spine
verterbral column
Where is the verterbal column located?
extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx and forms the skeleton of the neck and is the main part of the axial skeletalon
NAME
this extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx and forms the skeleton of the neck and is the main parts of the axial skeleton
vertebral column
What does the vetrabral column do? (4)
(1)it protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves (2)supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis (3)provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body to pivot for the head (4)plays in important role in posture and locomotion
NAME
this protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves, supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis, provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body to pivot the head, and plays in important role in posture and locomotion
vertebral column
How many vertebrae does a adult start out w ?
33 vertebrae
humans are born w (1)vertebrae
33
What are the (5)regions of the vertebrae?
(1)7 cervical (2)12 thoarcic (3) 5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)4 coccygeal
NAME
this has 5 regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoarcic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 5 coccygeal
verteebrae
What are the (5)regions of the vertebrae?
(1)7 cervical (2)12 thoarcic (3) 5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)4 coccygeal
What is the lumbar bosaacral angle?
occurs at the junction of the lumbar region of the veretbral column and the sacrum
NAME
this occurs at the region of the lumbar region of the veretrbral column and the sacrum
lumbar bosasacral angle
NAME
this occurs at the junction of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and the sacrum
lumbosasacral angle
What is the sacrum?
are the 5 fused sarcal verebrae in adults
NAME
these are the five fused sacral veretbrae in adults
sacrum
What are the coccyx?
are the 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae in adults
NAME
these are the 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae in adults
coccyx
What happens to the vertebral column as you move down it?
the vertbrae gradually becomes larger as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then becomes progressively smaller toward the apex of the coccyx
As the vertbrae gradually becomes (1)as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then becomes progressivly (2)toward the apex of the coccyx
vertebral column
As the verbrae gradually becomes largers as the verebral column (1) and then becomes progressively smaller toward to the (2)
(1)descends to the sacrum (2)apex of the coccyx
Why is the vetrbral column so flexible?
bc it is made up of vertebrae that are separated by IV discs
NAME
this is flexible bc it is made up of vertebrae that are separated by IV discs
vetrebral discs
What does IV discs stand for?
intervertebral discs
What are vertebrae?
are small bones separated by intervertebral discs that make up the vertebral column
NAME
these are small bones separated by intevertebral discs that make up the vertebral column
vertebrae
What are IV discs?
they separate the vertbrae
NAME
these separate the vertebrae
IV discs
the 25 cervical, throacic, lumbar, and first scaral vertebrar articulate at synovail joint (1)
zygapophysical joints
What are zygapophysial joints?
are joints of the vertebral arches
NAME
these faciliatate and control the verebtral column's flexibility
zygopophysial joints
The vertebral bodies contrbute approximately (1)of the hieght of the vertbral column
three quarters
The (1)contribute approxiamtely to the height of the vertbral column
one quarter
How many curvatures does the adult vertebral column have?
4
the adult verebral column has (1)curvatures
4
What are the (4)curvatures of the adult vertebral column?
(1)cervical (2)thoarcic (3)lumbar (4)sacral
NAME
there are 4 of them: they are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
curvatures
What do curvatures?
they provide a flexible support or short absorbing resilience
NAME
they provide a flexible support or a short absorbing resilience
curvatures
the sacral curvature is also called the (1)
pelvic
curvatures are also called the (1)
kyphoses
(1)are also called the kyphoses
curvatures
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are concave (1)
anteriorly
NAME (2)
these curvatures are concave anteriorly
thoracic and sacral
The cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave (1)
posteriorly
NAME (2)
these curvatures are concave posteriorly
(1)cervical and (2)lumbar
What is the differ btwn the way the thoracic and sacral curvatures and the cervical and lumbar curvatures concave?
(1)the thoracic and the sacral curvatures concave anteriorly (2)the cervical and the lumbar curvatures concave posteriorly
Which curvatures concave anteriorly (2)?
(1)thoracic (2)sacral
Which curvatures are concave posteriorly? (2)
(1)cervical (2)lumbar
What are the different primary curvatures? (2)
(1)throarcic and sacral curvatures
NAME
there are two types of this: the thoracic and the sacral curvatures
the primary curvatures
When do the primary curvatures develop?
during the fetal period
NAME
these curvatures develop during the fetal period
the primary curvatures
What are the primary curvatures?
the develop during the fetal period and are retained throughout your life
NAME
these curvatures develop during the fetal period and are retained throughout your life
primary curvatures
Why are the primary curvatures retained throughout your whole life?
as of a consquence of the differences in height btwn the anterior and posterior parts of the verebrae
What are the different (2)secondary curvatures?
(1)cervical (2)lumbar
NAME
there are two types of this curvature: the cervical and the lumbar
secondary curvature
When do the secondary curvatures appear?
appear during the cervical region during the fetal period but do not become obvious until infancy
NAME
these appear during the cervical region during the fetal period but do not become obvious until infacy
secondary curvatures
What maintains the secondary curvatures?
they are maintained primaryly by the differences in thickness btwn the anterior and the posterior parts of the IV discs
When does the cervical curvature develop?
it becomes prominent when an infant begins to hold his or her head erect
NAME
this becomes prominent when an infant begins to hold his or her head erect
cervical curvature
When does the lumbar curvature become obvious?
it becomes obvious when an infant begins to walk and assumes the upright posture
NAME
this curvature becomes obvious when an infant begins to walk and assumes the upright posture
lumbar curvature
The lumbar curvature is usally more pronounced in (1)
females
T or F
the lumbar curvature is more pronounced in males
false
The lumbar curvature ends at the (1)
lumbosacral angle
the (1)ends at the lumbosacral angle
lumbar curvature
What is the lumbosacral angle?
is formed at the junction of L5 vertebra w the sacrum
NAME
this is formed at the junction of L5 vertebra w the sacrum
lumbosacral angle
How is the sacral curvature differ in females>
bc it is reduced so that the coccyx protrude less into pelvic outlet
NAME
in females, this curvature, it reduced so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet
sacral curvature
The (1)curvature in females is reduced so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet
sacral curvature
What are some causes of abnormal curvatures?
(1)developmental anomalies (2)patholgical processes such as osteoporosis
NAME
this can be caused by developmental anomalies or patholigcal processes such as osteoporisis
abnoraml curvatures
(1) is short for Excess thoracic kyphosis
kypohsis
Kyphosis is short for (1)
excess thoracic kyphosis
Kyphosis is also called (1)
"humpback
(1)is also called the humpback
kyphosis
What is kyphosis?
is an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature and the vertebral column curves posteriorly
NAME
this is an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature and the verebral column curves posteriorly
kyphosis
What can cause kyphosis?
(1)erosion of the anterior part of one or more of the vertebrae
NAME
this can result from an erosiion of the anterior part of one or more of the vertebrae
kyphosis
Progressive ersosion and collapse of the verebrae results in (1)
overall loss of height
What is Dowager's hump?
refers to excess thoracic kyphosis in older women resulting from osteoporosis
NAME
this refers to excess thoracic kyphosis in older women resulting from osteoporosis
Dowager's hump
T or F
kyphosis occurs in geriatric people of both sexes
true
Lordosis is short for (1)
excess lumbar lordosis
(1)is short for excess lumbar lordosis
lordosis
Lordoisis is also called the (1)
hallow back
(1)is also called the hallow back
Lordosis
What is lordosis?
is the anterior roation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
NAME
is the anterior roation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
lordosis
What is abnormal extension deformity?
weakened trunk musculature eps of the anterolateral abdominal wall
NAME
this is the weakend trunk musculature episcally of the anteriolateral abdominal wall
abnoraml extension deforimity
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, pregrant women develop a temporoary (1)
lordosis
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, (1)develop a temporary lordosis
pregrant women
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, pregrant women develop a temporoary (1)
lordosis
Scoliosis is also called (1)
crooked or curved back
(1)this is also called the crooked or curved back
Scliosis
What is scoliosis?
is an abnormal lateral crvature that is accompanied by rotation of the veretbrae
NAME
this is an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the veretbrae
scoliosis
NAME
this is the most common deformity of the vertebral column in girls
sciolosis
Sciolosis is the (1)deformity of the vertebral column in girls
most common
What are some causes of scoliosis? (3)
(1)myopathic scoliosis (2)hemivertebra (3)hemiverebra
NAME
some causes of this are myopathic scoliosis, hemiverebra, and hemiverebra
scoliosis
What is myopathic sciolosis?
is the weakening of the intrinsci back muscles
NAME
this is the weakening of the intrinsic back muscles
myopathic sciolosis
What is hemivertebra?
if the failure of the half of a vertebra to develop
NAME
this is the failure of the half of a vertebra to develop
hemivertebra
What does a typical vertebra consist of? (3)
(1)vertebral body (2)vertebral arch (3) seven processes
NAME
this typical consists of vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes
vertebra
What is the vertebral body?
it gives strength to the vertebral column and support body weight
NAME
this gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight
vertebral body
What happens to the size of the veretrbodies epesically at T4?
they increase to bear the progressivly greater body weight
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies are covered with (1)except at the epiphysial rim
hyaline cartilage
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the (1)are covered by hyaline cartilage excpet at the epiphysial rim
vertebral bodies
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the verebral bodies are covered by hyalin cartilage excpet at the (1)
epiphysial rim
What are the epiphysial rim?
is a ring of smooth bone
NAME
this is a ring of smooth bone
epiphysial rim
What are the pedicles?
are short, stout processses that join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body
NAME
these are short, stout processes that join the veretbral arch to the vertebral body
pedicles
wWhat is the laminae?
unites the mideline
NAME
this units the mideline
laminae
What is the verebral forman?
are walls that consist of the verterbal arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body
The vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body form the walls of the (1)
vertebral foramen
What is vertebral canal consist of ? (5)
(1)spinal cord (2)meninges (3)fat (4)spinal nerve roots (5)vessels
nAME
this consists of the spinal cord, meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots and vessels
vertebral canal
What are vertebral notches?
are the indentations formed by the projection of the body and articular processes superior and inferior to the pedicles
NAME
these are the indentations formed by the projection of the body and articular processes superior and inferior to the pedicles
vertebral notches
What are IV foramina?
these give passage to the spinal nerve roots and accompanying vessels and contain the spinal ganglia
NAME
these give passage to the spinal nerve roots and accompanying vessels and contain the spinal ganglia
IV foramina
What are the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?
(1)one median spinous process (2)2 tranverse processes (3)4 articular processes--two superior and two inferior
NAME
there are 7 of these--one median spinous process, 2 tranvers processes, and 4 articular processes--two superior and inferior
the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra
What are the articular processes?
arise from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae each bearing an facet
NAME
this arises from the junction of the pedicles and laminae each bearing a facet
articular processes
Facet is also called (1)
articular processes
(1)is also called the articular processes
facet
What determines the types of movement permited and restricted by the aticular facets?
the directions of the articular facets
What prevents one vertebrae from sliping anteriorly on the vertebra below?
the iterlocking of the articular processes
What prevents one vertebrae from sliping anteriorly on the vertebra below?
the interlocking of the atricular processes
What is laminectomy?
is the surfical exicision of one or more of the spinous processes and thier supporting lamine in a particular region of the vertebral a column
NAME
this is the surfical exicision of one or more of the spinous processses and thier supporting lamine in a particular region of the vertebral column
laminectomy
NAME
this provides acess to the vertebral canal to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves root
laminectomy
A laminoectomy provides acess to the (1)
avertebral canal to releive pressure on the spinal cord or nerves root
What commonly causes pressure on the nerve root or spinal cord resulting in people needing to having laminectomy? (3)
(1)tumor (2)herniated IV disc (3)bony hypertrophy
NAME
this is commony caused by a tumor, herinated IV disc, and bony hypertrophy
pressure on the spinal cord or nerve root
How can the bodies of cervical vertebra be dislocated?
(1)neck injuries
(1)vertebra can be dislocated in neck injuries w less force than is required to fracture
cervical
T or F
slight dislocation can occur w/out damaging the spinal cord
true
Can slight disloaction occurs w out damage to spinal cord?
yes
What happens when the cervical vertebra are serverly dislocated?
the spinal cord is damaged
When (1)are is severly dislocated, the spinal cord is damaged
cervical vertebra
What is facet jumping?
refers to locking of the displaced articular processes
NAME
this refers to the locking of the displaced articular processes
face jumping
If disloaction does not (1), the cervical vertebrae may self reduce
face jumping
if the dislocation does face jumping, the cervical vertebrae may (1)
self reduce
What does self reduce mean?
it refers to sliping back into the place
NAME
this refers to slipin back into the place
self reduce
T or F
if a dislocted cervical verebrae self-reduced then a rediograph may not indicate that the cord is injured but a MRI will
true
if a dislocated cervical vertbre is self reduced then a radiograph may (1)
not pick up that the spinal cord is damaged
T or F
dislocation of the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar regions is common
false
Is the dislocation of the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar regions is common?
no
the dislocation of the vertebrae in the (1)and (2)is uncommone
(1)thoracic (2)lumbar
the dislocation of the veretbrae in the thoratic and the lumber is (1)
uncommon
Why is the dislocation of the veretbrae in the thoracic and the lumbar region uncommon?
bc of the interlocking of thier articular processes
What are the most common fractured non-cervical vertebrae?
T11 and T12
NAME
these are the most commonly fractured non-cervical vertebrae
T11 and T12
T11 and T12 are the most common fractured(1)
non-cervical vertebrae
Spondylolysis of L5 probaly results from the failure of the centrum of L5 to (1)
unite adequately w the neural arches during development
What do fractures and fracture dislocations of the veretbral column result from?
sudden forceful flexion as in car accident
NAME
this commonly results from sudden forceful flexion as in a car accident
fractures and fracture dislocations
Severe hyptertension is most likley to injure the posterior parts of hte (1)
vertebrae, the vertebral arches, and thier processes
Severe (1)is most likely to injure the posterior parts of the veretbrae, the vertebral arches, and thier processes
severe hypertension
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column?
is spina bifida occulta
NAME
this is the most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column
spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida is occulta is the (1)cogenital anomaly of the vertebral column
most common
What is spina bifida occulta?
is in which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally or fuse
NAME
this when the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally or fuse
spina bifida occulta
NAME
this bony defect is present in up to 24% of the population
spina bifida occulta
Spina bifidia occulta is present in up to (1)of the population
24%
The bony defect of spina bifid occulta is often (1)and its location is indicated by (2)
(1)concealed by skin (2)a tuft of hair
T or F
most people w spina bifida have not back problems
false
Do most people w spina bifida have back problems?
no
What is spina bifida cystica?
is when one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
NAME
this is when one or more vertebral arches may almost completly fail to develop
bifida cystica
Spina bifida cystica is associated w the (1)
herniation of the meninges
(1)is associated w the herniation of the meninges
Spina Bifida cystica
Spina bifida cystica is associated w the (1)
herniation of the meninges
What are the distinctive characteristics of the body of the cervical vertebrae?
is the small and wider from side to aide
What is the distinctive characteristics of vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae
large and triangular
What is the distinctive characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
small or absent in C7
WhWhat is the distinctive characteristics of the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?
short and and split into 2 parts
NAME
the distinctive characteristic of this vertebrae is that it's vertebral foramen is large and trianglar
the vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae
What is the distinctive characteristics of the body of the thoracic vertebrae?
is heart shaped
What is the distinctive characteristics of the of the vertberal foramen of the thoracic vertbrae?
circular and smaller
NAME
the distinctive charcterstic this vertebrae is that it's body is heart shaped
thoracic vertebrae
NAME
the distinctive chracteristic of this vertebrae is that it's vertebral foramen is circular and smaller
thoracic vertebrae
NAME
the distrinctive characteristic of this vertebrae's body is that it is small and wider from side to side
cervical vertebrae
NAME
the distinictive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's verebral foramen that is large and triangular
cervical vertebrae
What is the distinctive characteristic of the body of a lumbar vertebrae?
it massive and kidney shaped superiorly
What is the distinctive characteristic of the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?
triangular; larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae
NAME
the distinictive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's triangular; larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
NAME
the distinctive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's vertebral formen is triangular and larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than in cervical vertibrae
the lumbar vertebrae
How do u tell if the vertebrae is a cervical vertebrae? (2)
(1)the body is smaller and wider (2)the vertebral forament is large and triangular
How do you tell if the vertebrae is the thoracic vertebrae? (2)
(1)the body is heart shaped (2)the vertebral foramen is circular and smaller than those in the cervical and lumbar regions
How do you tell if the vertebrale is a lumbar vertebrae? (2)
(1)the body is massive and kidney shaped (2)vertebral foramen is triangular and larger than in thoracic vertbrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae
NAME
this is composed of five fused sacral vertebrae
sacrum
How does the sacrum provide strength and stability to the pelvis and transmit body weight to the plevic gridle?
the sacroilial joints
What does the sacrum do? (2)
(1)provides strength and stability to the pelvis (2)tranmits body weight to the pelvic gridle
NAME
this provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits body weight to the pelvic gridle
sacrum
What are the sacroilial joints?
allow/help the sacrum to provide strength and stability to the pelvis and tranmit body weight to the pelvic griddle
NAME
this allow/help the sacrum to provide strength and stability to the pelvis and tranmit body weight to the pelvic griddle
sacroilial joints
What is the median sacral crest?
is the fused spinous processses
NAME
this is the fused spinous processes
median sacral crest
What is the intermediate sacral crests?
they are the fused articular processes
NAME
these are the fused articular processes
intermediate sacral crests
What are the lateral sacral crests?
are the fused tips of the tranverse processes
What is the sacral promontory?
is the projecting anterior edge of the body of the first sacral vertebrae
NAME
this is the projecting anterior edge of the body of the first sacral vertebrae
sacral promontory
the spinous processes of the (1)are large and easy to observe when the posterior median furrow is flexed
lumbar vertebrae
(1)in the back indacte the locatio of the posterior superior illac spines
dimples
Dimples in the back indiacte the location of the posterior superior (1)
iliac spines
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
What is the compostion of the IV discs consist of? (2)
(1)annulus firosis (2)nucleus puplosus
NAME
this consists of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
IV discs
What is the annulus fibrosis?
are fibrocartilaginous layers arranged in similar rings of a tree
NAME
these are fibrocartiliaginous layers arranged in similar rings of a tree
Annulus Fibrosis
What is the function of annulus fibrosis?
protects against herniation
NAME
this protects against herniation
annulus fibrosis
What are the joints of the vertebral column? (5)
(1)the joints of the vertebral bodies, (2)the joints of the vertebral arches (3)craniovertebral joints (4)costovertebral joints (5)sacroilaic joints
NAME
the joints of this include the joints of the vertebral bodies, the joints of the vertebral arches, craniovertebral joints, costovertebral joints, and sacroiliac joints
vertebral column
What are the joints of the vertebral bodies?
symphyses
What are the joints of the vertebral bodies ?
symphyses
The articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by (1)and (2)
(1)IV discs (2)liagments
What is the nucleus pulposus?
is the jelly like central core of the IV discs
NAME
this is the jelly like central core of the IV discs
nucleus pulosus
What are the functions of IV discs? (3)
(1)shock absorption (2)binds vertebral bodies together (3)permit movements
NAME
there functions include shock absorption, binds to vertebral bodies together, and permit movements
IV discs
At birth, what are the IV discs like?
they are 80% water and are intially more cartilaginous fibers
NAME
at birth, these are 80% water and are intially more cartilaginous fibers
IV discs
At birth, the IV discs are (1)water and are intially more (2)
(1)80% (2)cartilaginous
What happens w the IV discs w age?
the nuclei pulposi dehydrate and lose elastin and proteoglycans while gaining collagen eventually becoming dry and granular
NAME
at they age, thier nuclei pulposi dehydrate and lose elastin and proteoglycans while gaining collagen eventuall becoming dry and granular
IV discs
What happens to the Annulus as they age?
they thicken and often develop fissure and cavities
NAME
w age, these thicken and often develop fissures and cavities
Annulus
With age, the annulus thicken and often develop (1)and (2)
(1)fissures (2)cavities
What happens as the annulus lose thier tugor (aka dry out and lose elastin and protegoylcans)
they share a greater share of the vertical load and the associated stress and strains
NAME
as they lose thier turgor, these share a greater share of the vertical load and the associated stress and strains
annulus
T or F
the nucleus pulposus is not centered in the disc but is more posteriorly placed
true
Is the nucleus pulposus, avascular or vascular?
avasuclar
Is the nucleus pulposus, avascular or vascular?
avascular
How does the nucleus pulposus receive nourishment?
by diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the anaulus fibrosus and vertebral body
NAME
this recieves its nourishment from diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the annaulus fibrosus and vertebral body
nucleus pulposus
Where are there no IV discs?
at C1 and C2
C1 and C2 do not have (1)
IV discs
NAME (2)
these two vertebraes do not have IV discs
C1 and C2
C1 is also called the (1)
atlas
(1)is also called the atlas
C1
C2 is als called the (1)
axis
(1)is also called the axis
C2
Where is the thickest IV disc?
lumbar region
NAME
this region has the thickest IV discs
lumbar region
the lumbar region has the (1)IV discs
thickest
Where is the thinnest IV disc?
in the superior thoracic region
the superior thoracic region has the (1)IV disc
thinnest
What are the uncovertebral joints located?
are btwn the unci of the bodies at C3 to C6 vertebrae
What are the anterior longitudinal ligament?
is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
NAME
this is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterlateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV disc
anterior longitudianl ligament
What are the posterior longitudinal ligament?
is much narrower, somewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament
NAME
this is a much more narrower and shomewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the differ btwn the posterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior longitudinal ligament? (2)
(1)posterior longitudinal ligament is a is much narrower, somewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament(2) anterior longitudinal ligament is a is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
What are (2)other names for zygapophyseal joints?
(1)Apophyseal (2)facet joints
What are (2)other names for Apophyseal joints?
(1)zygapophyseal (2)face joints
What are (2)other names for facet joints?
(1)zygapophyseal (2)apophyseal joints
What are the properties of facet joints? (2)
they have hyaline cartilage on their joints surfaces (2)have a thin lose capusule supported by fibers of liagmentum flava
NAME
these joints have hyaline cartilage on thier joint surfaces and they have a thin lose capsule supported by the fibers of liagmentum flava
facet joints
What are (2) joints that make up the vertebral joints?
(1)facet joints (2)intervertebral joint
NAME
there are two types of this joint: face joints and intervertebral joints
vertebral joints
How are zygapophyseal joints classifed? (2)
(1)synovial (2)planar
NAME
this type of vertebral joint can be classifed as synovial and planar
zygapophyseal joints
What is the ligamenta flava?
is broad, pale yellow elastic fibrous tissue that joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
NAME
this is a broad, pale yellow elastic fibrous tissue that joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
face joints
What are is zygapophyseal joints?
are the joints of the vertebral arches
NAME
these are the joints of the vertebral arches
zygapophyseal joints
hOW ARE zygapophyseal joints classifed? (2)
(1)synovial (2)planar joints
What does the ligamenta flava do?
prevents injury to the IV discs
NAME
this ligament prevents injury to the IV discs
ligamenta flava
How are the intervertebral discs classifed? (2)
(1)nonsynovial (2)symphysis
NAME
these vertebral joints are classifed as nonsynovial and symphysis
intervertebral joints
What can of movement can the zygapophyseal joints do?
gliding movements
What can of movement can the zygapophyseal joints do?
gliding movements
What are the properties of intervertebral joints? (3)
(1)weight bearing (2)shock absorption (3)slight mobility in all directions
NAME
the properties of these joints include weight bearing such as shock absorption and slight mobility in all directions
intervertebral joints
Intervertebral joints are supported by the (1)
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
NAME
this joint is supported by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
intervertebral joints
Intervertebral joints have (1)anchored to (2)
(1) cartilaginous end plates of intervertebral disc (2)vertebral bodies
NAME
these have cartilaginous end plates of the intervertebral disc anchored to the vertebral bodies
intervertebral joints
What is the differ btwn interspinous and supraspinous ligaments? (2)
(1)interspinous ligaments are weak (2)supraspinous ligaments are strong fibrous
What is the differ btwn interspinous and supraspinous ligaments? (2)
(1)interspinous ligaments are weak (2)supraspinous ligaments are strong fibrous
The (1)and (2)unit the adjcaent spinous processes
interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
The interspinous and supraspinous ligaments unit the (1)
spinous ligaments
What are the nuchal ligaments?
is the strong median ligament of the neck
What does the "nucha" in nuchal ligament mean?
nucha refers to the back of the neck
NAME
this is the strong median ligament of the neck
nuchal ligament
T or F
bc of the shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes, the nuchal ligament substitues for bone in providing muscular attachment
truw
bc of the shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes, the (1)subsitutes for bone in providing muscular attachment
nuchal ligament
Bc of the (1)the nuchal ligament subsitutes for bone in providing muscular attachment
shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes
What are intertranverse ligaments?
this ligament connects the adjacent tranverse processes
NAME
this ligament connects the adjacent tranverse processes
intertranverse ligament
What is herniation?
is the protursion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anulus fibrous
NAME
this is the protursion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anaulus fibrous
herination
Herination is the a well recoginzed cause of (1)and (2)
lower back and limb pain
NAME
this is well recoginzed as a cause of lower back and limb pain
herination
What happens if the posterior longitudinal ligament degenarates and the anulus fibrosus wears down?
the nucleus pulposus may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots of the spinal nerves
Herniations usally occur (1)
postlaterally where the anulus is relatively thin and does not support from the posterior or anterior ligaments
NAME
this usally ocurs postlaterally where the anulus is relatively thin and does not support form the posterior or anterior ligaments
herniations
A (1)herniation is more likely to be symptomatic
posterolateral
A posterolateral herniation is more likely to be (1)
symptomatic
Why is the posterolateral herniation more likley to be symptomatic?
bc of the proximity of the spinal nerve roots
What does the localized back pain of herniated disc caused by?
inflammation and presssure on ligament s and anulus fibrosus
What does chronic pain from herinated disc caused by?
the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated disc
Posterolateral herniation is most common in the (1)
lumbar region
(1)herniation is most common in the lumbar region
posterolateral
In pateints of avdanced years, the nerves roots are more likely to be compressed by increased (1)
ossification
What is sciatica?
is pain in the lower back or hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg
NAME
this is pain in the lower back or hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg
sciatica
What is sciatica usally caused by? (2)
a herniated lumbar IV disc or (2)osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1
NAMe
this is caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress L5 or S1
sciatica
T or F
symptom producing IV disc protrusion occurs in the cervical region often as in the lumbar region
true
Cervical disc protusion result in pain where? (4)
(1)neck (2)shoulder (3)arm (4)hand
NAMe
protrusion of a disc in this region can result in pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand
cervical
What happens when zygapophysial joints are injured or develop osteophytes during againg? (2)
it damages the spinal nerve causing pain along the distribution pattern of the dermatomes (2)spasm in the muscles derived from the assoicated myotomes
What is denervation of lumbar zygapophysial joints?
is a procedure that may be used for treatment of back pain caused by disease of these joints
NAME
this is a procedure that may be used for treatmetn of back pain caused by disease of these joints
denervation of lumbar zygapophysial joints
What are the (2) types of the craniovertebral joints ?
(1)alanto-occipital (2)atlantoaxial joints
NAME
there are (2)types of this joint: alanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints
cranioveretbral joints
Where is the Atlanto-Occipital joint located?
btwn the C1 and the occipital bone
NAME
this joint is located btwn the C1 and the occipital bone
Atlanto-Occipital joint
Where is the atlanotoaxial joints?
btwn the C1 and C2 vertebrae
NAME
this joint is located btwn the C1 and C2 vertebrae
atlantoaxial joints
What does the Atlanto-occipital joints do?
permitng nodding of the head which includes such movements such as (1)flexion (2)rotation
NAME
this joint permits nodding of the head including such movement as flexion and rotation
Atlanto-occipital
What does the Atlantoaxial joint s do?
permit the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head to indicate a disaproval
NAME
this permits the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head to indicate a disaproval
Atlantoaxial joint
What is the atlantoaxial subluxation?
incomplete dislocation of the median atlatnoaxial joint
NAME
this incomplete dislocation of the median atlatnoaxial joint
atlatnoaxial subluxation
What is quadriplegia?
is the paralysis of all 4 limbs
NAMe
this is paralysis of all 4 limbs
quadriplegia
What happens when the tranverse ligament of the atlas ruptures? (3)
it cause (1)atlatoaxial subluxation (2)quadriplega (3)death
The rupture of the (1)can cause atlatoaxial subluxation, quadriplega, and death
tranverse ligament of the atlas
What is the tranverse ligament of the atlas?
is a strong band that extends in the medial aspects of C1 vertebrae
NAME
this is strong band (ligament) that extends in the medial aspects of the C1 vertebrae
tranverse ligament of the atlas
What happens when the alar ligaments rapture?
it results in increase of approximately 30% in the range of movement in the opposite side
When the (1)rapture, it results in increase of approximately 30% of movement in the opposite side
alar ligaments
STOPED HERE
I STOPED HERE
What supplies the vertebrae? (2)
by periosteal (2)equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries and thier spinal branches
NAME
this is supplied by periosteal and the equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries of thier spinal branches
vertebrae
What are branches of the spinal branches? (4)
(1)vertebral and ascending cerbical arteries in the neck (2)posterior intercostal arteries in the thoracic region (3)subcostal and lumbar arteries in the abdomen (4)sacral arteries in the pelvis
NAME
these branch branches off from the vertebral and ascending cerbical arteries in the neck, posterior intercostal arteries in the thoraic region, subcostal and lumbar arteries in the abdomen, and sacral arteries in the pelvis
spinal branches
What are the spinal branches?
they enter the IV foramina and divide into the anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches
NAME
these enter the IV foramina and divide into the anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches
spinal branches
What are the spinal veins?
they form the venous plexuses along the veretbral column
NAME
these form the venous plexuses along the veretbral column
spinal veins
What are the basivertebral veins?
these form w/in the vertebral bodies and emerge from foramina on the surfaces of the vertebral bodies
NAME
these form w/in the vertebral bodies and emerge from foramina on the surfaces of the vertebral bodies
basivertebral veins
What are intevertebral veins?
receive viens from the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses as they accompany the spinal nerves through the IV foramina to drain into the vertebral veins of the neck and segemental veins of the trunk
NAME
these receive veins from the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses as they accompany the spinal nerves through the IV foramina to drain into the vertebral veins of the neck and segemental veins of the trunk
intevertebral veins
The vertebral column is innervated by the (1)
meningeal branches of the spinal nerves
The (1)is innervated by the meningeal branches of the spinal nerves
vertebral column
The meningeal branches of the spinal nerves are also called the (1)
recurrent branches of the nerves
the (1) are also called the reccurent branches of the nerves
meningeal branches of the spinal cord
What is the vertebral canal contains? (4)
(1)spinal cord (2)spinal meninges (3)spinal nerve roots (4)neurovascular structures
NAME
this contains the spinal cord, spinal meninges, spinal nerve roots, and neurovascular structures
vertebral canal
What is the spinal cord?
is the major reflex center and conduction pathway btwn the body and the brain
NAME
this is the major reflex center and conduction pathway btwn the body and the brain
spinal cord
What kind of structure is the spinal cord?
is the cylindrical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and and posteriorly
NAME
this is the cylinderical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly
spinal cord
What protects the spinal cord? (4)
(1)vertebrae (2)thier associated ligaments and muscles (3)spinal meninges (4)CSF
NAME
this is protected by the vertebrae and thier associated ligaments and muscles, spinal meninges, and CSF
spinal cord
What does CSF stand for?
cerbrospinal fluid
Wher does the spinal cord begin?
medulla oblongta
NAME
this begins at the medulla oblongta
spinal cord
What is the medulla blongta?
is the begining of the spinal cord
NAME
this is the begining of the spinal cord
medulla oblongta
In a newborn, what is the inferior part of the spinal cord?
is the opppoiste of the IV disc and btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
In (1), the inferior part of the spinal cord is the opposite of the IV disc and btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
newbron
In adults, what is the inferior part of the spinal cord?
btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
NAME
in (1), the inferior part of the spinal cord is btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
adults
What is the medullary cone?
the tapering end of the spinal cord
NAME
this is the tapering end of the spinal cord
medullary cone
What are the (2)enlargements in the spinal cord?
(1)cervical enlargement (2)lumbar enlargement
nAME
this has two enlargements: cervical and lumbar englargemetns
spinal cord
Where is the cervical enlargement located?
btwn C4 and T1
NAME
this enlargement is located btwn the C4 and T1
cervical enlargement
Where is the lumbar enlargement located?
btwn L1 and S3
NAME
this enlargement is btwn L1 and S3
lumbar enlargement
What is the cauda equina?
is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the lumbar enlargement and the medullary cone
NAME
this is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the lumbar enlargement and the meduallary cone
cauda equina
the cauda equina is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the (1) and (2)
(1)lumbar enlargement (2)medullary cone
The lumbar enlargement is also called the (1)
lumbosacral enlargement
the (1)is also called the lumbosacral enlargement
lumbar enlargement
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
There are (1)spinal nerves
31
What are the different spinal nerves?
(1)8 cervical nerves (2)12 thoracic (3)5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)1 coccygeal
NAME
these include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
spinal nerves
What is the segment is the spinal cord?
is the part of the spinal cord from which the rootlets of one pair of roots emerges
NAME
this is the part of the spinal cord from which the rootlets of one pair of roots emerge
segment of the spinal cord
What are the posterior roots of the spinal nerves?
contain afferent fibers from the skin
NAME
these contain afferent fibrs from the skin
posterior roots of the spinal nerves
The afferent fibers are also called (1)
sensory fibers
(1)fiber are also called the sensory fibers
afferent fibers
What are the anterior roots of the spinal nerves?
contain efferent fibers to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibers
NAME
these contain efferent fibrs to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynpatic autonomic fibers
anterior roots of the spinal nerves
What is the differ btwn the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord?(2)
(1)the posterior roots of the spinal nerve contain afferent fibers from the skin (2)anterior roots of the spinal nerves contain efferent fibers to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibers
What are the anterior horns of the gray matter?
these are the cell bodies of somatic axons contriubting to the anterior roots of the spinal nerves
NAME
these are the cell bodies of the somatic axons contributing to the anterior roots of the spinal nerves
anterior horns of the gray matter
What are the spinal ganglia?
are the cell bodies of axons making up the posterior roots that are outside of the spinal cord
NAME
these are cell bodies of axons making up the posterior roots that are outside of the spinal cord
spinal ganglia
What is the spinal nerve?
is where the posteior and anterior roots of the spinal nerve unite
NAME
this is where the posterior and the anterior roots of the spinal nerve unite
spinal nerve
What are the (2)divisions of the spinal nerve?
(1)posterior ramus (2)anterior ramus
NAME
this soon divides up into two parts: posterior ramus and anterior ramus
spinal nerves
What is the posterior ramus?
supplies the skin and deep muscles of the back
NAME
this nerve supplies the skin and deep muscles of the back
posterior ramus
WHat is the anterior ramus?
supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk
NAME
this supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk
anterior ramus
What is the differ btw nthe anterior ramus and the posterior ramus? (2)
(1)anterior ramus supplies the skin and the deep muscles of the back (2)posterior ramus supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk
In adults, which is shorter the vertebral column or the spinal cord?
spinal cord
In adults, which shorter, the vertebral column, and the spinal cord?
spinal cord
The lumbosacral enlargement is also called the (1)
lumbar enlargement
(1)is also called the lumbar enlargements
lumbosacral enlargement
What happens to the spinal roots are you go progressively inferior?
increase
Which nerve rootlets are the longest?
lumbar and sacral
(1)and (2)rootelts are the longest
lumbar and sacral
T or F
the vertebral column is fairly mobile
true
(1)in the vertbral column permit movements in all directions
intervertebral joints
intervertebral joints in the vertebral column permit (1)
movement in all direction
Describe the range of movement for intervertebral joints
the range of motion for each joint is light. (2)However, when multiplied over an entire segment of the vertebral column, these small movements can result in significant amount of movement
the range of motion for each intervertebral joint is (1)however when multipled over the entire segment of the vertebral column, these small movements can result in (1)of movment
(1)small (2)significant amounts
Which regions of the vertebral column are more mobile?
the cervical and lumbar
The cerivcal and lumbar region are more (1)than the thoracic region
moble
The (1)and (2)regions are more moble than the (3)regions of the back
(1)cervical (2)lumbar (3)thoracic
Why are the cervical and lumbar regions more mobile than the thoracic region? (2)
bc the cervical and lumbar region do not have ribs attached to them (2)the size of the IV discs in relation to the vertberal bodies and the shape
Why are the cervical and lumbar regions more mobile than the thoracic region? (2)
bc the cervical and lumbar region do not have ribs attached to them(2)the size of the IV discs in relation to the vertberal bodies and the shape
WHat are the different types of movement the vertebral column can do? (4)
(1)flexion (2)extension (3)lateral flexion such when you bending over (4)rotation
NAME
this can do the following movements: flexion, extension, lateral flexion such as when you bend over, and rotation
vertebral column
Describe the flexion movement of the vertebral column (3)
(1)examples include the vertebral column (2)is a larger range of motion (3)usaual cause of disc problems
NAME
this movement is usally a cuase of disc problems
flexion
NAME
this is the forward bending of the vertebral column
flexion
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this backward bending of the vertebral column
extension
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is tilting the vertebral column to one side
lateral flexion
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is the foward bending of vertebral column
flexion
What are the determinants of the movements of the vertebral column?
the postion of articular facets
What kind of movements do Atlatnooccipital joints allow for?
(1)permits flexion/extension nodding of head
NAME
this permits flexion/extension nodding of the head
Atlantoocciptial joint
NAME MOVEMENT (2)
example of this is the nodding of the head
flexion/extension
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is shaking the head to say "no"
rotation
What movement are the altanto-occipital joints responsible for?
(1)flexion/extesion nodding of the head to say "yes"
NAME
this joint is reposnible for the flexion/extension in nodding of the head to say "yes"
Altanto-occiptial joints
What movements are the Atlatnoaxial joints responsible for?
(1)rotation of atlas around the dens of the axis such as shaking the head to say no
NAME
this joint is responisble for the rotation of the atlas around the dens of the axis such as in shaking the head to say no
Atlantoaxial joints
Cervical region has (1)joints
horizontal facing joints
(1)has horizontal joints
cervical region
What movements do the horizontal facing joints of the cervical regions allow for?
promote movements of flexion/extension (2)lateral flexion
NAME
these joints of the vertebral column promote movements of flexion/extension and lateral flexion
horizontal facing joints of the cervical region
What kind of movement can the thoracic region do?
frontal promotes rotation
NAME
this part of the vertebral column's frontal position promotes rotation
thoracic
The (1)joint of the cervical region allows for flexion/extension such as when nodding the head yes
altantoccipital joint
The altantoccipital joint of the cervical region allows for (1)movements
flexion/extension such as when nodding the head yes
The (1)joint of the cervical region allows for rotation such as when nodding "no"
Altantoaxial joint
The Altantoaxial joint of the cervical region allows for (1)movement
rotation such as when nodding the head "No"
What kind of movement can the lumbar region do? (2)
lateral flexion (2) flexion/extension
NAME
this region of the vertebral column promotes for lateral flexion and flexion/extension
lumbar region
(1)of the lumbar region is mainly due to the action of the abdominal muscles
flexion
Flexion of the lumbar region is mainly due to the (1)
action of the abdominal muscles
Tthe extension of the lumbar region is mainly due to the (1)
action of the ES muscles
The (1)of hte lumbar region is mainly due to the action of the ES muscles
extension
What does ES stand for?
erector spinae
What are (3)types of blood vessels?
(1)arteries (2)veins (3)capillaries
NAME
there are three types of these: arteries, veins, and capillaries
blood vessels
What are arterioles?
deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries
NAME
these blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries
arterioles
Capillaries form (1)
capillary beds
What do veins do?
return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from capillary beds
NAME
these return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from capillary beds
veins
What makes the large pulmonary veins different from other veins?
by they carry well-oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What are pulmonary veins do?
they carry well-oxygenateed blood from the lungs to the heart
NAME
these veins carry well-oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary veins
Which blood vessels are thinner, veins or arteries?
veins
Which blood vessels are thinner, veins or arteries?
veins
Why are the walls of the veins thinner than those of their companion arteries?
bc of the lower blood pressure in the venous system
Bc of the lower blood pressure, the walls of the (1)are thinner than those of their(2)
(1)veins (2)arteries
What are the smallest veins?
venules
What are the venules?
are the smallest veins that unite to form larger veins that usally form the venous plexuses
NAME
these are the smallest veins that unite to form the larger veins that usally form the venous plexuses
venules
Where are medium veins located?
are in limbs and other locations where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and have valves
NAME
these veins are found in the limbs and other locations where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and have valves
medium veins
What are valves?
these permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in the reverse direction
NAME
these permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in the reverse direction
valves
What are large veins?
have wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscles and a well-developed tunica adventitia
NAME
these veins have wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscles and a well developed tunica adventita
large veins
WHat are (2)large veins?
(1)SVC (2)IVC
Veins tend to be either (1)or (2)
double or multiple
What happens when walls of the veins lose thier elasticity?
they become weak and dilate under pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
When (1)happens,the veins become weak and dilate under pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
the walls of the veins lose thier elasticity
What can cause varicose veins?
when the veins lose thier elasticity
NAME
this is cuased by when veins lose thier elasticity
varicose veins
What are varicose veins?
are when veins become abnormally swollen, twisted veins
NAME
this is when the veins become abnormally swollen, twisted veins
varicose veins
Varicose veins are most often seen in the (1)
legs
(1)veins are most often seen in the legs
varicose
Varicose veins have (1)
incompetent valves
(1)veins have incompetent valves
varicose veins
Explain what it means that to the veins that varicose veins have incompetent valves?
(1)valves are responsible for permiting blood to flow toawrd the heart but not in the reverse direction (2)in varicose vein bc of thier incompetent valves, the column of blood ascending toward the heart is unbroken, placing increased pressure on the weakened walls of the veins and exacerabting their variscosities
What are capillary beds?
is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste produts, and other substances with the extracellular fluid occurs
NAME
this is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w the extracellular fluid occurs
capillary beds
What are capillaries?
are simple endothelial tubes connecting the artrial and venous sides of circulation
NAME
these are simple endothelial tubes connecting the artial and venous sides of circulation
capillaries
The blood flowing throught the capillary beds is brought to them by (1)and carried away from by (2)
(1)arterioles (2)venules
What forces blood through the capillary bed as oxygen, nutrients, and other cellular material are exchanged w the surrounding tissue?
hydrostatic pressure in the arterioles
Hydrostatic pressure in the arterioles forces (1)
blood through the capillary bed
arteriovenous anastomoses are also called (1)
AV shunts
(1)are also called the AV shunts
Arteriovenous anastomoses
What are AV shunts?
permit blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w passing through the capillaries
NAME
these permit blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w passing through the capillaries
AV shunts
(1)are numerous in the skin, where they have an important role in conserving body heat
AV shunts
AV shunts are numerous in the (1)where they have important roles in (2)
(1)skin (2)conserving body heat
NAME
this provides for the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma protiens to the bloodstream and for the removal of cellular debris and infection
lymphatic system
the lymphatic system collects surplus extracellular tissue fluid as (1)
lymph
What is lymph?
is surplus extracellular tissue fluid that is collected by the lymphatic system
NAME
this is surplus extracellular tissue fluid that is collected by the lympatic system
lymph
What does lymph usally look like?
is usally clear and watery and is similar in the compostion to blood plasma
NAME
this is usally clear and watery and is similar in the compostion to blood plasma
lymph
What does the lymphatic system consist of? (5)
(1)lymphatic plexuses (2)lymphatic vessels (3)lymph nodes (4)lymphocytes (5)lymphoid tissue
NAME
this consits of lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue
lymphatic system
What are lymphatic plexuses?
are networks of small lymphatic vessels
NAME
these are networks of small lmyphatic vessels
lymphatic plexuses
Lymphatic vessels are also called (1)
lymphatics
(1)these are also called lymphatics
lympathic vessels
What are lympathics?
are nearly bodywide netowrk of thin walled vessels w abundant valves
NAME
these are nearly bodywide network of thin walled vessels w abundant valves
lympathics
T or F
lymphatic vessls occur almost everywhere
true
What are lymph nodes?
they are small masses of lympathtic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system
NAME
these are small masses of lympathtic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system
lymph nodes
What are lymphocytes?
are circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
NAME
these are circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
lymphocytes
What is lymphoid tissue?
sites that produce lymphocytes
NAME
these are the sites that produce lymphocytes
lymphoid tissue
Where can you find lymphoid tissue?(5)
(1)walls of the digestive tract (2)spleen (3)thymus (4)lymph nodes (5)myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow
NAME
this is found in the walls of the digestive tract, the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow
lymphoid tissue
After tranversing one or more lymph nodes, the lymph enters the lymphatic vessels caled lymphatic trunks which unite to form either the (1)or (2)
(1)right lymphatic duct (2)thoracic duct
After tranversing one or more, lymph nodes, the lymph enters the lymphatic vessels called the (1)which unite to form either the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
lymphatic trunks
What is the right lymphatic duct?
drains the lymph from the body's right upper quadrant
NAME
this drains the lymph from the body's right upper quadrant
right lymphatic duct
What is thoracic duct?
drains lymph from the remainder of the body
NAME
this drains the lymph from the remainder of the body
thoracic duct
What is the right venous angle?
is where the right lymphatic duct ends
NAME
this is where the right lymphatic duct ends
right venous angle
What is chyle cistern?
is where the thoracic duct begins in the abdomen as sac
NAME
this is where the thoracic duct begins in the andomen as a sac
chyle cistern
What are some additional functions of the lymphatic system? (2)
(1)absorption and transport of dietary fat (2)formation of the defense mechanism for the body
NAME
its function include the absorption and transport of dietary fat and formation of the defense mechanism for the body
lymphatic system
What is lymphangitis?
is the secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels
NAME
this is the secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels
lymphangitis
What is the lymphadenitis?
refers to the secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
What is lymphadenitis?
refers to the secondary inflammation of the lymph nodes
NAME
this is the secondary inflammation of the lymph nodes
lymphadenitis
What is metastasis?
refers to the spread of something such as cancer cells
NAME
this refers to the spread of something such as cancer cells
metastasis
What is lymphedema?
is the accumulation of interstitial fluid
NAME
this is the accumulation of the interstitial fluid
lympedema
When can lymphagitis and lymphadentis occur? (2)
(1)metastasis of cancer cells (2)lymphedema
NAME (2)
this can occur bc of metastasis of the cancer cells and lymphedema
(1)lymphagitis and lymphadentis
NAME
this enables the body to react to continous changes in its external and internal environment
nervous system
What is the CNS?
the brain and the spinal cord
What does CNS stand for?
central nervous system
What is the PNS ?
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct implulses to or away from the CNS
NAME
this consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impluses to or away from the CNS
PNS
What are the (2)divisions of the nervous system?
(1)CNS (2)PNS
NAME
this has two main divisions: CNS and PNS
nervous system
What does PNS stand for?
peripheral nervous system
What does SNS stand for?
somatic nervous system
What does ANS stand for?
automatic nervous system
What is the Somatic nervous system?
is the voluntary nervous system which carries sensations from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles
NAME
this is the voluntary nervous system which carries sensations from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles
SNS
What is the ANS?
is the involuntary/visceral nervous system which supplies smooth muscle and viscera in the body cavities
NAME
this is the involuntary/visceral nervous system which supplies smooth muscle and viscera in the body cavities
ANS
What is the differ btwn the SNA and the ANS ? (2)
(1)SNS is the voluntary nervous system which carrries senstaions from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles (2)PNS is the involuntary nervous system which supplies smooth muscles andthe viscera in the body cavities
What are (2)main types of cells in the nervous system?
(1)neurons (2)neurogilia
NAME
this system consists of two main cells: neurons and neurogilia
nervous system
What are neurons?
are nerve cells
NAME
these are nerve cells
neurons
What are neuroglia?
non-neuronal , non-exictable glial cells
NAME
these are non-neuronal-non-exictiable glial cells
neuroglia
What is the differ btwn neurons and neurogila? (2)
(1)neurons-are nerve cells (2)neurogila- are non-neuronal-non-exictable glial cells
What are the structural and functional units of the nervous system?
neurons
What is the neuron composed of? (3)
(1)cell body (2)dendrites (3)axons
NAME
this is composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axons
neuron
What are dendrites?
are extensions of the cell body
NAME
these are extensions of the cell body
dendrites
What are axon?
they carry impulses to and away from the cell body
NAME
these carry impulses to and away from the cell body
axon
What is myelin?
are layers of lipid and protein substances that forms a myelin sheath around some axons
NAME
these are layers of lipid and protien substances that forms a myelin sheath around some axons
myelin
Neurons communicate w each other at (1)
synapses
(1)communicate w each other at synapses
neurons
What are synapses?
is where neurons communicate
NAME
this is where neurons commuincate
synapses
NAME
these are points of contact btwn neurons
snyapses
What are neurotransmitters?
are chemical agents released or secreted by neurons which may exicte or inhibit another neuron, continuing or terminating the relay of impulses or the response to them
NAME
these are chemical agents released or secreted by neurons which may exicte or inhibit another neuron, continuing or terminating the relay of impulses or the reponse to them
neurotransmitters
Which is more abundant, neurons or neuroglia?
neurogila
Neurogila are approximately (1)times as abundant as neurons
5 times
(1)are approx 5 times as abundant as (2)
(1)neurogila (2)neurons
What are the functions of the neuroglia ? (3)
support, (2)insulate,(3) and nourish the neurons
NAME
these support, insultae, and nourish neurons
neuroglia
What are the prinicple roles of the CNS? (2)
(1)to integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals (2)to carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning
NAME
the principle roles of this system are to integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and to carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning
CNS
What are nucleus?
are a collection of nerve cell bodies
NAME
this is a collection of nerve cell bodies
nucleus
What is a tract?
is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
NAME
this is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
tract
What is gray matter?
are nerve cell bodies w/in
NAME
these are nerve cell bodies that lie w/in
gray matter
What is white matter?
are the interconnecting fiber tract systems
NAME
these are the interconnecting fiber tract systems
white matter
The posterior horns are called the (1)
dorsal horns
the (1)are also called the dorsal horns
posterior horns
the anterior horns are also called the (1)
ventral horns
the (1)are also called the ventral horns
anterior
What are the (3)layers of the meninges?
(1)pia mater (2)arachnoid mater (3)dura mater
NAME
this has three layers: pia mater, arachnoid mater, and the dura mater
meninges
What protects the CNS? (2)
(1)meninges (2)CSF
What does CSF stand for?
cerebrospinal fluid
the meninges and CSF surround and protect the (1)
CNS
What is the pia mater?
is the innermost meningeal layer that covers the brain and spinal cord
NAME
this is the innermost meningeal layer that covers the brain and the spinal cord
pia mater
Where is the CSF located?
subarchnoid space
NAME
this is located in subarchnoid space
CSF
What is the epidural space?
is a fat filled space that separates the vertebral column from the dura mater
NAME
this is a fat filled space that separates the vertebral column from the dura mater
epdirual space
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of ?(2)
nerve fibers (2)nerve cell bodies
NAME
this is made up of the nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies
peripheral nervous system
What are peripheral nerves?
consist of bundles of nerve fibers, thier connective tissue coversing and blood vessles
NAME
this consists of bundles of nerve fibers, thier connective tissue covering and blood vessels
peripheral nerves
What does a peripheral nerve fiber consist of? (3)
(1)axon (2)neurolemma (3)endoneurium
NAME
this consists of the axon, neurolemma, and endoneurium
peripheral nerve fiber
What are neurolemma?
they surround the axons separating it from other axons
nAME
these surround the axons separating it from other axons
neurolemma
What are endoneurium?
is a connective tissue sheath
NAME
this is a connective tissue sheath
endoneurium
What are the (2) forms that neurolemma may take in the PNS?
(1)the neurolemma of myelinated fibers have a mylein sheath that consists of a continous series of neurolemma cells enwrapping an indiviudal axon forming myelin (2)the neurolemma of unmyelinated nerve fibers consist of multiple axons separately embedded w/in the cytoplasm of each neurolemma cell
NAME
in the PNS, these can take two forms: they can have myelinated fibers w a mylein sheath that consits of a continous series of (1)cells enwrapping an invidual axon forming a meylen or have unmyelinated fibers consisting of multiple axons separately embeded w/in the cytoplasm of each (1)cells
Neurolemma
Most fibers that have (1)or (2)are unmyelinated
cutaneous nerves or nerves that supply sensations to the skin
Most fibers that have cutaneous nerves or are nerves that supply sensations to the skin are (1)
unmyelinated
Why are peripheral nerves fairly strong and resilient ?
bc the nerve fibers are supported and protected by three connective tissue layers
Describe peripheral nerves
they are fairly strong and resilent
(1)nerves are fairly strong and resilent
peripheral
What are (3)connective tissue layers that protect and support peripheral nerves?
(1)endoneurium (2)perineurium (3)epineurium
NAME
these nerves are protected by three conective tissue layers: endomeurium, perineurium, and epineurium
peripheral nerves
What are ganglion?
is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
NAME
this is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
What are (2)different types of ganglion?
(1)motor (2)sensory ganglia
A (1)nerve is much like a telephone cable
peripheral
A peripheral nerve is much like a (1)
telephone cable
What happens when the CNS is damaged?
the injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
When the (1), is injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
CNS
What happens when peripheral nerves are crushed or injured? (2)
thier axons degenerate distal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for surivival (2)however, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
When (1)nerves are crushed or injured, their axons degenerate disal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival. However, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
peripheral nerves
Why do peripheral nerves when crushed or injured degenerate distal to the lesion ?
bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival
T or F
surgical repair is needed for crushed or injured nerves
false
IS surgical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
no
Why is no sugrical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
bc the intact connective tissue sheaths guide the growing axons to thier desitinations
When is the only time that surgical repair is need if peripheral nerves are crushed or injurted?
if the nerve is cut
What happens to the nerves when the CNS is damaged? (2)
(1)thier proximal stumps begin to regenerate (2)However, growth is blocked by astrocytes proliferation at the site of injury
What kind of peripheral nerves are there? (2)
(1)cranial (2)spinal
NAME
there are two kinds of this type of nerve: cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nerves
What does CN stand for?
cranial nerves
How many CN are there?
12
There are (1)CN
12
What happens when the CNS is damaged?
the injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
When the (1), is injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
CNS
What happens when peripheral nerves are crushed or injured? (2)
thier axons degenerate distal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for surivival (2)however, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
When (1)nerves are crushed or injured, their axons degenerate disal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival. However, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
peripheral nerves
Why do peripheral nerves when crushed or injured degenerate distal to the lesion ?
bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival
T or F
surgical repair is needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves
false
IS surgical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
no
Why is no sugrical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
bc the intact connective tissue sheaths guide the growing axons to thier desitinations
When is the only time that surgical repair is need if peripheral nerves are crushed or injurted?
if the nerve is cut
What happens to the nerves when the CNS is damaged? (2)
(1)thier proximal stumps begin to regenerate (2)However, growth is blocked by astrocytes proliferation at the site of injury
What kind of peripheral nerves are there? (2)
(1)cranial (2)spinal
NAME
there are two kinds of this type of nerve: cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nerves
What does CN stand for?
cranial nerves
How many CN are there?
12
There are (1)CN
12
of the 12 cranial nerves, 11 arise from (1)and 12th pair arises mostly from the (1)
(1)brain (2)superior part of the spinal cord
Of the 12 cranial nerves, (1)arise from the brain and the (2)arises mostly superior part of the spinal cord
(1)11 (2)12th pair
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
There are (1)pairs of spinal nerves
31
There are 31 pairs of (1)nerves
31
There are 12 pairs of (1)nerves
cranial
What are the various types of 31 pairs of spinal nerves
(1)8 C (2)12 T (3) 5 L (4)5 S (5) 1 Co
NAME
there 8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, and 1 Co
spinal nerves
Where do all spinal nerves arise from?
spinal cord
NAME
all of these nerves arise from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
Where do all spinal nerves exit through?
the inteveretbral foramina in the vertebral column
NAME
all of these nerves exit through the inteveretbral foramina in the vertebral column
spinal nerves
Where do all cranial nerves exit from?
foramina in the cranium
NAME
all of these nerves exit from the foramina in the cranium
cranial nerves
What does C stand for?
cervical
What does T stand for?
thoracic
What does L stand for?
lumbar
What does S stand for?
Sacral
What does Co stand for?
coccygeal
What does the somatic nervous system do?
provides general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscles, and glands
NAME
this system provides general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscles, and glands
somatic nervous system
What are the only parts does somatic nervous system not provide general sensory and motor innervation? (3)
(1)viscera in the body cavities (2)smooth muscle (3)glands
What are somatic motor fibers?
permit voluntary and reflexive movement by causing contraction of skeletal muscles
NAME
these fibers permit voluntary and reflexive movement by causing contraction of skeletal muscles
somatic motor fibers
efferent can also be called (1)
motor
(1)can also called motor
efferent
afferent also called (1)
sensory
(1)are also called sensory
afferent
Visceral efferent fibers of the (1)are accompanied by visceral afferent fibers
autonomic nervous system
What are visceral efferent fibers?
they innervate smooth muscles, modified cardiac muscle, and glands
NAME
these fibers innervate smooth muscle, modified cardiac muscle and glands
visceral efferent fibers
are we usally aware of the sensory input of visceral afferent fibers?
no
What are visceral afferent fibers?
conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function
NAME
these fiber conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function
visceral afferent fibers
What do visceral reflexes do?
regulate blood pressure and chemistry by altering such functions as heart and respirtary rates and vascular resistance
NAME
regulate blood pressure and chemistry by altering such funcions as heart and respirtary rates and vascular resistance
visceral relfexes
What is poorly localized pain?
is visceral sensation that reaches a conscious level
NAME
this is visceral sensation that reaches a conscious level
poorly locailized pain
T or F
poorly localized pain may be percieved for hunger or nausea
true
Poorly locailzed pain may be percieved for (1)or (2)
hunger or nausea
(1)may be pecieved for hunger or nausea
poorly localized pain
What are the (2)divisions of the ANS?
(1)sympathic division (2)parasympathic nervous system
NAME
this is divided into 2 systems: sympathic and parasymphatic
ANS
The sympathic nervous system can also be called (1)
thoracolumbar division
The (1)can also be called the thoracolumbar division
sympathic nervous system
The parasympathic nervous system is aslo called (1)
craniosacral
The (1)can also be called craniosacral nervous system
parasymphatic nervous system
What is the symphatic nervous system?
is responisble for preparing the body to "flight or fight"
NAME
this system is responsible for preparing the body to "flight to fight"
sympathic nervous system
What is the parasympathic nervous system?
is responisble for promoting normal function and conserving energy
nAME
this system is responsble for promoting normal function and conserving energy
parasympathic nervous system
The effects of the sympathic nervous system are (1)
catabolic
the effects of the (1)nervous system are catabolic
sympathetic
The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system are (1)
anabolic
The effects of the (1)are anabolic
parasympathetic
the (1)neuron is also called the preganglionic neuron
presynaptic
the presynaptic neuron is also called the (1)
preganglionic neuron
The postsynaptic neuron is also called the (1)
postganglionic neuron
the (1)is also called the postganglionic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
What is the presynaptic neuron?
is located in the gray matter of the CNS
NAME
this neuron is located in the gray matter of the CNS
presynaptic neuron
NAME
this neuron is located in the automic ganglia outside the CNS
postsynaptic neuron
What are postsynpatic neuron?
is located in the automic ganglia outside the CNS
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division liberates?
nonepinephrine
NAME
this system liberates nonepinephrine
sympathetic division
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathic liberate?
acetlycholine
NAME
this nervous system liberates acetlycholine
parasympathic nervous system
A typical spinal nerve arises from the spinal cord by (1)
nerve rootlets
A typical (1)arises from the spinal cord by nerve rootlets
spinal nerve
A typical spinal nerve arises from the (1)
spinal cord
The nerve rootlets converge to form (1)and (2)
anterior root (2)posterior root
The (1)converge to form the anterior root and posterior root
nerve rootlets
The posterior root can also be called the(1)
dorsal root
the (1)can also be called the dorsal rot
posterior root
The anterior root can also be called the (1)
ventral root
The (1)can also be called ventral root
anterior root
What is the dorsal root?
consists of sensory fibers
NAME
this contains the sensory fibers
dorsal root
What are sensory fibers?
convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and from the sensory receptors in various parts of the body
NAME
these convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and from the sensory receptors in various parts of the body
sensory fibers
The anterior and the posterior roots unite at the intervertebral foramen to form a (1)
spinal nerve
What is the spinal nerve?
is at the intervertebral foramen where the posterior and anterior roots unite
NAME
this is where the posterior and anterior root unite at the intervertebral forament
spinal nerve
The spinal nerve divides into the (1)and (2)
posterior rami (2)anterior rami
What are the (2)divisions of the spinal nerve?
(1)posterior rami (2)anterior rami
What is the posterior rami?
supplies nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overlying skin
NAME
supplies nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overyling skin
posterior rami
What is anterior rami?
supplies nerve fibers to the mcuh larger remaining areas consisting of the anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs arising from them
NAME
this supplies nerve fibers to the much larger remaining areas consisting of the anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and lower limbs arising from them
anterior rami
What are the components of a typical spinal nerve? (4)
(1)somatic sensory fibers and motor fibers (2)visceral sensory fibers and motor fibers (3)connective tissue covering (4)vasa nervorum
NAME
this is made up of 4 components: somatic sensory fibers and motor fibers, visceral sensory fibers and motor fibers, connective tissue coverings, and vasa nervorm
spinal nerves
General sensory fibrs are also called (1)
general somatic afferent
(1)are also called general somatic afferent
general sensory fibers
What are general sensory fibers?
transmit sensations from the body to the CNS
NAME
these transmit sensatons from the body to the CNS
sensory fibers
What is the deramatome?
is a unilateral area of the skin that is inverted by the generaly sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
NAME
this is a unilateral area of the skin that is inverted by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
deramatome
Somatic motor fibers are also called (1)
general somatic efferent fibers
(1)are also called general somatic efferent fibers
somatic motor fibers
What is a myotome?
is the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
NAME
this is the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
myotome
Each skeletal muscle is usally innerveted by the (1)of several spinal nerves
somatic motor fibers
What are the somatic motor fibers?
they transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
NAME
these fibers transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
somatic motor fibers
Visceral motor fibers are also called (1)
general visceral efferent fibers
(1)are also called genearl visceral efferent fibers
visceral motor fibers
What are visceral sensory fibers?
transmit pain or subcunscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands, and blood vessels to the CNS
NAME
these transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands, and blood vessels to the CNS
visceral sensory fibers
What are visceral motor fibers?
transmit impulses to involuntary muscle and gladular tissues
NAME
these fibers trasmit impulses to involuntary muscle and glandular tissues
visceral motor fibers
What does IMLs stand for?
intermediolateral columns
What aer IMLs?
are the nuclei of the spinal cord
NAME
these are the nuclei of the spinal cord
IMLs
Where are the cell bodies of the presynpatic neurons of the sympathic division of the ANS located?
IMLs
The (1)of the sympathic division of the ANS are located in IMLs
cell bodies
IMLs appear as small (1)of the gray matter
lateral horns
(1)appear as small lateral horns of gray matter
IMLs
IMLs appear as small lateral horns of the (1)
gray matter
What are (2)forms of cell bodies of the postsynaptic neurons of the sympathic nervous system?
(1)the paravertebral ganglia (2)prevertebral ganglia
NAME
this has two forms; the paravertebral gangila and prevertebral ganglia
cell bodies of the postsynaptic neurons of the sympathic nervous system
What is the paravertebral ganglia?
are linked to form right and left sympathetic trunks of each side of the vertebral column that extend essentially the length of this column
NAME
these are linked to form right and lefy sympathic trunks of each side of the vertebral column that extend essentially the length of the column
paravertebral ganglia
What is the prevertebral ganglia?
are in the plexuses that surround the orgin of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
NAME
these are in the plexuses that surround the orgin of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
prevertebral ganglia
What is the celiac ganglia?
surround the orgin of the celiac trunk
NAME
this surrounds the orgin of the celiac trunk
celiac ganglia
All presynaptic fibers leave the anterior rami of the spinal nerves and pass to the (1)through the (2)
(1)sympathetic trunks (2)white rami commuincantes
All (1)fibers leave the anterior rami of the spinal nerves and pass to the sympathetic trunks through the white rami communicates
presynaptic fibers
What are (4) possible ways that presynaptic fibers can follow when they enter the sympathetic trunks?
(1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synpase w a postsynaptic neuron of higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk or synapse w postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immediately w a postsynaptic neuron of paravertebral ganglion a that level (4)pass through the sympathic trunk w synapsing continuoning on throught an abdominopelvic splanchinic nerve tp reach the prevertebral ganglia
NAME
these can follow (4)possible ways when they enter this: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synpase w a postsynaptic neuron of higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk or synapse w postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immediately w a postsynaptic neuron of paravertebral ganglion a that level (4)pass through the sympathic trunk w synapsing continuoning on throught an abdominopelvic splanchinic nerve tp reach the prevertebral ganglia
when presynaptic fibers enter the sympathetic trunk
What are presynaptic sympathetic fibers?
provide autonomic innervation w the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity
NAME
these provide autonomic innervation w the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity
presynaptic sympathetic fibers
What path do presynaptic sympathetic fibers take?
they can either take paths 1-3: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to syanpse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immeditately w a postsynaptic neuron of the paravertebral ganglion a that level
NAME
these fibers can take one of the three paths: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to syanpse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immeditately w a postsynaptic neuron of the paravertebral ganglion a that level
presynaptic sympathetic fibers
Describe the path of postsynaptic sympathetic fibers (3)
they are destined for distrubution w/in the neck, body walls, and limbs passing from the paravertebral ganglia of sympathtic trunks to anterior rami of spinal nerves through gray rami cmmunicantes (2)they then enter all branches of the 31 spinal nerves

(3)they then pass the superior cervical ganglion by means of a cephalic arterial branch to form the preiarterial plexuses to eventually reach their distenation the head
What are the postsynpatic sympathetic fibers?
stimulate contraction of blood vessels, and the arrector muscles of hair (resulting in goose bumps), and to cause sweating
NAME
these fibers stimulate contractions of blood vessels, and the arrector muscles of the hair (resulting in gooose bumps), and to cause sweating
postsynpatic sympathetic fibers
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers are destined distrubtion w in the (1)passing from the (2)of the (3)to the (4)to (5). By this means they enter all (6)
(1)neck, body walls, and limbs (2)paravertebral ganglia (3)sympathtic trunks (4)anterior rami of the spinal nerves (5)31 spinal nerves
(1)fibers greatly outnumber (2)fibers
(1)postsynaptic sympathetic (2)presynaptic sympathetic
Which are there more of, postsynaptic sympathetic or presynaptic sympathetic fibers?
postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
What is vasomotion?
contraction of blood vessels
NAME
this is contraction of blood vessels
vasomotion
After postsynaptic sympathetic fibers enter the all branches of the 31 spinal nerves, they pass from the(1)by means of a (2)to form the (3)
(1)superior cervial ganglion (2)cephalic arterial branch (3)preiarterail plexuses
What is the superior cervical ganglion?
the superior end of the trunk
NAME
this is the superior end of the trunk
superior cerivcal ganglion
What are splanchnic nerves?
convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities
NAME
these convery visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities
splanchnic nerves
Post synaptic fibers destined for the viscera of the thoracic cavity (the heart lungs, and espohagus pass through the (1)enter the cardiacm, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
(1)destined for (2)pass through the cardiopulmonary nerves to the enter the cardiacm, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
postsynaptic fibers (2)viscea of the thoracic cavity (the heart, lungs, and esphogaus)
Post synaptic fibers destined for the viscera of the thoracic cavity (the heart, lungs, and esophogus) pass through the cardiopulmonary nerves to enter the (1)
cardiam, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscara of the abdominopelvic cavity pass to the (1)through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
prevertebral ganglia
(1)involved in the innervation of the (2)pass to the prevertebral ganglia through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscara of the abdominopelvic cavity pass to the prevertebral ganglia through the (1)
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
T or F
postsynaptic fibers are components of virtually all branches of all spinal nerves
true
T or F
the sympathic nervous system reaches all parts of the body w rare exception of avascular tissue such as cartilage and nails
true
The (1)reaches all parts of the body w rare exception of avascular tissue such as cartilage and nails
sympathic
Presynaptic fibers are (1)
short
What is the differ btwn presynaptic fibers and postsynaptic fibers?
(1)presynaptic fibers are short (2)postsynaptic fibers are long
Why are postsynaptic fibers long?
bc they have to extend to all parts ofthe body
presynaptic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in (1)w in the CNS and thier fibers exit in (2)
(1)2 sites (2)2 routes
What is the cranial parasympathetic outflow?
occurs in the gray matter of the brainstem, the fibers exit the CNS w/in CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X
NAME
this outflow occurs in the gray matter of the brain stem. The fibers exit the CNS w/in CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X
cranial parasympathetic outflow
What is the sacral parsympathetic outflow?
occurs in the gray matter of the sacral segments of the spinal cord, the fibers exit the CNS through the anterior roots of spinal nerves S2-S4 and the pevlic splanchnic nerves that arise from the anterior rami
NAME
this outflow occur in the gray matter of the sacral segments of the spinal cord. the fibers exit the CNS through the anterior roots of the spinal nerves S2-S4 and the plevic splanchnic nerves that arise from the anterior rami
sacral parasympathetic outflow
Cranial outflow through the (1)is dominant
vagnus nerve or CN X
Cranial outflow through the vagnus nerve CN X is (1)
dominont
(1)this system is much more restriced in its disturbution than the (2)system
(1)parasympathtic (2)sympathtic
Which system is more restricted in its distrubtion, the parasympathic or sympathitc system?
parasympathitic
How is the parasympathic system more more restricted?
by it delivers only to the head, visceral cavities of the trunk, and erectile tissues of external genitalia
NAME
this system is more restricted by by it delivers only to the head, visceral cavities of the trunk, and erectile tissues of external genitalia
parasympathic system
What does CT stand for?
computerized tomography
What does US stand for?
ultrasonography
What does MRI stand for?
magentic resonance imaging
What does PET stand for?
positron emission tomography
What is the conventional radiography?
is when a highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the pateint showing tissues of differing densities of mass w/in body as images of different densities of light and dark on X-ray film
NAME
this is when is when a highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the pateint showing tissues of differing densities of mass w/in body as images of different densities of light and dark on X-ray film
conventional radiography
What is Ultrasonography?
is a technique that allows visualization of superifical or deep structures in the body by recording pulses of ultrasonic waves reflecting off the tissues
NAME
this is a technique that allows visualization of superifical or deep structures in the body by recording pulses of ultrasonic waves reflecting off the tissues
ultrasonography
What is MRI?
shows images of body similar to those produced by the CT but they are better for tissue differentiation
NAME
this shows images of body similar to those produced by the CT but they are better for tissue differentiation
MRI
What are PET ?
is scanning that uses cylclotron-produced istopes of extermely short half-life that emit positrons
NAME
this is scanning that uses cylclotron-produced istopes of extermely short half-life that emit positrons
PET
NAME
this is composed of vertebrae
vertebral column
What supporst the vertebral column? (2)
(1)ligaments and muscles
NAME
this is suppored by ligaments and muscles
vertebral column
What are the (3) curvatures of the vertebral column>
(1)cervical (2)throacic (3)lumbar
NAME
this has three curvatures: cervical, throacic, and lumbar
vertebral column
What does the cervical curvature do?
help balance skull on vertebral column
NAME
this helps to belance the skull on the vertbral column
cervial curvature
When does the lumbar cervature develop?
when the child learns to stand upright
NAME
this is curvature develops when the child learns to stand upright
lumbar cervature
NAME
this curvature is correlatyed w the activity of the psoas muscle
lumbar curvature
The lumbar curvature is correlated w the activity of the (1)
pasoas muscle
NAME
this is 5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
NAME
this has 4 pairs of foramina (anteriorly and posteriorly)
sacrum
How many pairs of foramina does the sacrum have?
4 (anteriorly and posteriorly
The sacrum has 4 pairs of (1)
foramina (anteriorly and posteriorly
What if the parts of the first sacral vertebra?
(1)the base (2)sacral promontory
What is the base of the scarum?
is like a base of a triangle
What is sacral promonotory?
is the anterior projecting edge of S1
NAME
this is the anterior projecting edge of S1
sacral promontory
NAME
this has (2)parts: the base and the sacral promontory
the first sacral vertbera
What is the median sacral crest? (2)
is located posteriorly and would have been the spinous process (2)contrubutes to the lumbosacral angle
NAME
this is located posteriorly and would have been the spinous process. It also contrubtes to the lumbosacral angle
sacral crest
What is Sacral Cornu?
is the inferior articular process of S5
NAME
this is the inferior articular process of S5
sacral Cornu
What is lumbarization?
refers to how the S1 sgement is mobile and acts like a 6 th lumbar vertebrae
NAME
this refers to how S1 segement is mobile and acts like a 6th lumbar vertebrae
lumbarization
What is sacralization?
refers to how the 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses w the 1st sacral vertebrae and becomes immoble and part of the sacrum
Sacralization is when the (1)vertebrae fuses w the (2)and becomes immoble and part of the (3)
(1)5th lumbar (2)1st sacral vertebrae (3)sacrum
Sacralization is when the 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses w the 1st sacral vertebrea and becomes (1)and part of the sacrum
immoble
Lumbarzation is when the (1)segment is moble and acts like the 6th lumbar vertebrae
S1
Lumbarization is when the S1 segment is(1)and acts like the (2)
(1)moble (2)6th lumbar vertebrae
NAME
this usally 4 fused vertebrae
coccyx
NAME
this is usally 4 fused vertebrae
coccyx
How do u id the first 1 coyygeal vertbrae?
the first has the corunu of the coccyx
NAME
you can id this bc it has the cornu of the coccyx
1 coyygeal
What regions of the cervical region are palpable?
C2 and C7
C2 and C7 are (1)
palpable
The spinous process of the (1)vertebrae point downward
thoracic
The (1)of the thoracic vertebrae point downward
spinous process
The spinous process of the throacic vertebrae (1)
point downward
what is unique about the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
they point downward
NAME
you palpable this region when the back is flexed
thoracic
WHen you can paplable this region?
when the back is flexed
The (1)can be viewed at the level of T4
spine
When can the spine be viewed?
at T4
Where is the inferior anle located?
T9
NAME
this is ocated at T9
inferior angle
In the lumbar region, what do the spines do?
they are short, thick and point posteriorly
NAME
the spines of this region are short, thick, and point posteriorly
lumbar region
Where is the iliac crest of the lumbar region?
L4
NAME
this is located at L4
the illac crest
Where is the iliac tubercles located?
at L5
NAME
this is located at L5
iliac tubercles
What does ASIS stand for?
anterior superior iliac spines
Describe the ASIS of the sacral region?
(1)is aligned w each other in the horizontal plane (2)are aligned w the pubic symphysis in the vertical plane
NAME
these are aligned w each other in the horizontal plane and are algined w the pubic symphis in the vertical plane
ASIS
What do the dimples indicate?
sacroilliac joint at level of S2
NAME
these indicate sacroilliac joint at level S2
dimples
What is the signifances of proper alignment and posture? (2)
(1)proper alignment enables the back to carry out its weight bearing functions w minimial expenditure of muscle energy (2)reduces the change of injury
NAME
this enables the back to carry out its weight bearing functions w minimal expenditure of muscle energy and reduces the change of injury
proper alignment and posture
What does poor posture or poor alignment do to the back?
it places undue strain on ligaments, muscles, and IV dics that may result in these structures
NAME
this places undue strain on ligaments, muscles, and IV dics of the back that may result in these structures
poor posture or poor alignment
Exaplain the parts that a straight longitudinal line should pass through of the back?
(1)the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines--passing half way though the dimples on each side and the intergluteal fold
Exaplain the parts that a straight longitudinal line should pass through of the back?
(1)the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines--passing half way though the dimples on each side and the intergluteal fold
(1)form the superior border of the scapula
perpendicular lines
Perpendicular lines form the (1)
superior border of the scapula
What does the neutral postition of the pelvic alignment depend on? (3)
the interaction btwn opposing muscle groups
(1)ASIS and pubic tubercles aligned in the vertebral plane (2)ASIS on both sides aligned in the horizontal plan (3)ilialc crests are even
What does the neutral postition depend on? (3)
the interaction btwn opposing muscle groups
(1)ASIS and pubic tubercles aligned in the vertebral plane (2)ASIS on both sides aligned in the horizontal plan (3)ilialc crests are even
What are (3)types of injuries of the Lumbosacral spine?
(1)mechniacl (2)spinal cord trauma (3)herniated IV discs
NAME
these include mechnical, spinal cord trauma, and herniated IV discs
injuries of the lumbosacral spine
What are mechnical injuries of the lumbosacral spine?
is the absence of radiating pain
NAME
this injury of the lumbosacral spine: is the absence of radiating pain
mechnical injuries
What are some components of sacroiliac joints?
the auricular surface of the alar of the sacrum articulates w auricular surface of ilia
NAME
the auricular surface of the alar of the sacrum articulates w auricular surface of the ilia
sacroiliac joints
What type of joint are sacroilliac joints?
synovial
What are some properties of sacrolliac joints? (2)
(1)slight mobility (2)weight bearing
NAME
this joint is a snyovial joint, has slight moility and can be used for weight bearing
sarcolliac joint
What is the ligament of the scroilliac joint?
sacrloiliac
What are the differ sacroliac ligaments?
(1)ventral (2)dorsal (3)interosseous (4)liolumbar
NAME
there are (4)different types of this ligament: ventral, dorsal, interosseous, and liolumbar
sacroliac ligament
What does the sacroiliac ligament do?
stabilizes the sacroiliac joint
NAME
this ligament stabilzes the sacroiliac joint
sacroiliac ligament
What does the iliolumbar liagment do?
is responisble for entrapment of the L5 nerve root
NAME
this ligament is responsible for the entrapment of the L5 nerve root
iliolumbar
What is the movement of the sacroiliac joint like? (3)
(1)very slight normally (2) allows for anterior movement of sacral promontory following trunk flexion and increses size of pelvic outlet (3)allows for posterior movement of sacral promonotory following trunk extension and increases size of pelvic inlet
NAME
This joint allows for very slight normally movemnt, anterior movement of sacral promontory following trunk flexion and increases the size of the pelvic outlet, and allows for posterior movements of the sacral promontory following trunk extension and increases in size of pelvic inlet
sacroiliac joint
The movement of the (1)joint increases during pregrancy
sacroliliac joint
The movement of the sacroiliac joint increases during (1)
pregrancy
What are some examples of mechanical injutires of the lumbosacrai spine? (2)
(1)lumbosacral strain (2)inflammation
Inflammation and lumbosacral pain can be classifed as (1)
mechanical injuries of the lumbosacral spine
What are some symptoms of lumbosacaral strain? (4)
(1)inovles muscles and/or ligaments (2)localized pain which usally does not radiate (3)the pain is exacerabted by some movements such as flexion lessened by others, point tenderness, and patient lists to affected side (4)increased lumbar lordsis (5)Striaght leg raise is negative
NAME
the symptoms of this involves muscles and/or ligaments, localized pain which usally does not radiate, the pain is exacerabted by some movements such as flexion lessened by other, point, tendenress and patient lists to be affected side, increased lumbar lordsis, and striaght leg raise
lumbosacral strain
What is lumbosacral strain?
is low back pain
NAME
this is low back pain
lumbosacral strain
What is Ankylosing spondyltitis?
is the inflammation of articular processes
NAME
this is the inflammation of articular processes
Anklosing spondylitis
What are the symptoms of Ankylosing spondylitis? (4)
(1)constant pain unaffected by postion (2)loss of lumbar lordosis (3)reduction in range of all motions (4)point tenderness
NAME
the symptoms of this include constant pain unaffected by postion, loss of lumbar lordosis, reduction in range of all motions, and point tenderness
Ankylosing spondyltisis
What does spinal cord trauma result from?
fracture of 1 or more vertebrae
NAME
this results from the fracture of 1 or more vertebrae
spinal cord trauma
What are the symptoms of spinal cord trauma in the cervical region?
(1)can cause death or tetraplegia
NAME
fracture in this area of the spinal cord can cause death or tetrapelegia
cervical region
What are the symptoms of a fracture in the thoracic region?
lower limb paraplegia
NAME
fracture in this area of the spinal cord will result in lower limb paraplegia
throacic
What are the symptoms of a fracture in the lumbar region of the spinal cord?
loss of lower limb function w total paraplegia
NAME
the symptoms of a fracture in this area of the spinal cord are loss of lower limbs function w total paraplegia
lumbar
What are some causes of herniated IV discs? (3)
(1)bulging of disc (2)herniation of the nucleus pulposus (3)a piece of disc breaks free
NAME
this can be caused by bulging of a disc, herniation of the nucleus pulpsosus, or a peixe of the disc breaks free
herniated IV discs
What can cause a bulging IV disc?
if the annulus weakens and the nulceus causes a portion of the disc to bulge
What can cause herniation of the nucleus pulposus?
(1)annulus degenerates leading to the protrusion of nucleus (2)posterior lateral protrusion of the nucleus
NAME
this can be caused by the annulus degenerates leading to the protrusion of the nucleus or the posterior lateral protrusion of the nucleus
herniation of the nucleus pulposus
What are some factors that contribute to people geting herniated IV discs? (2)
(1)moveable regions meet stable regions (2)Age (can cause degeneration of the annulus nucleus
What are neurological tests for herniated discs? (3)
(1)sensation (2)muscle weakness (3)postive striaght leg test
How do you use the sensation to test to tell if someone has a herniated IV disc?
pain felt along inolved dermatomes
How do you use the muscle weakness test to tell if someone has a herniated IV disc?
weakness in muscles supplied by affected spinal nerve
What is the motor involvement of spinal cord lesions of the C-2 like?
the are (1)tetraplegia (2)can not breath unassisted
What is the sensory involvement like for people with spinal cord lesions in the C2 region?
they have no sensations below the upper region of the neck
What are the motor reflexes like for people with spinal cord lesions in the C2 regions?
they have none
What are the motor involvement for people with spinal cord lesion in the C-6 region? (4)
(1)shoulder function (2)elbow flexion (3)wrist extension in intact (4)no lower limb function
NAME
people with spinal cord lesions in this area motor invovlement include shoulder function, elbow flexion, wrist extension in intact, and no lower limb function
C6
NAME
the motor involvement for people w spinal lesions in this area are tetraplegia and can not breath unassisted
C2
NAME
the sensory involvement for people w spinal lesions in this area have no sensations below the upper region of the neck
C2
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area have no motor reflexes
C-2
What are sensory invovlement for people like w sesnory regions in the C-6 region?
the neck, posterior lateral arm, and radial forarm are unaffected
NAME
the sesnory invovelemt of people w spinal lesions in this area have neck, posterior lateral arm, and radial forarm are unaffected
C6
NAME
people with spinal lesions in this area have motor reflexes in thier biceps, and brachioradialis
C6
What are the motor reflexes like for people w spinal cord lesions in the C-6 region?
the have have reflexes in the biceps, and brachioradialis
What is the motor involvement for people w spinal cord lesions in the thoracic spinal cord region like? (2)
they have complete use of their neck, and upper body (2)lower limb paraplegia
What is the sensory invovlement for people with spinal lesions in the thoracic region like?
(1)their neck and upper limbs are still intact (2)lower limb anesthesia (3)the thorax and abdomen depends on the level injured
What are the motor reflexes like for people with spinal lesions in the thoracic region like?
(1)biceps (2)brachioradilias (3)tricpes
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area, have motor inovlement w complete use of thier neck and upper limb and are lower limb paraplegia
Thoracic region
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area, have sensory invovlement w thier neck and upper intact, lower limb anesthesia, and thorax and abdomen depends on the level injured
thoracic
NAME
people w spinal lesions in thia area, have motor reflexes in the biceps, brachioradialis, and triceps
thoracic region
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
All Sports Entertain Me

A=afferent
S=sensory
E=efferent
M=motor
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
All Sports Entertain Me

A=afferent
S=sensory
E=efferent
M=motor
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
All Sports Entertain Me

A=afferent
S=sensory
E=efferent
M=motor
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
Dogs Stand Around Men

D= dorsal root
S= sensory
A= anterior root
M= motor
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
Dogs Stand Around Men

D= dorsal root
S= sensory
A= anterior root
M= motor
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
Dogs Stand Around Men

D= dorsal root
S= sensory
A= anterior root
M= motor
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints w defs
see notes
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
see notes
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
see notes
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
see notes
Draw a diagram of the different muscle contractions skeletal muscles can undergo
See notes
Draw a diagram of the different muscle contraction skeletal muscles can undergo
see notes
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
see notes
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
see notes
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
see notes
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym

E=endoymysium
M=muscle
F=fiber
P=permysium
f=fibers (group of)
e=epmysium
e=entire
m=muscle
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym

E=endoymysium
M=muscle
F=fiber
P=permysium
f=fibers (group of)
e=epmysium
e=entire
m=muscle
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym

E=endoymysium
M=muscle
F=fiber
P=permysium
f=fibers (group of)
e=epmysium
e=entire
m=muscle
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym

E=endoymysium
M=muscle
F=fiber
P=permysium
f=fibers (group of)
e=epmysium
e=entire
m=muscle
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym

E=endoymysium
M=muscle
F=fiber
P=permysium
f=fibers (group of)
e=epmysium
e=entire
m=muscle