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1857 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Draw table of how the body's cavities are divided up
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see notes
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What are the (2)major division of the body cavites?
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(1)ventral body cavity
(2)dorsal body cavity |
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NAME
this has two cavties: ventral body and dorsal body cavity |
body cavities
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What separates the thoraic cavity and the abdominopelivic cavity?
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the diaphragm
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the diaphragm separates these two cavities (2)
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(1)thoracic cavity (2)abdominopelvic cavity
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What are the (2)different divisions of the ventral body cavity?
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(1)thoracic (2)abdominopelvic cavity
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NAME
this has two divisions: the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
ventral body cavity
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What are the different subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? (3)
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(1)right pleural cavity (2)mediastinum (3)left plerual cavity
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NAME
this has three subdivisions: right pleural cavity, mediastinum, and left plerual cavity |
thoarcic cavity
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NAME
this also contains the pericardial cavity |
mediastinum
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The mediastinum also contains the (1)
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pericardial cavity
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The (1)also contains the pericardial cavity
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mediastinum
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The (1) is also called the coelom
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ventral body cavity
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The ventral body cavity is also called the (1)
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coelom
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What are the functions of the ventral body cavity? (3)
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it provides protection (2) allows organ movement (3) it's lining prevents friction
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NAME
this provides protection, allows for organ movement, and its lining prevents friction |
ventral body cavity
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What is the thoracic cavity?
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it is surrounded by the chest wall and the diaphragm
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NAME
this is surrounded by the chest wall and the diaphragm |
thoracic cavity
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What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
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contains the peritioneal cavity
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NAME
this contains the peritioneal cavity |
abdominopelivic cavity
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What is the differ btwn the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity?
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(1)thoracic cavity surrounds the chest wall and diaphragm (2)contains the pertioneal cavity
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What are the (2) divisions of the dorsal body cavity?
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(1)cranial (2)spinal cavity
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NAME
this has two divisions: the cranial and the spinal cavity |
dorsal body cavity
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What are the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity? (2)
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(1)abdominal cavity (2)pelivic cavity
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NAME
this has two divisions: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
abdominopelvic cavity
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What is the right pleural cavity?
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surrounds the right lung
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NAME
this surrounds the right lung |
right pleural cavity
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What is the mediastinum?
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contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
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NAME
this contains the trachea, esophagus and major vessels |
mediastinum
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What is the left pleural cavity?
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surrounds the left lung
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NAME
this surrounds the left lung |
pleural cavity
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What is the differ btwn the right pleural cavity and the left pleural cavity?
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(1)the right pleural cavity surrounds the right lung
(2)the left pleural cavity surrounds the left lung |
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What is the pericardial cavity?
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surrounds the heart
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NAME
this surrounds the heart |
pericardial cavity
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What is the dorsal body cavity?
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cushions and protects the CNS
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NAME
this cushions and protects the CNS |
dorsal body cavity
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NAME
this contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem |
cranial cavity
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The dorsal is usally (1)
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posterior
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The (1)is usall posterior
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dorsal
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The ventral is usally (1)
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anterior
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The (1)is usally anterior
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ventral
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T or F
This applies for all parts of the body, dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior |
false
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What is the only exception for the saying that dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior?
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from the head up
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From the (1)down, dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior
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head
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What is the cranial cavity?
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contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem
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NAME
this contains the brain, cerebellum and brain stem |
cranial cavity
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Work on the packet of pictures
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see back for answers
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What is the spinal cavity?
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contains the spinal cord
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NAME
this contains the spinal cord |
spinal cavity
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What is the abdominal cavity?
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contains many digestive glands and organs
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NAME
this contains many digestive glands and organs |
abdominal cavity
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NAME
this contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last portion of digestive tract |
pelvic cavity
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What is the differ btwn the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity?
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(1)abdominal cavity-contains the digestive glands and organs
(2)pelvic cavity-contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of digestive tract |
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What is regional anatomy?
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study of the body by parts or regions
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NAME
this is the study of the body by different parts or regions |
regional anatomy
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What is systemtic anatomy?
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is the study of the body by systems
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NAME
this is the study of the body by systems |
systemtic anatomy
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T orF
None of the organ systems functions in isolation |
true
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what is the inteugmentary system?
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consists of the skin and appendages such as the hair, and nails
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NAME
this consists of the skin, and appendages such as the hair and nails |
integumentary system
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What kind of organ is the integumentray system?
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an extensive sensory organ
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NAME
this is a extensive sensory organ that forms a protective covering for the body |
integumentary system
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What is the skeletal system?
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consists of bone and cartilage
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NAME
this consists of bone and cartilage |
skeletal system
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The skeletal system provides (1) for the body and (2)
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support (2)protects vital organs
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NAME
this system provides support and protects vital organs |
skeletal system
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The musclular system acts on the (1) to produce movemnt
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skeletal system
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How does the muscular system act on the skeletal system?
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by it produces movment
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What is the articular system?
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it connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides sites at which movement occurs
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NAME
this connects the bony parts of the skeletal system and provides sites at which movement occurs |
articular system
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What does the articular system consist of?
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joints and thier associated ligaments
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NAME
this consists of joints and thier associated ligaments |
articular system
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What is the musclular system?
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is composed of muscles that contract to move or postion parts of the body
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NAME
this is composed of muscles that contract to move or postion parts of the body |
muscular system
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What is the nervous system?
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consists of the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
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NAME
this consists of the CNS and the peripheral nervous system |
nervous system
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What is the CNS?
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the brain and the spinal cord
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NAME
this is the brain and the spinal cord |
CNS
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
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the nerves and ganglia together with thier motor endings
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NAME
this is the nerves and ganglia together with thier motor endings |
peripheral nervous system
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What is dermatology?
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the study of the integumentary system
|
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NAME
this is the study of the integumentary system |
dermatology
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What is osteology?
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is the study of the skeletal system
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NAME
this is the study of the skeletal system |
osteology
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What is the arthrology?
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is the study of the articular system
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NAME
this is the study of the articular system |
arthrology
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What is myology?
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is the study of the muscular system
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NAME
this is the study of the muscular system |
myology
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What is neurology?
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is the study of the nervous system
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NAME
this is the study of the nervous system |
neurology
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What is angiology ?
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is the study of the ciculatory system
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NAME
this is the study of the ciculatory system |
angiology
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What is the circulatory system?
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consists of the cardiovascular and lympathtic systems which function in parell to distrubute fluids through the body
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NAME
this consists of the cardiovascular and lympathic systems which function in parell to distrubute fluids though the body |
circulatory system
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What are (2) systems is the circulatory system divided up into?
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(1)cardiovascular system (2)lympathic system
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NAME
this is divided up into the cardiovasuclar system and the lympathic system |
circulatory system
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What is cardiology?
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the study of the cardiovascular system
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NAME
this is the study of the cardiovascular system |
cardiology
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What is the cardiovascular system?
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consists of the haert and blood vessels that propel and conduct the blood through the body
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NAME
this consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct the blood through the body |
cardiovascular system
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What is the lympathic system?
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is a network of lympathic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph)from the body's interstitial fluid compartment, filters it through the lymphh nodes, and returns it to the blood stream
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NAME
this is a network of lympathic vessels that withdrwas excess tissue fluid from the body's intersitial fluid compartment, filters it through the lymph nodes and returns it to the blood stream |
lympathic system
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The digestive system is als ocalled the (1)
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alimentary system
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The (1) is also called the alimentary system
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digestive
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What is gastroenterology?
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is the study of the digestive system
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NAME
this is the study of the digestive system |
gastroenterology
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What is the digestive system?
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consists of organs and glands associatedw the ingestion, mastication, deglution, digestion, and absorption of foods, and the elimination of wastes after the nutrients have been absorbed
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NAME
this consists of organs and glands associatedw the ingestion, mastication, deglution, digestion, and absorption of foods, and the elimination of wastes after the nutrients have been absorbed |
digestive system
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What is pulmonology?
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is the study of the respiratory sysem
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NAME
this is the study of the respiratory system |
pulmonology
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What is the respiratory system?
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consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
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NAME
this consists of air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide |
respiratory system
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What is urinary system?
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filters the blood and subsequently produce, transport, store and excrete liquid waste
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NAME
this filters the blood and subsequently produce, transport, store and excrete liquid waste |
urinary system
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What does the urinary system consist of? (4)
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(1)kidneys (2)ureters, (3)urinary bladder (4)urethra
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NAME
this consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra |
urinary system
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What is the endocrine system?
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consists of discrete ductless glands that sercrete hromones
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NAME
this consists of discrete ductless glands that sercrete hormones |
endocrine system
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Hormone are distrubed by the (1)
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cardiovascular system
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What is clinical anatomy?
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empahzies aspects of structure and function of the body imporatnt in the practice of medicine, dentistry and the allied health sciences
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NAME
this empahzies aspects of structure and function of the body imporatnt in the practice of medicine, dentistry and the allied health sciences |
clinical anatomy
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Clinical anatomy can also be called (1)anatomy
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applied
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(1)can also be called applied anatomy
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clinical
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What is the anatomical postion? (4)
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(1)head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (2)upper limbs by sides w palms facing anteriorly (3)lower limbs close together w feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly
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NAME
this includes head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly, upper limbs by sides w palm facing anteriorly, lower limbs close together w fee parallel |
anatomical postion
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the median plane is also called the (1)
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median sagittal plane
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The (1)is also called the median sagittal plane
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median plane
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the frontal plane is also called the (1)
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coronal planes
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the (1)is also called the coronal plane
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frontal plane
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the saggital plane is also called the (1)
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vertical plane
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the (1)is also called the vertical plane
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saggital
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the horizontal plane is also called the (1)and (2)
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tranverse and axial plane
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The horizontal plane is also called the (1) and axial plane
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tranverse
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the horizontal plane is also called the tranverse and (1)plane
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axial
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The (1)plane is also called the tranverse and axial plane
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horizontal
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What is the median plane?
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divdes the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body
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NAME
this divudes the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body |
median plane
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What is the sagital plane?
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divides the body into left and right vertical halves but does not use the middle of the body as the center
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NAME
this divides the body into the left and right vertical halves but does not use the middle of the body as the center |
sagittal plane
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What is the differ btwn the median and the sagittal plane?
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(1)Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves but does not use hte middle of the body as the center (2)median plane divides the body into left and right vertical halves from the middle of the body
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What is the frontal plane?
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divdes the body into anterior and posteior halves
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NAME
this divides the body into anterior and posterior halves |
frontal planes
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What is the tranverse plane?
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divides the body into 2 horizontal halves
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NAME
this plane divides the body up into 2 horizontal halves |
tranverse plane
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What is the oblique plane?
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is any plane that is diagonal
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NAME
this is any plane that is diagnoal |
oblique plane
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What does bilateral mean?
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means that 2 of the same structures are present on both sides of the body
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NAME
this means that 2 of the same structures are present on both sides othe body |
bilateral
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What does unilateral mean?
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it means that the 2 same structure are present on one side of the body
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NAME
this means that 2 of the same structures are present on one side of the body |
unilateral
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What is the differ btwn unilateral and bilateral? (2)
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(1)bilateral means taht 2 of the same structures are present on both sides of the body (2)unilateral means that 2 of the same structures are present on one side of the body
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What does ipsilateral mean?
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it means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body
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NAME
this means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body |
ipsilateral
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What does contralateral mean?
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it means that there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body
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NAME
this means that there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body |
contralateral
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What is the differ btwn contralateral and ipsilateral?
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(1)contralateral-means taht there are 2 different structures present on one side of the body
(2)ipsilateral means that there are 2 different structures present on both sides of the body |
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What is a example of contralateral
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the liver and the spleen
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NAME
a example of this is the liver and the spleen |
contralateral
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Give a example of bilateral?
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the hands and knee caps
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NAME
a example of this is the hands and the kneecaps |
bilateral
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Give a example of ipsilateral?
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the liver and gallbladder
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|
nAME
a example of this is the liver and the gallbladder |
ipsilateral
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What does inferomedial mean?
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it means nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane
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NAME
this means nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane |
inferomedial
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What is superolateral?
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mean nearer to the head and farther from the median plane
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NAME
this means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane |
superlateral
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NAME
this is the largest organ of the body |
skin
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the skin is the (1)of the body
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largest
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What are some functions of the skin? (5)
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(1)protection for the body from environmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances (2)containment of of tissues, organs, and vital substances of the body preventing dehydration (3)heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat deposists (4)sensation by way of superficial nerves and thier sensory endings (5)synthesis and storage of vitamin D
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NAME
some of its functions include protection for the body from evironmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances, containment of tissues, organs, and vital subsances of the body preventing dehydration, heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat deposists, sensation by way of superficial nerves and thier sensory endings, and synthesis and storage of vitamin D |
inegumentary system
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Superior is also called (1)
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cranial
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(1)is also called cranial
|
superior
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Inferior is also called (1)
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caudal
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(1)is also called caudal
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inferior
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anterior is also called (1)
|
ventral
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(1)is also called ventral
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anterior
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posterior is also called (1)
|
dorsal
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(1)is also called dorsal
|
posterioe
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What is superior?
|
means that the structure is nearer to the head
|
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NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the head |
superior
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What does inferior mean?
|
it means that the structure is nearer to the feer
|
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NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the feet |
inferior
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What is the differ btwn inferior and superior?
|
(1)inferior means that the structure is nearer to the head (2)superior means that the structure is near to the feet
|
|
What does anterior mean?
|
the structure is near to the front
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|
nAME
this means that the structure is near to the front |
anterior
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What does posterior mean?
|
that the structure is nearer to the back
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NAME
this means that the structure is near to the back |
posterior
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What is the differ btwn anterior and posterior?
|
(1)anterior means that the structure is nearer to the front (2)posterior means that the structure is nearer to the back
|
|
What is medial?
|
means that the structure is nearer to the median plane
|
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NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the median plane |
medial
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What does lateral mean?
|
it means that the structure is farther from the median plane
|
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NAME
this means that the structure is frather from the median plane |
lateral
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What is the differ btwn lateral and medial?
|
(1)lateral means that the structure is farther from the median plane (2)medial mean that the structure is nearer to the median plane
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|
What does proximal mean?
|
means that the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of orgin
|
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NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of orgin |
proximal
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|
What does distal mean?
|
it means that the structure is farther away from the point of orgin
|
|
NAME
this means that the structure is farther away from the point of the orgin |
distal
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WHat is the differ btwn the proximal and distal? (2)
|
(1)proximal the structure is nearer to the trunk or point of origin (2)distal the structure is farther to the trunk or point of orgin
|
|
What does superficial mean?
|
that the structure is nearer to the surface
|
|
NAME
this means that the structure is nearer to the surface |
superficial
|
|
What does deep mean?
|
it means that the structure is farther from the surface
|
|
nAME
this means that hte structure is farther from the surface |
deep
|
|
What is the differ btwn deep and superfical?
|
(1)superficial-means that the structure is nearer to the surface (2)deep means that the structure is farther away from the surface
|
|
the heart is (1) to the stomach
|
superior
|
|
The stomach is (1)to the heart
|
inferior
|
|
the sternum is (1)to the heart
|
anterior
|
|
the kidneys are (1)to the intestine
|
posterior
|
|
the fifth digit(little finger) is on the (1)side of the hand
|
medial
|
|
first digit (thumb)is on the (1)side of the hand
|
lateral
|
|
the elbow is (1)to the wrist
|
proximal
|
|
the wrist is (1)to the elbow
|
distal
|
|
the (1)part of the lower limb is the foot
|
distal
|
|
Muscles of the arm are (1)to its bone
|
superficial
|
|
the humerus is (1)to arm muscles
|
deep
|
|
viens are visisble in the (1)of the hand
|
dorsum
|
|
What is the dorsum?
|
refers to the dorsal or posterior surface of the hand or foot
|
|
NAME
this refers to the dorsal or posterior surface of the hand or foot |
dorsum
|
|
What is the palm?
|
refers to the palmar surface of the hand
|
|
NAME
this refers to th palamer surface of the hand |
palm
|
|
What does the sole mean?
|
refers to the plantar surface of the foot
|
|
NAME
this is the plantar surface of the foot |
sole
|
|
the skin creases are visible on the (1)
|
palm
|
|
the skin is thick on the (1)of the foot
|
sole
|
|
What is the epidermis?
|
is the outer layer of skin
|
|
NAME
this is the outer layer of skin |
epidermis
|
|
What kind of tissue makes of the epidermis?
|
keratinzed strafied epithelium
|
|
NAME
this skin layer is made up of keratinzed strafied epithelium |
epidermis
|
|
What kind of cells can be found in the epidermis?
|
(1)meloncytes (2)keratin
|
|
NAME
in this cell layer meloncytes and kertain can be found here |
epidermis
|
|
What is the dermis?
|
the middle layer of skin
|
|
NAME
this is the middle layer of skin |
dermis
|
|
What can be found in the dermis? (5)
|
(1)skin glands (2)hair follicles (3)papillae ridges (4)elastic fibers (5)collagen
|
|
NAME
this layer of skin contains skin glands, hair follicles, papillae ridges, elastic fibers, and collagen |
dermis
|
|
How is the epidermis nourished?
|
it is avasuclar and nourished by vessels in the dermis
|
|
NAME
this layer of skin is nourished by the dermis and is avascular |
epidermis
|
|
The epdermis is nourished by underlying vessels in the (1)
|
dermis
|
|
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
|
avascular
|
|
What does avascular mean?
|
it means that there are no blood vessels or lympatics present
|
|
NAME
this means that there are no blood vessels or lymapthics present |
avascular
|
|
NAMe the layer of skin in order (3)
|
(1)epidermis (2)dermis (3)hypodermis
|
|
NAME
this has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
skin
|
|
What do elastic fiber account for in the dermis?
|
they provide the skin tone and the strenght and toughness assocaited w the skin
|
|
NAME
this can be found in the dermis and provide the skin with it skin tone and the strenght and toughness associated w the skin |
elastic fibers
|
|
What does hypodermis mean?
|
it means underskin and bottom most layer of the skin
|
|
NAME
this means underskin and is the bottom most layer of the skin |
hypodermis
|
|
What determine tension lines and wrinkles in the skin?
|
the pattern of collagen fibers in a particular region
|
|
the pattern of collagen fibers in a particular region determines the (1)and (2)in the skin
|
tension line and wrinkles
|
|
What causes goose bumps?
|
contraction of arrector muscles
|
|
NAME
this results when the arrector muscles contract |
good bumps
|
|
What happens when the arrector muscles contract?
|
they erect hair thereby compresing the sebaecous glands and helping them secrete thier oily product onto thier skin
|
|
NAME
these erect hair therebay compressing the sebaecous glands and helping them to secrete thier oily products onto the skin |
arrecotor muscles
|
|
What is subcutaneous tissue?
|
is composed of loose connective tissue and fat
|
|
NAME
this is composed of loose connective tissue and fat |
subcutaneous tissue
|
|
The subcutaneous tissue is also called the (1)
|
superficial fascia
|
|
The (1) is also called the superficial fascia
|
subcutaneous tissue
|
|
the (1)contains the deepest part of the sweat glands
|
subcutaneous tissue
|
|
the subcutaneous tissue contain the (1)
|
deepest part of the sweat glands
|
|
What is the main function of subcutaneous tissue?
|
to provide most of the body's fat storage
|
|
NAME
the main function of this is to provide the most of the body's fat storage |
subcutaneous tissue
|
|
What are skin ligaments?
|
consist of numerous small fibrous bands that extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia
|
|
NAME
these consist of numerous fibrous bands that extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach to the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia |
skin liagaments
|
|
What is the deep fascia?
|
is a dense organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
|
|
NAME
this is a deep organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelopes most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
deep fascia
|
|
What are some externsions from the internal surface of the deep fascia? (3)
|
(1)investing fasica (2)musclular septa (3)subserous fascia
|
|
NAME
some of its extensions from its internal surface include the investing fascia, muscular septa, and subserous fascia |
deep fascia
|
|
What is the investing fascia?
|
it invests deeper structures such as invidual muscles and neurovascular bundles
|
|
NAME
this invests deeper structures such as invidual muscles and neurovascular bundles |
investing fascia
|
|
What is the intermusclular septa?
|
divides muscles into groups or compartments
|
|
NAME
this divides muscles into compartments or groups |
intermusclar septa
|
|
What is the subserous fascia?
|
it lies between the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membrane lining body cavities
|
|
NAME
this lies btwn the musculoskeletal walls and the serous membrane lining body cavities |
subserous fascia
|
|
What is the retinacula?
|
holds tendons in place during movement
|
|
NAME
this hold tendons in place during movement |
retinacula
|
|
the deep fascia also forms the (1) and (2)
|
(1)retinacula (2)bursae
|
|
NAME
this also forms the retinacula and the bursae |
deep fascia
|
|
What is a bursae?
|
are close sac containing fluid
|
|
NAME
these are closed sacs containing fluid |
bursae
|
|
What does the bursae do?
|
helps prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over over another
|
|
NAME
this helps to prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over and over another |
bursae
|
|
What are fascial planes?
|
are potential spaces btwn adjacent fascia or fascia lined strucures
|
|
NAME
these are potential spaces btwn adjacent fascia or fascia lined structures |
fascial planes
|
|
During operations, surgeons take advantage of (1)to create actual spaces that allow acess to deeply placed structures
|
facial planes
|
|
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
|
bones of the (1)head (2)neck (3)trunk
|
|
NAME
this consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk |
axail skeleton
|
|
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of ?
|
bones of the limbs including thos forming the shoulder and pelvic gridles
|
|
NAME
this consists of the bones of the limbs including those forming the shoulder and pelvic gridles |
appendicular skeleton
|
|
What is the differ btwn the axial and appendicular skeleton?
|
(1)axial consists of the bones of the head, neck, and trunk (2)appendicular skeleton- consists of the bones of the limbs including those of the shoulder and pelvic gridles
|
|
What are the two main parts of the skeleton system? (2)
|
(1)axial (2)appendicular
|
|
What is abduction?
|
means moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
|
|
NAME
this means moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane |
abduction
|
|
What is adduction?
|
means moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
|
|
NAME
this means moving toward the medain plane of the body in the frontal plane |
adduction
|
|
What is the differ btwn adduction and abduction?(2)
|
(1)abduction means moving away from the median plany of the body in the frontal plane (2)adduction means moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
|
|
What is rotation?
|
half a circle movement
|
|
NAME
is like half a circle movement |
rotation
|
|
What kind of rotation movements are there? (2)
|
medial (2)lateral
|
|
What is medial rotation?
|
is turning in
|
|
NAME
this type of rotation starts by turning in |
medial rotation
|
|
What is lateral roatation?
|
is turning away from the midline
|
|
NAME
this type of rotation starts by turning away from the midline |
lateral rotation
|
|
What type of movement is circumduction?
|
combo of all movements
|
|
NAME
this is combo of all the different types of movement |
circumduction
|
|
What type of movements do you go through during circumduction? (4)
|
(1)flexion (2)extension (3)abduction (4)adduction
|
|
NAME
this includes a combo of these movments: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction |
circumduction
|
|
What is supination?
|
is the rotation of the hand starting palm side up
|
|
NAME
this is the rotation of the hand starting plam side up |
supination
|
|
What is pronation?
|
is the rotation of the hand starting palm side down
|
|
NAME
this is the rotation of the hand starting palm side down |
pronation
|
|
What is the differ btwn pronation and subination?
|
(1)pronation is the rotation of the hand palm side down (2)supination is the rotation of the hand palm side up
|
|
What is eversion?
|
means turning the sole of the foot outward
|
|
NAME
this is turning hte sole of the foot outward |
eversion
|
|
What is inversion?
|
think i for turning the foot inward.......it means turning the foot inward
|
|
NAME
this means turning the foot inward |
inversion
|
|
What is the differ btwn eversion and inversion?
|
(1)eversion means turning the sole of the foot outward (2)inversion means turning the sole of the foot inward
|
|
What is protrusion?
|
means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking the jaw out
|
|
NAME
this means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking it out |
protrusion
|
|
What is retrusion?
|
means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward
|
|
NAME
this means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward |
retrusion
|
|
What is the differ btwn retrusion and protrusion?
|
(1)retrusion means moving the jaw posteriorly or inward (2)protrusion means moving the jaw anteriorly or sticking it out
|
|
What is elevation?
|
is raising or moving a part superiorly
|
|
NAME
this is raising or moving a part superiorly |
elevation
|
|
What is depression?
|
is lowering or moving a part inferiorly
|
|
nAME
this is lowering or moving a part inferiorly |
depression
|
|
What is the differ btwn depression and elevation? (2)
|
(1)depression is lowering or moving a part inferiorly (2)elevation refers to raising or moving a part superiorly
|
|
What is flexion?
|
means increasing angle from distal to proximal
|
|
NAME
this means increasing the angle from distal to proximal |
flexion
|
|
What does extension mean?
|
increasing the angle from proximal to distal
|
|
NAMe
this means increasing the angle from proximal to distal |
extension
|
|
What is the differ btwn flexion and extension? (2)
|
(1)flexion means increasing hte angle from distal to proximal (2)extension means increasing the angle from distal to proximal
|
|
Tension lines in the skin keep the skin (1)
|
under tension
|
|
What kind of lacerations or surgical incisions are the best?
|
are ones that are parallel to the tensions lines heal w little scaring and do not disrubt the collagen fibers as much
|
|
Lacerations or surgical incisions that are (1)heal with little scaring bc they do not diurbt the collagen fibers
|
parallel to the tension lines
|
|
Incision or lacerations that are (1)cause the wound to gabe and heal w more scaring bc they disturbt the collagen fibers
|
across tension lines
|
|
Incisions or lacerations that are cut across tension lines cause wound to gabe and heal w more scaring bc they (1)
|
disrtubt collagen fibers
|
|
The collagen and elastic fibers of the dermis form a (1)of tissue
|
tought, flexible meshwork
|
|
The (1)and (2)of the dermis form a tough, flexible meshwork of tissue
|
collagen and elastic fibers
|
|
What are first degree burns?
|
is when the damage is limited to the superfical part of the epdirmis
|
|
NAME
this is when the damage is limited to the superfical part of the epidermis |
first degree burn
|
|
What is second degree burns? (2)
|
is when the damage extends through the epidermis into the superfical part of the dermis* (2)however the only the except for thier superfical parts, the sweat glands and hair follicles are not damaged
|
|
NAME
this is when the damage extends through the epidermis into the superfical part of the dermis. However, except for the most superficial parts the sweat glands and hair follices are not damaged andcan provide a source of replacement for cells |
second degree burns
|
|
What are third degree burns? (2)
|
is when the entire epidermis, dermis, and perhaps even the underlying muscle are damaged (2) A minor degree of healing my occur at edges but the open ulcerated portions require skin grafting
|
|
NAME
this is when the entire epidermis, dermis, and perhaps even the underlying muscle are damaged. A minor degree of healing my occur at edges but the open ulcerated portions require skin grafting |
third degree burn
|
|
Which is more signigicant in esitmating the the effect of the burns on the vicitim, the extent of the burn or degree of the burn?
|
the extent of the burn
|
|
Which is more signigicant in esitmating the the effect of the burns on the vicitim, the extent of the burn or degree of the burn?
|
the extent of the burn
|
|
What is a bone?
|
is a living tissue that is highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body
|
|
NAME
this is a living tissue that is a highly speacilized hard, form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton and is the chief supporting tissue of the body |
bone
|
|
What are some of the functions of the bones? (5)
|
(1)protection of vital structures (2)support of the body (3)the mechanical basis for movement (4)storage for salts (5)a continous supply of new blood cells
|
|
NAME
some of its functions include protection of vital structures, support of the body, the mechnical basis for the movement, storage for salts, and a continous supply of new blood cells |
bones
|
|
What are produces red blood cells?
|
the bone marrow
|
|
the bone marrow produces (1)
|
red blood cells
|
|
NAME
this produces red blood cells |
bone marrow
|
|
What is cartilage?
|
is a resilient, semirigid, asvascular form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibiltiy is necessary
|
|
NAME
this is a resilient,semirigid avascasular form of connective tisse that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary |
cartilage
|
|
The articulating surfaces of bones particapting in a synovial joint are capped w (1)
|
articular cartialge
|
|
the articulating surfaces of bones particpating w (1)are capped w (1)
|
articular cartialge
|
|
What is articular cartilage?
|
provides smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for movement of the articulating bones
|
|
NAME
these provide smooth, low friction gliding surfaces for movement of the articulating bones |
articular cartilage
|
|
Is cartialge avascualr or vascular?
|
avascular
|
|
How is cartilage nourished?
|
by diffusion
|
|
The bones of newborn infants are often (1)
|
soft and flexible bc they are mostly composed of cartialge
|
|
NAME
there bones are often soft and flexible bc they are mostly composed of cartialge |
newborn infants
|
|
What is periosteum?
|
is fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone
|
|
NAME
this is a fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone |
peristeum
|
|
The younger a person, the greater the contribution of (1)
|
cartilage
|
|
What is pericheondrium?
|
surrounds cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage
|
|
NAME
this surrounds cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage |
pericheondrium
|
|
What do both pericheodrium and periosteuim do? (3)
|
help nourish the tissue,(2)are capable of laying down more cartilage or bone (3)provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
|
|
NAME
these helps to nourish the tissue, are capable of laying down more cartilage or bones, and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments (2) |
(1)periosteum (2)perichondrium
|
|
WHat are (2)types of bones?
|
(1)compact (2)spongy
|
|
NAME
this has 2 types: compact and spongy |
bones
|
|
T or F
all bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone where the later is replacted by medullary cavity |
true
|
|
all bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone where the later is replacted by (1)
|
medullary cavity
|
|
What are the different types of classes of bones? (5)
|
(1)long (2)short (3)flat (4)irregular (5)sesamoid
|
|
NAME
these include long, short, flat, irregular,and sesamoid |
bones
|
|
NAME BONE CLASS
the humereus |
long bone
|
|
NAME BONE CLASS
the phalanges in your fingers |
long bone
|
|
Give some examples of long bones? (2)
|
(1)the humerus (2)the phalanges in your fingers
|
|
Give some examples of short bones (2)
|
ankle (tarss) (2)wrist (carpus)
|
|
What are short bones?
|
are cubodial and are found only in the ankle and the wrist
|
|
nAME
these are cubodial and are found only in the ankle and the wrist |
short bones
|
|
Where is the only place that short bones are found? (2)
|
(1)ankle (2)wrist
|
|
What are flat bones?
|
they usally serve protective functions
|
|
NAME
this class of bone usally serve protective functions |
flat bones
|
|
What are some examples of flat bones?
|
those of the cranium
|
|
NAME BONE CLASS
a examples of these are the bones in your cranium |
flat
|
|
What are sesamoid bones?
|
they develop in certian tendons and protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass thier attachment
|
|
NAME
these develop in certain tendons and protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass thier attachment |
sesamoid bones
|
|
What are some examples of sesamoid bones?
|
the patella
|
|
NAME BONE CLASS
the patella |
sesamoid bones
|
|
What are heterotopic bones?
|
are bones that sometimes form in soft tissues where they are not normally present
|
|
nAME
these are bones that sometimes form in soft tissue where they are not normally present |
heterotopic bones
|
|
(1)often develop heterotopic bones in thier thighs or buttock bc of chronic muscle strain in small hermorrhagic areas that undergo calcification and eventual ossifcation
|
horseback rides
|
|
horseback riders often develop (2) in thier thighs or buttock bc of chronic muscle strain in small hermorrhagic areas that undergo calcification and eventual ossifcation
|
heterotopic bones
|
|
What is mesenchyme?
|
is embryonic connective tissue
|
|
NAME
this is embryonic connective tissue |
mesenchyme
|
|
All bones are dervied from (1)
|
mesenchyme
|
|
All (1)are derived from mesenchyme
|
bones
|
|
What are (2)ways that are bones derived from mesenchyme?
|
(1)intramembranous ossification (2)endochondral ossification
|
|
NAME
this occurs in two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification |
bones from mesenchyme
|
|
What is intramembranous ossification?
|
is membranous bone formation during the fetal period
|
|
NAME
this is membranous bone formation during the fetal period |
intramembranous ossification
|
|
What is endochondral ossification?
|
is when during the fetal period the cartilage is replaced by bones
|
|
NAME
this is when during the fetal period the cartialge is replaced by bone |
endocondral ossification
|
|
What is compact bone?
|
is bone that is hard on the outside
|
|
NAME
this is bone that is hard on the outside |
compact bone
|
|
What is spongy bone?
|
is bone that is soft on the inside
|
|
NAME
this is bone that is soft on the inside |
spongy bone
|
|
What are (2)types of bones?
|
(1)compact (2)spongy
|
|
What is diaphysis?
|
the center of the bone
|
|
NAME
this is the center of the bone |
diaphysis
|
|
What is metaphysis?
|
are growth plates or where bones grow
|
|
NAME
these are growth plates or where bones grow |
metaphysis
|
|
Spongy bones are also called (1)
|
trabecule
|
|
(1)bones are also called trabecule
|
spongy bones
|
|
How many bones are in the body?
|
206
|
|
There are (1)bones in the body
|
206
|
|
What is atrophy?
|
refers to a decrease in size
|
|
NAME
this refers to a decrease in size |
atrophy
|
|
What is hypertrophy?
|
refers to enlarging
|
|
NAME
this refers to enlarging |
hypertrophy
|
|
Unused bones such as in paralized or immoblized limbs, may occur (1)
|
atrophy
|
|
(1)bones such as in(2) may cause atrophy
|
(1)Unused (2)paralized or immoblized
|
|
Bones (1)when they have increased weight to support for a long period
|
hypertrophy
|
|
What is osteoporisis?
|
is the atrophy of the skeletal tissue
|
|
NAME
this is atrophy of the skeletal tissue |
osteoporis
|
|
Bones are richly supplied w (1) and (2)
|
(1)blood vessels (2)nerves
|
|
What the different arteries that supply the bones? (3)
|
(1)nutrient arteries (2)periosteal arteries (3)metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
|
|
NAME
this is supplied by the nutrient arteries, periosteal arteries, and metaphysial and epiphysial arteries |
bones
|
|
What are nutrient arteries?
|
are vessels that supply the bone morrow, spongy bone, and deeper portions of the compact bone
|
|
NAME
these are the vessels that supply the bone marrow, spongy bone, and deeper portions of the compact bone |
nutrient arteries
|
|
What are periosteal arteries?
|
are small branches of the periosteum that suppply most of the compact bone
|
|
NAME
these are small branches of the periosteum that supply most of the compact bone |
periosteal arteries
|
|
What are metaphysial and epiphysial arteries/
|
supply the ends of the bones and mainly arise from the arerties that supply the joints
|
|
NAME
these supply the ends of the bones and mainly arise from the aerties that supply the joints |
metaphysial and epiphysial arteries
|
|
In the bones, (1)accompany arteries through the nutrient foramina
|
arteries
|
|
in the bones, arteries accompany arteries through the (1)
|
nutrient foramina
|
|
the periosteum is rich w (1) and (2)
|
(1)nerves (2)lympathic vessels
|
|
the (1)of the bone is rich w nerves and lympathic vessels
|
periosteum
|
|
the periosteum is rich w (1) and (2)
|
nerves (2)lympathic vessels
|
|
What are some of the nervs found in the periosteum? (2)
|
(1)periosteal nerves
|
|
NAME
these type of nerves are found in the periosteum of the bone |
periosteal nerves
|
|
What are periosteal nerves?
|
sensory nerves with pain fibers
|
|
NAME
these are sensory nerves with pain fibers |
periosteal nerves
|
|
The periosteum is espically senstitive to (1)
|
tearing or tension
|
|
What are vasomotor nerves?
|
they are nerves in the bones that cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels, regulating blood flow through the bone marrow
|
|
NAME
these are nerves in the bones that cause constriction or dilation of the blood vessels, regulating blood flow through the bone marrow |
vasomotor nerves
|
|
What are acessary bones?
|
are bones that dvelop when additonal ossification center appear and form extra bones
|
|
NAME
thesea re bones that develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones |
acessary bones
|
|
What is the main criteria for determining the age of a bones? (2)
|
(1)the appearance of calcifeid material in the diaphysis and/or epiphyes (2)the disappearnce of dark lines representing the epiphysial plate
|
|
the fusion of epiphyses w the diaphysis occurs 1-2 years earlier in (1)than (2)
|
(1)girls (2)boys
|
|
The fusion of (1)occurs 1-2 years earlier in girls than boys
|
fusion of epiphyses w the diaphysis
|
|
The fusion of the the epiphyses w the diaphysis occurs (1)in girls than boys
|
1-2 years earlier
|
|
What are avascular necrosis?
|
is the loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or othe parts of a bone resulting in the death of bone tissue
|
|
NAME
is the loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or othe parts of a bone resulting in the death of bone tissue |
avascular necrosis
|
|
What are joints?
|
is an articulation or the place of union or junction btwn two or more rigid components
|
|
NAME
this is an articulation or the place of union or junction btwn two or more rigid components |
joint
|
|
What are (3)types of joints?
|
(1)fibrous joints (2)cartilaginous joints (3)synovial joints
|
|
NAME
there are three types of these: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial |
joints
|
|
What are fibrous joints?
|
are articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue
|
|
NAME
these are articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue |
fibrous joint
|
|
What are (2)types of fibrous joints?
|
(1)syndemosis (2)gomphosis
|
|
NAME
there are 2 types of this joint: syndemosis and gomphosis |
fibrous joints
|
|
What are syndemosis?
|
is a type of fibrous joint that unties the bones w sheet of fibrous tissue either a ligament or fibrous membrane
|
|
What determines the amount of movment for fibrous joints?
|
the legnth of the fibers uniting the articular bones
|
|
NAME
this is a fibrous joint that unties the bones w a sheet of fibrout issue either a ligament or fibrous membrane |
syndemosis
|
|
Describe the movement of syndemosis joint
|
there is partial movement
|
|
NAME
this syndemosis joint has partial movement |
syndemosis joint
|
|
What is gomphsis?
|
is a type of fibrous joint in which a peg like fibrous process stablizies a tooth and provides proprioceptive iformation
|
|
NAME
is a type of fibrous joint in which a peg like fibrous process stablizies a tooth and provides proprioceptive iformation |
gomphosis
|
|
What are cartilaginous joints?
|
are articulating bones that are untied by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
|
|
NAME
these are articulating bones that are untied by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage |
cartilaginous joints
|
|
What (2) types of cartilaginous joints?
|
(1)primary cartilaginous (2)secondary cartilaginous
|
|
What are primary cartilaginous joints?
|
are jointed untied by hyaline cartilage
|
|
NAME
these are joints united by hyaline cartilage |
primary cartiliginous joints
|
|
Primary cartilaginous joints are also called (1)
|
synchondroses
|
|
(1)are also called synchondroses
|
primary cartilaginous joints
|
|
What are synchondroses do?
|
permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epiphysial plate converts to bone the epiphyses fuse w the diaphysis
|
|
NAME
these permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epipysial plate converts to bone the epiphyses fuse w the diaphysis |
synchondroses
|
|
secondary cartilaginous joints are also called the (1)
|
symphyses
|
|
(1)are also called the symphyses
|
secondary cartilaginous joints
|
|
What are symphyses?
|
are strong slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage
|
|
NAME
these are strong, slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage |
symphyses
|
|
What is the differ btwn symphyses and synchondroses?
|
(1)synchondroses are united by hyaline cartilage (2)symphyses are strong slightly mobel joints united by fibrous cartilage
|
|
What are synovial joints?
|
is when two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity containing synovial fluid but are joined by an articular capsule
|
|
NAME
this is when two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity containing synovial fluid are joined by an aritcular capsule |
synovial joints
|
|
What does synovial fluid do in synovial joints? (2)
|
(1)nourishes the articular cartilage (2)lubricating the joint surfaces
|
|
NAME
this nourishes the aritcular cartilage and lubriacates the joint surface |
synovial fluid
|
|
Synovial joints are the most (1) and (2)
|
common and important type of joints
|
|
NAME
these are the most common and important type of joints |
synovial joints
|
|
What do synovial joints do?
|
they provide free movement btwn the bones they join
|
|
NAME
these provide free movement btwn the bones they join |
synovial joints
|
|
Where do joints get there blood from?
|
articular arteries
|
|
joints get there blood from (1)
|
articular arteries
|
|
Joints are rich in (1)
|
nerve supply
|
|
Joints are rich in (10
|
nerve supply
|
|
T or F
joints are not rich in nerve supply |
false
|
|
What articular nerves?
|
are branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the underlying skin
|
|
NAME
these are branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the underlying skin |
articular nerves
|
|
Synovail joints are designed to (1)
|
withstand wear
|
|
NAME
these type of joints are designed to withstand wear |
synovial joints
|
|
Heavy use of the synovial joints can cause (1)over the years
|
degenration
|
|
Which synovial joints tend to degenerate the most from wear tear? (4)
|
(1)hip (2)knee (3)verebral collumn (4)hands
|
|
NAME
these joints tend to degenerate espically in the hip, knee, verebral column, and the hands |
synovial joints
|
|
(1)are numerous in the fibrous layer of the joints
|
pain fibers
|
|
When joints degenerate they become (1)
|
less effective as a shock absorber and are easier to break
|
|
NAME
this is common in older people and usally affects joints that support the weight ot their bodies |
osteoarthitis
|
|
(1)and (2)is often accompanied by stiffness, discomfort and pain
|
degenerative joint disease and osteoarthtis
|
|
Degenerative joint disease and osteoarttis are often accomanied by (1)
|
stiffness, discomfort and pain
|
|
Osteoarthritis is common in (1)and usally affects the joints that(2)
|
(1)older people (2)support the weight of thier bodies
|
|
What is proprioception?
|
is information that provides an awareness of movement and postion of the parts of the body
|
|
NAME
is information that provides an awareness of movement and postion of the parts of the body |
proprioception
|
|
Joints transmit a sensation called (1)
|
proprioception
|
|
(1)transmit a sensation called proprioception
|
joints
|
|
Muscle cells are often called (1)
|
muscle fibers
|
|
(1)are often called muscle fibers
|
muscle cells
|
|
Describe muscle fibers
|
they are long and narrow when they are relaxed and are speaclized contractile cells
|
|
NAME
these are long and narrow when they are relaxed and are speacilized contractile cells |
muscle fibers
|
|
What are some functions of muscles? (3)
|
(1)movement (2)give the body form (3)provide heat
|
|
NAME
these provide movement, give the body form, and provide heat |
muscles
|
|
What are (3)types of muscles?
|
(1)skeletal muscles (2)cardiac muscles (3)smooth muscles
|
|
NAME
these include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
musclse
|
|
What are skeletal muscles?
|
they move bones and other structures
|
|
NAME
these muscles move bones and other structures |
skeletal
|
|
What are cardiac muscles?
|
are muscles that form most of the walls of the heart and adjacent paths of the great vessels
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that form most of the walls of the heart and adjacent paths of great vessels |
cardiac muscles
|
|
What are smooth muscles? (3)
|
they form part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs
|
|
NAME
these muscles form part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs, help to move subtsances through viscrea such as the intestines, and controls movement through blood vessels |
smooth muscles
|
|
All skeletal muscles have a (1)and (2)
|
(1)felshy contractile portion (2)a white non-conrtactile portion
|
|
What do all skeleta muscls have in common? (2)
|
they have a fleshy contractile portion (2)a white non-contractile portion
|
|
What is the fleshy contractile prtion of skeletal muscles composed of?
|
skeletal striated muscles
|
|
The (1)of skeletal muscles is composed of skeletal striated muscles
|
fleshy contractile portion
|
|
What is the the white non-contractile portion of skeletal muscles composed of?
|
mainly of collagen bundles
|
|
NAME
all of these types of muscles have fleshy contractile protion and a white-noncontractile portion composed maily of collagen bundles |
skeletal muscles
|
|
How are most skeletal muscles attached?
|
indirectly or directly by
tendons and aponeuroses to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other structures |
|
NAME
these are indirectly or directly attached by tendons and aponeuroses to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other stucture |
skeletal muscles
|
|
Skeletal muscles are indirectly or directly attached by (1)and (2)to bones, ligaments, cartilages, or fascia or some other structure
|
(1)tendons (2)aponeuroses
|
|
Most muscles are named on teh basis of their (1)
|
bones to which they are attached
|
|
What are some types of synovial joints? (6)
|
(1)hinge (2)pivot (3)saddle (4)condlyoid (5)plane (6)ball and socket joints
|
|
NAME
some of these include hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane, and ball and soket joints |
synovial joints
|
|
What are hinge joints?
|
are unaixal and permit flexion and extension only
|
|
NAME
these are unaxial and permit flexion and extension |
hinge joint
|
|
What are pivot joint?
|
are unaxial and allow rotation
|
|
NAME
these are unaxial and allow roatation |
pivot joint
|
|
Describe what pivot joints look like
|
is like a round process of bone that fits into a bondy ligamentous socket
|
|
NAME
this is like a round process of bone that fits into a bondy ligamentous socket |
pivot joint
|
|
Give a example of a hinge joint
|
the elbow joint
|
|
NAME
a example of this is the the elbow joint |
hinge joint
|
|
what are some examples of pivot joints?
|
joint btwn the atalas C1 and axis C2
|
|
NAME
a example of this joint is the joint btwn the atalas C1 and C2 |
pivot joint
|
|
What are saddle joints?
|
are biaxial and are shaped like a saddle
|
|
NAME
these are biaxial and are shaped like a saddle |
saddle joint
|
|
What are some examples of a saddle joint?
|
joint btwn the metacarpal and the trapexium
|
|
NAME
a example of this is the joint btwn the metacarpal and the trapexium |
saddle joints
|
|
What are condyloid joints?
|
are biaxial and permit and cirumduction ( c for circumduction)
|
|
NAME
this joint is biaxial and permit flexion and extension, abduction, and adducation, and cirumduction |
condyloid joint
|
|
What are some examples of condyloid joint?
|
the metacarophalagneal joints of the fingers
|
|
NAME
these include the metacarophalagenal joints of the fingers |
condyloid joint
|
|
What are plane joints?
|
permit gliding or sliding movements
|
|
NAME
this joint permits gliding or sliding movements |
plane joints
|
|
What are ball and socket joints?
|
are mulitaxial and permit movement in several axes
|
|
NAME
these are multiaxial and permit movement in several axies |
ball and socket joints
|
|
Give a example of a plane joint
|
a acromioclavicular joint
|
|
NAME
a example of this is acromicoclavicular joint |
plane joint
|
|
What is a example of a ball and socket joint
|
the hip joint
|
|
NAME
a example of this is the hip joint |
ball and socket joint
|
|
Draw a pic of what a hinge joint looks like
|
pg 17
|
|
Draw a pic of what pivot joint looks liike
|
pg 16
|
|
Draw a pic of what saddle joint looks like
|
pg 17
|
|
Draw a pic of what plane joint
|
pg 17
|
|
Draw a pic of a pivot joint looks like
|
pg 17
|
|
Draw a pic of condyloid joint look like
|
pg 17
|
|
Draw a pic of ball and socket joint looks like
|
pg 17
|
|
Are skeletal muscles are (1) and (2)
|
striated and voluntary
|
|
ARe skeletal muscles voluntary or unvoluntary?
|
voluntary
|
|
NAME
these muscles are striated and voluntary |
skeletal
|
|
Where is the skeletal muscles located?
|
composes gross muscles attached to the skeleton and/or fascia of limbas, body wall and head/neck
|
|
NAME
these mucles are attached gross muscles attached to the skeleton and/or fascia of limbs, body wall and head/neck |
skeletal muscles
|
|
How are skeletal muscles stimulated?
|
are stimulated voluntary by somatic nervous system
|
|
NAME
these muscles are stimulated voluntary by the somatic nervous system |
skeletal muscles
|
|
Cardiac muscles are (1)and (2)
|
striated and involuntary
|
|
NAME
these muscles are striated and involuntary |
cardiac
|
|
What are some differ btwn skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles/
|
(1)skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary (2)cardiac muscles are striated and involuntary (3)smooth muscles are unstriated and involuntary
|
|
What stimulates the cardiac muscles?
|
they are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system
|
|
NAME
these are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system |
cardiac muscles
|
|
Where are smooth muscles located? (4)
|
(1)the walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels (2)iris (3)cillary bod of the eye (4)attached to hair follicles of the skin
|
|
NAME
these can be found in the walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, the iris, cillary body of the eye, and attached to hair follicles of the skin |
smooth muscles
|
|
How are smooth muscles stimulated?
|
they are involuntary stimulated by the atuonomic nervous system
|
|
NAME
these muscles are involuntary stimulated by the autonomic nervous system |
smooth muscle and the cardaic muscles
|
|
Smooth muscles are (1)and (2)
|
unstriated and involuntary
|
|
NAME
these muscles are unstriated and involuntary |
smooth muscles
|
|
Smooth muscles rae involunary stimulated by the (1)
|
the autonomic nervous system
|
|
the cardaic muscles are stimulated involuntary by the (1)
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
The skeletal muscles are stimulated by voluntary by the (1)
|
somatic nervous system
|
|
What are some terms used to describe according to thier shape and architeture? (5)
|
(1)pennate (2)fusiform (3)parallel (4)convergent (5)circular
|
|
NAME
some terms to describe this include pennate, fusiform, parallel, convergent, and circular |
muscles
|
|
What is pennate?
|
are muscles that are feather like in arrangment of thier fasciles
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that are feather like in arrangment of thier fasciles |
pennate
|
|
What are fusiform muscles?
|
are muscles that are spindle shaped
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that are spindle shaped |
fusiform
|
|
What are parallel muscles?
|
are muscles that fasciles that run parallel
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that have fasciles that run parallel |
parallel muscles
|
|
What are convergent muscles?
|
these muscles have broad attachments from which the fasciles converge a single tendon
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that have broad attachments from which the fasciles converge a single tendon |
convergent tendon
|
|
Wht are circular muscles?
|
these muscles surround a body opening or orficie constricting it when contracts
|
|
NAME
these are muscles that surround a body opening or orficie constricting it when it contracts |
circular muscles
|
|
When muscles contract they shorten about (1)of thier resting length
|
70%
|
|
How much do muscles contract when the shorten from their resting length?
|
70%
|
|
Which muscles shorten the most?
|
those with a long parallel fascile arrangment
|
|
Muscles wtih a (1)arrangment shorten the most but are not powerful
|
a long parallel fascile
|
|
T or F
even though muscles w a long parallel fascile shorten the most they are also powerful too |
false
|
|
Muscles w a long parallel fascile shorten the most but are (1)
|
not powerful
|
|
Are muscles w long parallel fascile powerful?
|
no
|
|
Muscle power increases as (1)
|
total number of muscles increases
|
|
Muscle (1)as total number of muscles increases
|
power increases
|
|
Which muscles shorten the most?
|
muscles w long parallel fascicle
|
|
Which muscles shorten the least?
|
shorter, wide, pennate muscles that pack in the most muscle fibers
|
|
Which muscles are the most powerful?
|
are shorter, wide pennate muscles taht pack in the most muscle fibers
|
|
Shorter wide pennate muscles that pack in the most fibers (1)but (2)
|
shorten the least (2)are most powerful
|
|
NAME
these muscles shorten the least but are powerful |
pennate muscles that pack the most fibers
|
|
Where is the orgin located?
|
usally at the proximal end of the muscle
|
|
NAME
this is usally located at the proximal end of the muscle |
orgin
|
|
Where is the insertion located?
|
at the dital end of the muscle
|
|
NAME
this is located at the distal end of the muscle |
insertion
|
|
What is the differ btwn insertion and orgin?
|
(1)orgin is located at the proximal end of the muscle (2)insertion is located at the distal end of the muscle
|
|
What are (3)ways that skeletal muscles can contract?
|
(1)reflexive contraction (2)tonic contraction (4)phasic contraction
|
|
NAME
these muscles contract in three ways: reflexive contraction, tonic contraction, and phasic contraction |
skeletal muscles
|
|
What is reflexive contraction?
|
is automatic and involuntary controlled
|
|
NAME
these contractions are automatic and not voluntary controled |
reflexive contraction
|
|
What are some examples of reflexive contraction?
|
respiratory movements of the diaphragm
|
|
NAME
some examples of this type of contraction are respiratory movements of diaphragm |
reflexive contraction
|
|
What are tonic contractions?
|
they are slight contractions that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives the muscles frimness asisting the stability of joints and the maintenance of posture or muscle tone
|
|
NAME
these are slight contractions that does not produce movement or active resistence but gives the muscles firmness assisting the stability of joints and mainteneance of posture |
tonic contraction
|
|
What are (2)types of phasic contraction?
|
(1)isometic contraction (2)istonic contractions
|
|
NAME
these 2 types of this include isometric and istonic contractions |
phasic contractions
|
|
What is isometric contraction?
|
is contractions in which the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased about tonic levels
|
|
NAME
during this type of contraction the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but the muscle tension is increased about tonic levels |
isometric contraction
|
|
What is isotonic contractions?
|
is when the muscle changes lenght to produce movement
|
|
NAME
this type of contraction is when the muscle changes to produce movement |
isotonic contractions
|
|
What is the differ tbwn isometric and isotonic contraction?
|
(1)isometric contraction is contractions in which the muscle length remains the same--no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased about tonic levels
|
|
What are (2)types of isotonic contractions?
|
(1)concentric contraction (2)eccentric contractions
|
|
NAME
there are (2)types of this contractions: concentric contraction and eccentric contractions |
isotonic contractions
|
|
What are concentric contraction?
|
is in which the movement occurs owing to muscle shortening
|
|
nAME
during this type of movement, the movement occurs owing to the muscle shortening |
concentric contraction
|
|
What is eccentric contraction?
|
is in which the contracting muscle lengthens
|
|
NAME
during this type of movement, the contracting muscle lengthens |
eccentric contractions
|
|
The structural unit of the muscle if a (1)
|
muscle fiber
|
|
the muscle fibers is the (1)
|
structural unit of the muscle
|
|
What is the structural unit of the muscle?
|
the muscle fiber
|
|
What is endomysium?
|
is a connective tissue covering invidual muscle fibers
|
|
NAME
this is a connective tissue covering ividual muscle fibers |
endomysium
|
|
What is epimysium?
|
surrounds the entire muscle
|
|
NAME
this surrounds the entire muscle |
epimysium
|
|
What is perimysium?
|
is a group of fibers or fiber bundles
|
|
NAME
this is a group of fibers of fiber bundles |
perimysium
|
|
What is the differ btwn endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium? (3)
|
(1)endomysium is connective tissue covering invidual muscle fibers (2)perimysium is a group of muscle fibers (3)epimysium surrounds the entire muscle fiber
|
|
What is the functional unit of the muscle?
|
the muscle unit
|
|
NAME
this is the functional unit of the muscle |
the muscle unit
|
|
What is the muscle unit?
|
is the functional unit consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fibers
|
|
NAME
this is the functional unit consisting of a motor neuron and muscle fiber |
muscle unit
|
|
Where can some large motor units be found? (2)
|
in the large trunk (2)thigh muscles
|
|
NAME
these can be found in the large trunk and thigh muscles |
large motor units
|
|
What are some spefic functions that differ muscles can serve? (4)
|
(1)a prime mover (2)fixators (3)synergist (4)antagonist
|
|
NAME
some of these include a prime mover, fixators, synergist, and antagonist |
muscles
|
|
The prime mover is also called the (1)
|
agonist
|
|
The (1)is also called the agonist
|
prime mover
|
|
What is the prime mover?
|
is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the body
|
|
NAME
this is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the the body |
prime mover
|
|
What are fixators?
|
steady the proximal parts of a limb
|
|
NAME
these steady the proximal parts of the limb |
fixators
|
|
What are the syngergist/
|
they complement the actions of primer movers
|
|
NAME
these complement the actions of primer movers |
syngergist
|
|
What is antagonist?
|
it is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover
|
|
NAME
this is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover |
antagonist
|
|
What is the differ tbwn a prime mover, fixators, synergist, and antagonist?
|
(1)primer mover is the main muscle responsible for producing a specfic movement of the body (2)fixators steady the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occuring at distal parts (3)synergist complements the action of prime movers (4)antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover
|
|
The cardiac muscle forms the musclular wall of the heart is the (1)
|
myocardium
|
|
NAME
this is the cardaic muscles that forms the muscular wall of the heart |
myocardium
|
|
the heart rate is regulated by intrinsically by a (1)
|
pacemaker
|
|
NAME
this is regulated intrinsically by the packemaker |
heart rate
|
|
NAME
this helps to an examiner diagnose nerve injuries |
muscle testing
|
|
Muscle testing helpst an examiner to diagnose (1)
|
nerve damage
|
|
What are (3)common tests for nerve injuries?
|
(1)the person performs movement that resist those produced by the examiner (2)the examiner performs movements against resistance produced by the person (3)electromyography
|
|
NAME
there are (3)tests that can be used to test this: the person performs movements that resist those produced by the examiner, the examiner performs movements against resistance produced by the person and electromyography |
nerve injuries
|
|
What does EMG stand for?
|
electromygraphy
|
|
A normal resting muscle shows only (1)which disappears during sleep, paralysis, and when under anesthesia
|
baseline activity
|
|
A (1)muscle shows only baseline activty which disappears during sleep, paralysis, and when under anesthsia
|
normal resting
|
|
A normal resting muscle taht shows only baseline activity which disapeasrs during (1)
|
sleep, paralysis and when under sleep
|
|
Contracting muscles demonstracte variable peaks of (1)
|
plastic activtiy
|
|
(1)muscles demonstrate variable peaks of plastic activity
|
contracting
|
|
Musle atrophy may also be caused by (1)
|
immobilization such as w a cast
|
|
NAME
this may be caused by immobilization such as in cast |
musclular atrophy
|
|
involuntary muscles can undergo partial contraction for (1)period of times
|
long
|
|
(1)muscles can undergo partial contractions for long periods of times
|
involuntary
|
|
T or F
voluntary muscles can undergo partial contractions for long periods of times |
false
|
|
Why is involuntary muscle contraction for long periods important?
|
bc it helps to regulate the size of the lumen of tubular structure
|
|
NAME
this helps to regulat the size of the lumen of tubular structure |
involuntary muscle contraction for long periods of time
|
|
What is peristalsis?
|
is the process of propelation of contents down tubular structure
|
|
NAME
this is the process of propelaton of contents down tubular structure |
peristalisis
|
|
STOPED HERE
|
STOPED HERE
|
|
What is compensatory hypertrophy?
|
is when the myocardium responds to increasing demands by increasing the size of its fiber cells
|
|
NAME
this is when the myocardium responds to increasing demands by increasing the size of its fiber cells |
compensatory hypertrophy
|
|
What happens when cardiac muscle fibers are damaged during a heart attack?
|
the tissue becomes necrotic and fibrous scar tissue develops forms a MI
|
|
NAME
when this happens the tissue (cardiac muscle fibers) become necrotic and fibrous scar tissue develops forms a MI |
during a heart attack
|
|
What does necrotic mean?
|
mean the cells dies
|
|
NAME
this means the cells die |
necrotic
|
|
What does MI stand for?
|
myocardial infarct
|
|
What is MI?
|
this is an area of myocardial necrosis
|
|
What does MI stand for?
|
myocardial infarct
|
|
NAME
this is an area of myocardial necrosis |
MI
|
|
What is myocardial nerosis?
|
is the death of myocardial tissue
|
|
NAME
this is the death of myocardial tissue |
myocardial nerosis
|
|
Give an example of how smooth muscles hyperatrophy in respone to increasing demands
|
during pregrancy, the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the utereus increase not only in size but numbers
|
|
During pregrancy, (1)cells in the wall of the utereus increase not only in size but numbers
|
smooth muscles
|
|
During pregrancy, the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus (1)
|
not only increase in size but numbers
|
|
What is the circulatory system?
|
it transports fluids throughout the body
|
|
NAME
this transports fluids throughout the body |
circulatory system
|
|
What are (2)types of systems that make up the circulatory system?
|
(1)cardiovascular system (2)lymphatic system
|
|
NAME
this is made up of two systems: cardiovascular system and lymphatic system |
circulatory systems
|
|
What does the blood carry? (3)
|
(1)nutrients (2)oxygen (3)waste products from cells
|
|
NAME
this carry nutrients, oxygen, and waste products from the cells |
blood
|
|
What are (3)type of blood vessels?
|
(1)arteries (2)veins (3)capillaries
|
|
NAME
there are three types of these: arteries, veins and capillaries |
blood vessels
|
|
Blood under high pressure leaves the heart and is disturbed by branching system of thick walled (1)
|
arteries
|
|
Blood under (1)leaves the heart and is disturbed by branching system of thick walled arteries
|
high pressure
|
|
What are arterioles?
|
they deliver oxygenated blood to capillaries
|
|
NAME
these deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries |
arterioles
|
|
Capilllaries form a (1)
|
capillary bed
|
|
(1)form a capillary bed
|
capillaries
|
|
What is a capillary bed?
|
is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w extracellular fluid occurs
|
|
NAME
this is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w extracellular fluid occurs |
capillary bed
|
|
What are venules?
|
these drain into small veins that open into larger veins
|
|
NAME
these drain into small viens that open into larger viens |
venules
|
|
Venules drain into (1)that open into larger veins
|
small veins
|
|
What does SVC stand for?
|
superior vena cava
|
|
What does IVC stand for?
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
What are the largest vein? (2)
|
(1)SVC (2)IVC
|
|
NAME
these are the SVC and IVC |
the largest veins
|
|
What do the largest veins do?
|
they return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart
|
|
NAME
these return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart |
largest veins
|
|
Most vessels of the circulatory system have (1)
|
3 tunics
|
|
Most (1)of the circulatory system have 3 tunics
|
vessels
|
|
What are the (3)tunics of most blood vessels?
|
(1)tunica intima (2)tunica media (3)tunica adventitia
|
|
NAME
most of these have three tunics: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia |
blood vessels
|
|
What is tuncia intima?
|
is a thin endothelia lining of the vessels
|
|
NAME
this is a thin endothelia lining of the vessels |
tunica intima
|
|
What is tunica media?
|
is the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessel
|
|
NAME
this is the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels |
tunica media
|
|
What is the tunica adventita?
|
is the outer connective tissue coat of the blood vessel
|
|
NAME
this is the outer connective tissue coat of the blood vessel |
tunica adventitia
|
|
What are arteries?
|
they carry blood away from the heart and distrubte to the body
|
|
NAME
these carry blood away from the heart and distribute it to the body |
arteries
|
|
What are (3)types of arteries?
|
(1)large elastic arteries (2)medium muscular arteries (3)small arteries and arterioles
|
|
NAME
there are three types of this: large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles |
arteries
|
|
Large elastic arteries are also called (1)
|
conducting arteries
|
|
(1)are also called the conducting arteries
|
large leastic arteries
|
|
What are conducitn arteries?
|
these have many elastic layers in thier wall
|
|
NAME
these have many elastic layer in thier walls |
conducting arteries
|
|
NAME
the maintenance of blood pressure in the arterial system btwn contractions of the heart results from the (1) of conducting arteries |
elasticity
|
|
NAME
the maintenance of blood pressure in the arterial system btwn contractions of the heart results from the elasticity of these arteries |
conducting arteries
|
|
The medium musclular arteries are also called the (1)
|
distributing arteries
|
|
the (1)are also called the distrubuting arteries
|
medium muscular arteries
|
|
What are distriubting arteries?
|
they have walls consisting of mainly smooth muscle
|
|
NAME
the walls of these blood vessels consist of mainly smooth muscle, circulary arranged |
distrubting arteries
|
|
Give a example of conducting arteries?
|
the aorta
|
|
NAME
a example of this is the aorta |
conducting arteries
|
|
Give a example of distributing arteries
|
femoral artery
|
|
NAME
the ability of these arteries to decrease thier diamater regulates the flow of blood to different parts of the body as required |
distributing arteries
|
|
The ability of the distributing arteries to (1)regulates the flow of blood to different parts of the body as required
|
decrease thier diamter
|
|
The ability of the distributing arteries to decrease thier diamter regulates the (1)
|
flow of blood to different parts of the body as required
|
|
What are small arteries and arterioles?
|
they have relatively narrow lumina and thick muscular walls
|
|
NAME
these have relatively narrow lumnia and thick muscular walls |
small arteries and arterioles
|
|
The degree of arterial pressure w/in the vascular system is mainly regulated by the (1)
|
degree of tonus in the smooth muscle of the arteriolar walls
|
|
the (1)w/in the vascular system is mainly regulated by the degree of tonus in the smooth muscle of the arteriolar walls
|
degree of arterial pressure
|
|
What is tonus?
|
refers to firmness
|
|
NAME
this refers to firmness |
tonus
|
|
If the tonus of muscle in the natioer wall is above normal than (1)results
|
hypertension
|
|
Anastomoses is another name for (1)
|
communications
|
|
(1)is another name for commuincations
|
Anastomoses
|
|
What are anastomoses?
|
refers to the multiple branches of artery and provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case of blockeage of a blood vessel
|
|
NAME
these are are btwn the multiple branches of artery and provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed by compression, the postion of joint, pathology, or surgical ligiation |
anastomoses
|
|
What happens if a main channel is occulated?
|
the smaller alternate channels can usally increase in size providing a collateral circulation
|
|
If a (1)the smaller alternative channels can usally increase in size providing colateral circulation
|
main channel is occulated
|
|
if a main channel is occulated the smaller alternative channels can usally increase in size providing (1)
|
collateral circulation
|
|
What is collateral circulation?
|
circulation that ensures that blood supply to structures is distal to the blockage
|
|
NAME
this circulation ensures that blood supply to structures is distal to the blockage |
collateral circulation
|
|
T or F
collateral pathways do not require time to develop and are usally sufficient enough to compensate for sudden occulsion or ligation |
false
|
|
What is one problem w collateral circulation?
|
is that they require time to develop and are usally insuffient to compensate for the sudden oclusion or ligation
|
|
T or F
there are areas where collateral circulation does not exisist or is inadequate to replace the main blood vessel |
true
|
|
Are there areas where collateral circulation does not exist are inadequate to replace the main blood vessel?
|
yes
|
|
What are terminal arteries?
|
are arteries that do not anastomose w adjacent arteries
|
|
NAME
these are arteries that do not anastomose w adjacent arteries |
terminal arteries
|
|
What does occulsion of a termina artery do?
|
distrupts the blood supply to the structure or segment of an organ it supplies
|
|
NAME
distrupts the blood supply to the structure or segment of an organ it supplys |
the occulusion of a termain artery
|
|
What are functional terminal arteries?
|
are arteries w ineffecutal anastomose or are not true terminal arteries
|
|
NAME
these are arteries w ineffectual anastomose or are not true arteries |
functional terminal arteries
|
|
What is the most common acquired disease of the arteries?
|
arterioscelrois
|
|
Arteriosclerosis is the (1)acquired disease of the arteries
|
most common
|
|
What is Arteriosclerosis?
|
is the hardening of the arteries
|
|
nAME
this is the hardening of the arteries |
Artiosclerosis
|
|
NAME
this is a common for of arterioscleoris |
atherosclerosis
|
|
Atherosclerosis is a common form of (1)
|
arterioscelrois
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholesterol in the arterial walls
|
|
NAME
this is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholesterol in the arterial walls |
atheroscelrosis
|
|
What is the differ btwn arteriosclerois and atheroscelrosis?
|
(1)Arteriosclerois is the hardening of the arteries (2)Atherosclerosis is associated w the buildup of fat mainly cholestral in the arterial walls
|
|
Calcium deposits can form (1)
|
atheromatous plaque
|
|
(1)can form atheromatous plaque
|
Calcium deposits
|
|
Atheromatous plaque will the result in (1)
|
arterial narrowing and irregularticy and then possibly thrombosis
|
|
(1)will result in arterial narrowing and irregularticty and then possibly thrombosis
|
Atheromatous plague
|
|
What is thrombosis?
|
is local clotting
|
|
NAME
this is local clotting |
thrombosis
|
|
What is ischemia?
|
is the reduction of blood supply of an organ or tissue
|
|
NAME
this is the reduction of blood supply of an organ or tissue |
ischemia
|
|
What is infarction?
|
is the local death of an organ or tissue
|
|
NAME
this is the local death of an organ or tissue |
infarction
|
|
What is myocardial infarction?
|
is heart attack
|
|
NAME
this is a heart attack |
myocardial infarction
|
|
What is gangrene?
|
necrosis in the parts of the limbs
|
|
NAME
this is necrosis in the parts of the limbs |
gangrene
|
|
What are some consquences of thrombus? (3)
|
(1)myocardial infarction (2)stroke (3)gangrene
|
|
NAME
some consquences of this are myocardial infarction, stroke, and gangrene |
thrombus
|
|
What is hypertension?
|
is high blood pressure
|
|
nAME
this is jst another name for high blood pressure |
hypertension
|
|
What does the back consist of? (7)
|
(1)subcutaneous tissue (2)deep fascia (3)verterbal column (4)ribs (5)spinal cord (6)meninges (7)various segmental nerves and vessels
|
|
NAME
this consists of subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, vereterbral column, ribs, spinal cord, meninges, verious segmental nerves, and vessels |
the back
|
|
What is the vertebral column?
|
the spine
|
|
NAME
this is the spine |
verterbral column
|
|
Where is the verterbal column located?
|
extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx and forms the skeleton of the neck and is the main part of the axial skeletalon
|
|
NAME
this extends from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx and forms the skeleton of the neck and is the main parts of the axial skeleton |
vertebral column
|
|
What does the vetrabral column do? (4)
|
(1)it protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves (2)supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis (3)provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body to pivot for the head (4)plays in important role in posture and locomotion
|
|
NAME
this protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves, supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis, provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body to pivot the head, and plays in important role in posture and locomotion |
vertebral column
|
|
How many vertebrae does a adult start out w ?
|
33 vertebrae
|
|
humans are born w (1)vertebrae
|
33
|
|
What are the (5)regions of the vertebrae?
|
(1)7 cervical (2)12 thoarcic (3) 5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)4 coccygeal
|
|
NAME
this has 5 regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoarcic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 5 coccygeal |
verteebrae
|
|
What are the (5)regions of the vertebrae?
|
(1)7 cervical (2)12 thoarcic (3) 5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)4 coccygeal
|
|
What is the lumbar bosaacral angle?
|
occurs at the junction of the lumbar region of the veretbral column and the sacrum
|
|
NAME
this occurs at the region of the lumbar region of the veretrbral column and the sacrum |
lumbar bosasacral angle
|
|
NAME
this occurs at the junction of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and the sacrum |
lumbosasacral angle
|
|
What is the sacrum?
|
are the 5 fused sarcal verebrae in adults
|
|
NAME
these are the five fused sacral veretbrae in adults |
sacrum
|
|
What are the coccyx?
|
are the 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae in adults
|
|
NAME
these are the 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae in adults |
coccyx
|
|
What happens to the vertebral column as you move down it?
|
the vertbrae gradually becomes larger as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then becomes progressively smaller toward the apex of the coccyx
|
|
As the vertbrae gradually becomes (1)as the vertebral column descends to the sacrum and then becomes progressivly (2)toward the apex of the coccyx
|
vertebral column
|
|
As the verbrae gradually becomes largers as the verebral column (1) and then becomes progressively smaller toward to the (2)
|
(1)descends to the sacrum (2)apex of the coccyx
|
|
Why is the vetrbral column so flexible?
|
bc it is made up of vertebrae that are separated by IV discs
|
|
NAME
this is flexible bc it is made up of vertebrae that are separated by IV discs |
vetrebral discs
|
|
What does IV discs stand for?
|
intervertebral discs
|
|
What are vertebrae?
|
are small bones separated by intervertebral discs that make up the vertebral column
|
|
NAME
these are small bones separated by intevertebral discs that make up the vertebral column |
vertebrae
|
|
What are IV discs?
|
they separate the vertbrae
|
|
NAME
these separate the vertebrae |
IV discs
|
|
the 25 cervical, throacic, lumbar, and first scaral vertebrar articulate at synovail joint (1)
|
zygapophysical joints
|
|
What are zygapophysial joints?
|
are joints of the vertebral arches
|
|
NAME
these faciliatate and control the verebtral column's flexibility |
zygopophysial joints
|
|
The vertebral bodies contrbute approximately (1)of the hieght of the vertbral column
|
three quarters
|
|
The (1)contribute approxiamtely to the height of the vertbral column
|
one quarter
|
|
How many curvatures does the adult vertebral column have?
|
4
|
|
the adult verebral column has (1)curvatures
|
4
|
|
What are the (4)curvatures of the adult vertebral column?
|
(1)cervical (2)thoarcic (3)lumbar (4)sacral
|
|
NAME
there are 4 of them: they are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral |
curvatures
|
|
What do curvatures?
|
they provide a flexible support or short absorbing resilience
|
|
NAME
they provide a flexible support or a short absorbing resilience |
curvatures
|
|
the sacral curvature is also called the (1)
|
pelvic
|
|
curvatures are also called the (1)
|
kyphoses
|
|
(1)are also called the kyphoses
|
curvatures
|
|
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are concave (1)
|
anteriorly
|
|
NAME (2)
these curvatures are concave anteriorly |
thoracic and sacral
|
|
The cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave (1)
|
posteriorly
|
|
NAME (2)
these curvatures are concave posteriorly |
(1)cervical and (2)lumbar
|
|
What is the differ btwn the way the thoracic and sacral curvatures and the cervical and lumbar curvatures concave?
|
(1)the thoracic and the sacral curvatures concave anteriorly (2)the cervical and the lumbar curvatures concave posteriorly
|
|
Which curvatures concave anteriorly (2)?
|
(1)thoracic (2)sacral
|
|
Which curvatures are concave posteriorly? (2)
|
(1)cervical (2)lumbar
|
|
What are the different primary curvatures? (2)
|
(1)throarcic and sacral curvatures
|
|
NAME
there are two types of this: the thoracic and the sacral curvatures |
the primary curvatures
|
|
When do the primary curvatures develop?
|
during the fetal period
|
|
NAME
these curvatures develop during the fetal period |
the primary curvatures
|
|
What are the primary curvatures?
|
the develop during the fetal period and are retained throughout your life
|
|
NAME
these curvatures develop during the fetal period and are retained throughout your life |
primary curvatures
|
|
Why are the primary curvatures retained throughout your whole life?
|
as of a consquence of the differences in height btwn the anterior and posterior parts of the verebrae
|
|
What are the different (2)secondary curvatures?
|
(1)cervical (2)lumbar
|
|
NAME
there are two types of this curvature: the cervical and the lumbar |
secondary curvature
|
|
When do the secondary curvatures appear?
|
appear during the cervical region during the fetal period but do not become obvious until infancy
|
|
NAME
these appear during the cervical region during the fetal period but do not become obvious until infacy |
secondary curvatures
|
|
What maintains the secondary curvatures?
|
they are maintained primaryly by the differences in thickness btwn the anterior and the posterior parts of the IV discs
|
|
When does the cervical curvature develop?
|
it becomes prominent when an infant begins to hold his or her head erect
|
|
NAME
this becomes prominent when an infant begins to hold his or her head erect |
cervical curvature
|
|
When does the lumbar curvature become obvious?
|
it becomes obvious when an infant begins to walk and assumes the upright posture
|
|
NAME
this curvature becomes obvious when an infant begins to walk and assumes the upright posture |
lumbar curvature
|
|
The lumbar curvature is usally more pronounced in (1)
|
females
|
|
T or F
the lumbar curvature is more pronounced in males |
false
|
|
The lumbar curvature ends at the (1)
|
lumbosacral angle
|
|
the (1)ends at the lumbosacral angle
|
lumbar curvature
|
|
What is the lumbosacral angle?
|
is formed at the junction of L5 vertebra w the sacrum
|
|
NAME
this is formed at the junction of L5 vertebra w the sacrum |
lumbosacral angle
|
|
How is the sacral curvature differ in females>
|
bc it is reduced so that the coccyx protrude less into pelvic outlet
|
|
NAME
in females, this curvature, it reduced so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet |
sacral curvature
|
|
The (1)curvature in females is reduced so that the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet
|
sacral curvature
|
|
What are some causes of abnormal curvatures?
|
(1)developmental anomalies (2)patholgical processes such as osteoporosis
|
|
NAME
this can be caused by developmental anomalies or patholigcal processes such as osteoporisis |
abnoraml curvatures
|
|
(1) is short for Excess thoracic kyphosis
|
kypohsis
|
|
Kyphosis is short for (1)
|
excess thoracic kyphosis
|
|
Kyphosis is also called (1)
|
"humpback
|
|
(1)is also called the humpback
|
kyphosis
|
|
What is kyphosis?
|
is an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature and the vertebral column curves posteriorly
|
|
NAME
this is an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature and the verebral column curves posteriorly |
kyphosis
|
|
What can cause kyphosis?
|
(1)erosion of the anterior part of one or more of the vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this can result from an erosiion of the anterior part of one or more of the vertebrae |
kyphosis
|
|
Progressive ersosion and collapse of the verebrae results in (1)
|
overall loss of height
|
|
What is Dowager's hump?
|
refers to excess thoracic kyphosis in older women resulting from osteoporosis
|
|
NAME
this refers to excess thoracic kyphosis in older women resulting from osteoporosis |
Dowager's hump
|
|
T or F
kyphosis occurs in geriatric people of both sexes |
true
|
|
Lordosis is short for (1)
|
excess lumbar lordosis
|
|
(1)is short for excess lumbar lordosis
|
lordosis
|
|
Lordoisis is also called the (1)
|
hallow back
|
|
(1)is also called the hallow back
|
Lordosis
|
|
What is lordosis?
|
is the anterior roation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
|
|
NAME
is the anterior roation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature |
lordosis
|
|
What is abnormal extension deformity?
|
weakened trunk musculature eps of the anterolateral abdominal wall
|
|
NAME
this is the weakend trunk musculature episcally of the anteriolateral abdominal wall |
abnoraml extension deforimity
|
|
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, pregrant women develop a temporoary (1)
|
lordosis
|
|
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, (1)develop a temporary lordosis
|
pregrant women
|
|
To compensate for alterations to thier normal line of gravity, pregrant women develop a temporoary (1)
|
lordosis
|
|
Scoliosis is also called (1)
|
crooked or curved back
|
|
(1)this is also called the crooked or curved back
|
Scliosis
|
|
What is scoliosis?
|
is an abnormal lateral crvature that is accompanied by rotation of the veretbrae
|
|
NAME
this is an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the veretbrae |
scoliosis
|
|
NAME
this is the most common deformity of the vertebral column in girls |
sciolosis
|
|
Sciolosis is the (1)deformity of the vertebral column in girls
|
most common
|
|
What are some causes of scoliosis? (3)
|
(1)myopathic scoliosis (2)hemivertebra (3)hemiverebra
|
|
NAME
some causes of this are myopathic scoliosis, hemiverebra, and hemiverebra |
scoliosis
|
|
What is myopathic sciolosis?
|
is the weakening of the intrinsci back muscles
|
|
NAME
this is the weakening of the intrinsic back muscles |
myopathic sciolosis
|
|
What is hemivertebra?
|
if the failure of the half of a vertebra to develop
|
|
NAME
this is the failure of the half of a vertebra to develop |
hemivertebra
|
|
What does a typical vertebra consist of? (3)
|
(1)vertebral body (2)vertebral arch (3) seven processes
|
|
NAME
this typical consists of vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes |
vertebra
|
|
What is the vertebral body?
|
it gives strength to the vertebral column and support body weight
|
|
NAME
this gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight |
vertebral body
|
|
What happens to the size of the veretrbodies epesically at T4?
|
they increase to bear the progressivly greater body weight
|
|
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies are covered with (1)except at the epiphysial rim
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the (1)are covered by hyaline cartilage excpet at the epiphysial rim
|
vertebral bodies
|
|
Most of the superior and inferior surfaces of the verebral bodies are covered by hyalin cartilage excpet at the (1)
|
epiphysial rim
|
|
What are the epiphysial rim?
|
is a ring of smooth bone
|
|
NAME
this is a ring of smooth bone |
epiphysial rim
|
|
What are the pedicles?
|
are short, stout processses that join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body
|
|
NAME
these are short, stout processes that join the veretbral arch to the vertebral body |
pedicles
|
|
wWhat is the laminae?
|
unites the mideline
|
|
NAME
this units the mideline |
laminae
|
|
What is the verebral forman?
|
are walls that consist of the verterbal arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body
|
|
The vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body form the walls of the (1)
|
vertebral foramen
|
|
What is vertebral canal consist of ? (5)
|
(1)spinal cord (2)meninges (3)fat (4)spinal nerve roots (5)vessels
|
|
nAME
this consists of the spinal cord, meninges, fat, spinal nerve roots and vessels |
vertebral canal
|
|
What are vertebral notches?
|
are the indentations formed by the projection of the body and articular processes superior and inferior to the pedicles
|
|
NAME
these are the indentations formed by the projection of the body and articular processes superior and inferior to the pedicles |
vertebral notches
|
|
What are IV foramina?
|
these give passage to the spinal nerve roots and accompanying vessels and contain the spinal ganglia
|
|
NAME
these give passage to the spinal nerve roots and accompanying vessels and contain the spinal ganglia |
IV foramina
|
|
What are the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?
|
(1)one median spinous process (2)2 tranverse processes (3)4 articular processes--two superior and two inferior
|
|
NAME
there are 7 of these--one median spinous process, 2 tranvers processes, and 4 articular processes--two superior and inferior |
the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra
|
|
What are the articular processes?
|
arise from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae each bearing an facet
|
|
NAME
this arises from the junction of the pedicles and laminae each bearing a facet |
articular processes
|
|
Facet is also called (1)
|
articular processes
|
|
(1)is also called the articular processes
|
facet
|
|
What determines the types of movement permited and restricted by the aticular facets?
|
the directions of the articular facets
|
|
What prevents one vertebrae from sliping anteriorly on the vertebra below?
|
the iterlocking of the articular processes
|
|
What prevents one vertebrae from sliping anteriorly on the vertebra below?
|
the interlocking of the atricular processes
|
|
What is laminectomy?
|
is the surfical exicision of one or more of the spinous processes and thier supporting lamine in a particular region of the vertebral a column
|
|
NAME
this is the surfical exicision of one or more of the spinous processses and thier supporting lamine in a particular region of the vertebral column |
laminectomy
|
|
NAME
this provides acess to the vertebral canal to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves root |
laminectomy
|
|
A laminoectomy provides acess to the (1)
|
avertebral canal to releive pressure on the spinal cord or nerves root
|
|
What commonly causes pressure on the nerve root or spinal cord resulting in people needing to having laminectomy? (3)
|
(1)tumor (2)herniated IV disc (3)bony hypertrophy
|
|
NAME
this is commony caused by a tumor, herinated IV disc, and bony hypertrophy |
pressure on the spinal cord or nerve root
|
|
How can the bodies of cervical vertebra be dislocated?
|
(1)neck injuries
|
|
(1)vertebra can be dislocated in neck injuries w less force than is required to fracture
|
cervical
|
|
T or F
slight dislocation can occur w/out damaging the spinal cord |
true
|
|
Can slight disloaction occurs w out damage to spinal cord?
|
yes
|
|
What happens when the cervical vertebra are serverly dislocated?
|
the spinal cord is damaged
|
|
When (1)are is severly dislocated, the spinal cord is damaged
|
cervical vertebra
|
|
What is facet jumping?
|
refers to locking of the displaced articular processes
|
|
NAME
this refers to the locking of the displaced articular processes |
face jumping
|
|
If disloaction does not (1), the cervical vertebrae may self reduce
|
face jumping
|
|
if the dislocation does face jumping, the cervical vertebrae may (1)
|
self reduce
|
|
What does self reduce mean?
|
it refers to sliping back into the place
|
|
NAME
this refers to slipin back into the place |
self reduce
|
|
T or F
if a dislocted cervical verebrae self-reduced then a rediograph may not indicate that the cord is injured but a MRI will |
true
|
|
if a dislocated cervical vertbre is self reduced then a radiograph may (1)
|
not pick up that the spinal cord is damaged
|
|
T or F
dislocation of the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar regions is common |
false
|
|
Is the dislocation of the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar regions is common?
|
no
|
|
the dislocation of the vertebrae in the (1)and (2)is uncommone
|
(1)thoracic (2)lumbar
|
|
the dislocation of the veretbrae in the thoratic and the lumber is (1)
|
uncommon
|
|
Why is the dislocation of the veretbrae in the thoracic and the lumbar region uncommon?
|
bc of the interlocking of thier articular processes
|
|
What are the most common fractured non-cervical vertebrae?
|
T11 and T12
|
|
NAME
these are the most commonly fractured non-cervical vertebrae |
T11 and T12
|
|
T11 and T12 are the most common fractured(1)
|
non-cervical vertebrae
|
|
Spondylolysis of L5 probaly results from the failure of the centrum of L5 to (1)
|
unite adequately w the neural arches during development
|
|
What do fractures and fracture dislocations of the veretbral column result from?
|
sudden forceful flexion as in car accident
|
|
NAME
this commonly results from sudden forceful flexion as in a car accident |
fractures and fracture dislocations
|
|
Severe hyptertension is most likley to injure the posterior parts of hte (1)
|
vertebrae, the vertebral arches, and thier processes
|
|
Severe (1)is most likely to injure the posterior parts of the veretbrae, the vertebral arches, and thier processes
|
severe hypertension
|
|
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column?
|
is spina bifida occulta
|
|
NAME
this is the most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column |
spina bifida occulta
|
|
Spina bifida is occulta is the (1)cogenital anomaly of the vertebral column
|
most common
|
|
What is spina bifida occulta?
|
is in which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally or fuse
|
|
NAME
this when the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally or fuse |
spina bifida occulta
|
|
NAME
this bony defect is present in up to 24% of the population |
spina bifida occulta
|
|
Spina bifidia occulta is present in up to (1)of the population
|
24%
|
|
The bony defect of spina bifid occulta is often (1)and its location is indicated by (2)
|
(1)concealed by skin (2)a tuft of hair
|
|
T or F
most people w spina bifida have not back problems |
false
|
|
Do most people w spina bifida have back problems?
|
no
|
|
What is spina bifida cystica?
|
is when one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
|
|
NAME
this is when one or more vertebral arches may almost completly fail to develop |
bifida cystica
|
|
Spina bifida cystica is associated w the (1)
|
herniation of the meninges
|
|
(1)is associated w the herniation of the meninges
|
Spina Bifida cystica
|
|
Spina bifida cystica is associated w the (1)
|
herniation of the meninges
|
|
What are the distinctive characteristics of the body of the cervical vertebrae?
|
is the small and wider from side to aide
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristics of vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae
|
large and triangular
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
|
small or absent in C7
|
|
WhWhat is the distinctive characteristics of the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?
|
short and and split into 2 parts
|
|
NAME
the distinctive characteristic of this vertebrae is that it's vertebral foramen is large and trianglar |
the vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristics of the body of the thoracic vertebrae?
|
is heart shaped
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristics of the of the vertberal foramen of the thoracic vertbrae?
|
circular and smaller
|
|
NAME
the distinctive charcterstic this vertebrae is that it's body is heart shaped |
thoracic vertebrae
|
|
NAME
the distinctive chracteristic of this vertebrae is that it's vertebral foramen is circular and smaller |
thoracic vertebrae
|
|
NAME
the distrinctive characteristic of this vertebrae's body is that it is small and wider from side to side |
cervical vertebrae
|
|
NAME
the distinictive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's verebral foramen that is large and triangular |
cervical vertebrae
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristic of the body of a lumbar vertebrae?
|
it massive and kidney shaped superiorly
|
|
What is the distinctive characteristic of the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?
|
triangular; larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae
|
|
NAME
the distinictive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's triangular; larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae |
lumbar vertebrae
|
|
NAME
the distinctive characteristic of this vertebrae is it's vertebral formen is triangular and larger than the thoracic vertebrae and smaller than in cervical vertibrae |
the lumbar vertebrae
|
|
How do u tell if the vertebrae is a cervical vertebrae? (2)
|
(1)the body is smaller and wider (2)the vertebral forament is large and triangular
|
|
How do you tell if the vertebrae is the thoracic vertebrae? (2)
|
(1)the body is heart shaped (2)the vertebral foramen is circular and smaller than those in the cervical and lumbar regions
|
|
How do you tell if the vertebrale is a lumbar vertebrae? (2)
|
(1)the body is massive and kidney shaped (2)vertebral foramen is triangular and larger than in thoracic vertbrae and smaller than the cervical vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this is composed of five fused sacral vertebrae |
sacrum
|
|
How does the sacrum provide strength and stability to the pelvis and transmit body weight to the plevic gridle?
|
the sacroilial joints
|
|
What does the sacrum do? (2)
|
(1)provides strength and stability to the pelvis (2)tranmits body weight to the pelvic gridle
|
|
NAME
this provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits body weight to the pelvic gridle |
sacrum
|
|
What are the sacroilial joints?
|
allow/help the sacrum to provide strength and stability to the pelvis and tranmit body weight to the pelvic griddle
|
|
NAME
this allow/help the sacrum to provide strength and stability to the pelvis and tranmit body weight to the pelvic griddle |
sacroilial joints
|
|
What is the median sacral crest?
|
is the fused spinous processses
|
|
NAME
this is the fused spinous processes |
median sacral crest
|
|
What is the intermediate sacral crests?
|
they are the fused articular processes
|
|
NAME
these are the fused articular processes |
intermediate sacral crests
|
|
What are the lateral sacral crests?
|
are the fused tips of the tranverse processes
|
|
What is the sacral promontory?
|
is the projecting anterior edge of the body of the first sacral vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this is the projecting anterior edge of the body of the first sacral vertebrae |
sacral promontory
|
|
the spinous processes of the (1)are large and easy to observe when the posterior median furrow is flexed
|
lumbar vertebrae
|
|
(1)in the back indacte the locatio of the posterior superior illac spines
|
dimples
|
|
Dimples in the back indiacte the location of the posterior superior (1)
|
iliac spines
|
|
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
|
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
|
|
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
|
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
|
|
When the back is flexed what parts of the spinal cord can u see? (3)
|
(1)the spinous proces of C7 vertebra (2)spinous process of T1 vertebra (3)the lumbar vertebrae
|
|
What is the compostion of the IV discs consist of? (2)
|
(1)annulus firosis (2)nucleus puplosus
|
|
NAME
this consists of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus |
IV discs
|
|
What is the annulus fibrosis?
|
are fibrocartilaginous layers arranged in similar rings of a tree
|
|
NAME
these are fibrocartiliaginous layers arranged in similar rings of a tree |
Annulus Fibrosis
|
|
What is the function of annulus fibrosis?
|
protects against herniation
|
|
NAME
this protects against herniation |
annulus fibrosis
|
|
What are the joints of the vertebral column? (5)
|
(1)the joints of the vertebral bodies, (2)the joints of the vertebral arches (3)craniovertebral joints (4)costovertebral joints (5)sacroilaic joints
|
|
NAME
the joints of this include the joints of the vertebral bodies, the joints of the vertebral arches, craniovertebral joints, costovertebral joints, and sacroiliac joints |
vertebral column
|
|
What are the joints of the vertebral bodies?
|
symphyses
|
|
What are the joints of the vertebral bodies ?
|
symphyses
|
|
The articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by (1)and (2)
|
(1)IV discs (2)liagments
|
|
What is the nucleus pulposus?
|
is the jelly like central core of the IV discs
|
|
NAME
this is the jelly like central core of the IV discs |
nucleus pulosus
|
|
What are the functions of IV discs? (3)
|
(1)shock absorption (2)binds vertebral bodies together (3)permit movements
|
|
NAME
there functions include shock absorption, binds to vertebral bodies together, and permit movements |
IV discs
|
|
At birth, what are the IV discs like?
|
they are 80% water and are intially more cartilaginous fibers
|
|
NAME
at birth, these are 80% water and are intially more cartilaginous fibers |
IV discs
|
|
At birth, the IV discs are (1)water and are intially more (2)
|
(1)80% (2)cartilaginous
|
|
What happens w the IV discs w age?
|
the nuclei pulposi dehydrate and lose elastin and proteoglycans while gaining collagen eventually becoming dry and granular
|
|
NAME
at they age, thier nuclei pulposi dehydrate and lose elastin and proteoglycans while gaining collagen eventuall becoming dry and granular |
IV discs
|
|
What happens to the Annulus as they age?
|
they thicken and often develop fissure and cavities
|
|
NAME
w age, these thicken and often develop fissures and cavities |
Annulus
|
|
With age, the annulus thicken and often develop (1)and (2)
|
(1)fissures (2)cavities
|
|
What happens as the annulus lose thier tugor (aka dry out and lose elastin and protegoylcans)
|
they share a greater share of the vertical load and the associated stress and strains
|
|
NAME
as they lose thier turgor, these share a greater share of the vertical load and the associated stress and strains |
annulus
|
|
T or F
the nucleus pulposus is not centered in the disc but is more posteriorly placed |
true
|
|
Is the nucleus pulposus, avascular or vascular?
|
avasuclar
|
|
Is the nucleus pulposus, avascular or vascular?
|
avascular
|
|
How does the nucleus pulposus receive nourishment?
|
by diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the anaulus fibrosus and vertebral body
|
|
NAME
this recieves its nourishment from diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the annaulus fibrosus and vertebral body |
nucleus pulposus
|
|
Where are there no IV discs?
|
at C1 and C2
|
|
C1 and C2 do not have (1)
|
IV discs
|
|
NAME (2)
these two vertebraes do not have IV discs |
C1 and C2
|
|
C1 is also called the (1)
|
atlas
|
|
(1)is also called the atlas
|
C1
|
|
C2 is als called the (1)
|
axis
|
|
(1)is also called the axis
|
C2
|
|
Where is the thickest IV disc?
|
lumbar region
|
|
NAME
this region has the thickest IV discs |
lumbar region
|
|
the lumbar region has the (1)IV discs
|
thickest
|
|
Where is the thinnest IV disc?
|
in the superior thoracic region
|
|
the superior thoracic region has the (1)IV disc
|
thinnest
|
|
What are the uncovertebral joints located?
|
are btwn the unci of the bodies at C3 to C6 vertebrae
|
|
What are the anterior longitudinal ligament?
|
is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
|
|
NAME
this is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterlateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV disc |
anterior longitudianl ligament
|
|
What are the posterior longitudinal ligament?
|
is much narrower, somewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament
|
|
NAME
this is a much more narrower and shomewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament |
posterior longitudinal ligament
|
|
What is the differ btwn the posterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior longitudinal ligament? (2)
|
(1)posterior longitudinal ligament is a is much narrower, somewhat weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament(2) anterior longitudinal ligament is a is a strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
|
|
What are (2)other names for zygapophyseal joints?
|
(1)Apophyseal (2)facet joints
|
|
What are (2)other names for Apophyseal joints?
|
(1)zygapophyseal (2)face joints
|
|
What are (2)other names for facet joints?
|
(1)zygapophyseal (2)apophyseal joints
|
|
What are the properties of facet joints? (2)
|
they have hyaline cartilage on their joints surfaces (2)have a thin lose capusule supported by fibers of liagmentum flava
|
|
NAME
these joints have hyaline cartilage on thier joint surfaces and they have a thin lose capsule supported by the fibers of liagmentum flava |
facet joints
|
|
What are (2) joints that make up the vertebral joints?
|
(1)facet joints (2)intervertebral joint
|
|
NAME
there are two types of this joint: face joints and intervertebral joints |
vertebral joints
|
|
How are zygapophyseal joints classifed? (2)
|
(1)synovial (2)planar
|
|
NAME
this type of vertebral joint can be classifed as synovial and planar |
zygapophyseal joints
|
|
What is the ligamenta flava?
|
is broad, pale yellow elastic fibrous tissue that joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
|
|
NAME
this is a broad, pale yellow elastic fibrous tissue that joins the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches |
face joints
|
|
What are is zygapophyseal joints?
|
are the joints of the vertebral arches
|
|
NAME
these are the joints of the vertebral arches |
zygapophyseal joints
|
|
hOW ARE zygapophyseal joints classifed? (2)
|
(1)synovial (2)planar joints
|
|
What does the ligamenta flava do?
|
prevents injury to the IV discs
|
|
NAME
this ligament prevents injury to the IV discs |
ligamenta flava
|
|
How are the intervertebral discs classifed? (2)
|
(1)nonsynovial (2)symphysis
|
|
NAME
these vertebral joints are classifed as nonsynovial and symphysis |
intervertebral joints
|
|
What can of movement can the zygapophyseal joints do?
|
gliding movements
|
|
What can of movement can the zygapophyseal joints do?
|
gliding movements
|
|
What are the properties of intervertebral joints? (3)
|
(1)weight bearing (2)shock absorption (3)slight mobility in all directions
|
|
NAME
the properties of these joints include weight bearing such as shock absorption and slight mobility in all directions |
intervertebral joints
|
|
Intervertebral joints are supported by the (1)
|
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
|
|
NAME
this joint is supported by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments |
intervertebral joints
|
|
Intervertebral joints have (1)anchored to (2)
|
(1) cartilaginous end plates of intervertebral disc (2)vertebral bodies
|
|
NAME
these have cartilaginous end plates of the intervertebral disc anchored to the vertebral bodies |
intervertebral joints
|
|
What is the differ btwn interspinous and supraspinous ligaments? (2)
|
(1)interspinous ligaments are weak (2)supraspinous ligaments are strong fibrous
|
|
What is the differ btwn interspinous and supraspinous ligaments? (2)
|
(1)interspinous ligaments are weak (2)supraspinous ligaments are strong fibrous
|
|
The (1)and (2)unit the adjcaent spinous processes
|
interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
|
|
The interspinous and supraspinous ligaments unit the (1)
|
spinous ligaments
|
|
What are the nuchal ligaments?
|
is the strong median ligament of the neck
|
|
What does the "nucha" in nuchal ligament mean?
|
nucha refers to the back of the neck
|
|
NAME
this is the strong median ligament of the neck |
nuchal ligament
|
|
T or F
bc of the shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes, the nuchal ligament substitues for bone in providing muscular attachment |
truw
|
|
bc of the shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes, the (1)subsitutes for bone in providing muscular attachment
|
nuchal ligament
|
|
Bc of the (1)the nuchal ligament subsitutes for bone in providing muscular attachment
|
shortness of C3-C5 spinous processes
|
|
What are intertranverse ligaments?
|
this ligament connects the adjacent tranverse processes
|
|
NAME
this ligament connects the adjacent tranverse processes |
intertranverse ligament
|
|
What is herniation?
|
is the protursion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anulus fibrous
|
|
NAME
this is the protursion of the gelatinous nucleus pulposus into or through the anaulus fibrous |
herination
|
|
Herination is the a well recoginzed cause of (1)and (2)
|
lower back and limb pain
|
|
NAME
this is well recoginzed as a cause of lower back and limb pain |
herination
|
|
What happens if the posterior longitudinal ligament degenarates and the anulus fibrosus wears down?
|
the nucleus pulposus may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots of the spinal nerves
|
|
Herniations usally occur (1)
|
postlaterally where the anulus is relatively thin and does not support from the posterior or anterior ligaments
|
|
NAME
this usally ocurs postlaterally where the anulus is relatively thin and does not support form the posterior or anterior ligaments |
herniations
|
|
A (1)herniation is more likely to be symptomatic
|
posterolateral
|
|
A posterolateral herniation is more likely to be (1)
|
symptomatic
|
|
Why is the posterolateral herniation more likley to be symptomatic?
|
bc of the proximity of the spinal nerve roots
|
|
What does the localized back pain of herniated disc caused by?
|
inflammation and presssure on ligament s and anulus fibrosus
|
|
What does chronic pain from herinated disc caused by?
|
the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated disc
|
|
Posterolateral herniation is most common in the (1)
|
lumbar region
|
|
(1)herniation is most common in the lumbar region
|
posterolateral
|
|
In pateints of avdanced years, the nerves roots are more likely to be compressed by increased (1)
|
ossification
|
|
What is sciatica?
|
is pain in the lower back or hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg
|
|
NAME
this is pain in the lower back or hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg |
sciatica
|
|
What is sciatica usally caused by? (2)
|
a herniated lumbar IV disc or (2)osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1
|
|
NAMe
this is caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress L5 or S1 |
sciatica
|
|
T or F
symptom producing IV disc protrusion occurs in the cervical region often as in the lumbar region |
true
|
|
Cervical disc protusion result in pain where? (4)
|
(1)neck (2)shoulder (3)arm (4)hand
|
|
NAMe
protrusion of a disc in this region can result in pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand |
cervical
|
|
What happens when zygapophysial joints are injured or develop osteophytes during againg? (2)
|
it damages the spinal nerve causing pain along the distribution pattern of the dermatomes (2)spasm in the muscles derived from the assoicated myotomes
|
|
What is denervation of lumbar zygapophysial joints?
|
is a procedure that may be used for treatment of back pain caused by disease of these joints
|
|
NAME
this is a procedure that may be used for treatmetn of back pain caused by disease of these joints |
denervation of lumbar zygapophysial joints
|
|
What are the (2) types of the craniovertebral joints ?
|
(1)alanto-occipital (2)atlantoaxial joints
|
|
NAME
there are (2)types of this joint: alanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints |
cranioveretbral joints
|
|
Where is the Atlanto-Occipital joint located?
|
btwn the C1 and the occipital bone
|
|
NAME
this joint is located btwn the C1 and the occipital bone |
Atlanto-Occipital joint
|
|
Where is the atlanotoaxial joints?
|
btwn the C1 and C2 vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this joint is located btwn the C1 and C2 vertebrae |
atlantoaxial joints
|
|
What does the Atlanto-occipital joints do?
|
permitng nodding of the head which includes such movements such as (1)flexion (2)rotation
|
|
NAME
this joint permits nodding of the head including such movement as flexion and rotation |
Atlanto-occipital
|
|
What does the Atlantoaxial joint s do?
|
permit the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head to indicate a disaproval
|
|
NAME
this permits the head to be turned from side to side as occurs when rotating the head to indicate a disaproval |
Atlantoaxial joint
|
|
What is the atlantoaxial subluxation?
|
incomplete dislocation of the median atlatnoaxial joint
|
|
NAME
this incomplete dislocation of the median atlatnoaxial joint |
atlatnoaxial subluxation
|
|
What is quadriplegia?
|
is the paralysis of all 4 limbs
|
|
NAMe
this is paralysis of all 4 limbs |
quadriplegia
|
|
What happens when the tranverse ligament of the atlas ruptures? (3)
|
it cause (1)atlatoaxial subluxation (2)quadriplega (3)death
|
|
The rupture of the (1)can cause atlatoaxial subluxation, quadriplega, and death
|
tranverse ligament of the atlas
|
|
What is the tranverse ligament of the atlas?
|
is a strong band that extends in the medial aspects of C1 vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this is strong band (ligament) that extends in the medial aspects of the C1 vertebrae |
tranverse ligament of the atlas
|
|
What happens when the alar ligaments rapture?
|
it results in increase of approximately 30% in the range of movement in the opposite side
|
|
When the (1)rapture, it results in increase of approximately 30% of movement in the opposite side
|
alar ligaments
|
|
STOPED HERE
|
I STOPED HERE
|
|
What supplies the vertebrae? (2)
|
by periosteal (2)equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries and thier spinal branches
|
|
NAME
this is supplied by periosteal and the equatorial branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries of thier spinal branches |
vertebrae
|
|
What are branches of the spinal branches? (4)
|
(1)vertebral and ascending cerbical arteries in the neck (2)posterior intercostal arteries in the thoracic region (3)subcostal and lumbar arteries in the abdomen (4)sacral arteries in the pelvis
|
|
NAME
these branch branches off from the vertebral and ascending cerbical arteries in the neck, posterior intercostal arteries in the thoraic region, subcostal and lumbar arteries in the abdomen, and sacral arteries in the pelvis |
spinal branches
|
|
What are the spinal branches?
|
they enter the IV foramina and divide into the anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches
|
|
NAME
these enter the IV foramina and divide into the anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches |
spinal branches
|
|
What are the spinal veins?
|
they form the venous plexuses along the veretbral column
|
|
NAME
these form the venous plexuses along the veretbral column |
spinal veins
|
|
What are the basivertebral veins?
|
these form w/in the vertebral bodies and emerge from foramina on the surfaces of the vertebral bodies
|
|
NAME
these form w/in the vertebral bodies and emerge from foramina on the surfaces of the vertebral bodies |
basivertebral veins
|
|
What are intevertebral veins?
|
receive viens from the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses as they accompany the spinal nerves through the IV foramina to drain into the vertebral veins of the neck and segemental veins of the trunk
|
|
NAME
these receive veins from the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses as they accompany the spinal nerves through the IV foramina to drain into the vertebral veins of the neck and segemental veins of the trunk |
intevertebral veins
|
|
The vertebral column is innervated by the (1)
|
meningeal branches of the spinal nerves
|
|
The (1)is innervated by the meningeal branches of the spinal nerves
|
vertebral column
|
|
The meningeal branches of the spinal nerves are also called the (1)
|
recurrent branches of the nerves
|
|
the (1) are also called the reccurent branches of the nerves
|
meningeal branches of the spinal cord
|
|
What is the vertebral canal contains? (4)
|
(1)spinal cord (2)spinal meninges (3)spinal nerve roots (4)neurovascular structures
|
|
NAME
this contains the spinal cord, spinal meninges, spinal nerve roots, and neurovascular structures |
vertebral canal
|
|
What is the spinal cord?
|
is the major reflex center and conduction pathway btwn the body and the brain
|
|
NAME
this is the major reflex center and conduction pathway btwn the body and the brain |
spinal cord
|
|
What kind of structure is the spinal cord?
|
is the cylindrical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and and posteriorly
|
|
NAME
this is the cylinderical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly |
spinal cord
|
|
What protects the spinal cord? (4)
|
(1)vertebrae (2)thier associated ligaments and muscles (3)spinal meninges (4)CSF
|
|
NAME
this is protected by the vertebrae and thier associated ligaments and muscles, spinal meninges, and CSF |
spinal cord
|
|
What does CSF stand for?
|
cerbrospinal fluid
|
|
Wher does the spinal cord begin?
|
medulla oblongta
|
|
NAME
this begins at the medulla oblongta |
spinal cord
|
|
What is the medulla blongta?
|
is the begining of the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this is the begining of the spinal cord |
medulla oblongta
|
|
In a newborn, what is the inferior part of the spinal cord?
|
is the opppoiste of the IV disc and btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
|
|
In (1), the inferior part of the spinal cord is the opposite of the IV disc and btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
|
newbron
|
|
In adults, what is the inferior part of the spinal cord?
|
btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae
|
|
NAME
in (1), the inferior part of the spinal cord is btwn L2 and L3 vertebrae |
adults
|
|
What is the medullary cone?
|
the tapering end of the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this is the tapering end of the spinal cord |
medullary cone
|
|
What are the (2)enlargements in the spinal cord?
|
(1)cervical enlargement (2)lumbar enlargement
|
|
nAME
this has two enlargements: cervical and lumbar englargemetns |
spinal cord
|
|
Where is the cervical enlargement located?
|
btwn C4 and T1
|
|
NAME
this enlargement is located btwn the C4 and T1 |
cervical enlargement
|
|
Where is the lumbar enlargement located?
|
btwn L1 and S3
|
|
NAME
this enlargement is btwn L1 and S3 |
lumbar enlargement
|
|
What is the cauda equina?
|
is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the lumbar enlargement and the medullary cone
|
|
NAME
this is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the lumbar enlargement and the meduallary cone |
cauda equina
|
|
the cauda equina is a bundle of nerve roots that arise from the (1) and (2)
|
(1)lumbar enlargement (2)medullary cone
|
|
The lumbar enlargement is also called the (1)
|
lumbosacral enlargement
|
|
the (1)is also called the lumbosacral enlargement
|
lumbar enlargement
|
|
How many spinal nerves are there?
|
31
|
|
There are (1)spinal nerves
|
31
|
|
What are the different spinal nerves?
|
(1)8 cervical nerves (2)12 thoracic (3)5 lumbar (4)5 sacral (5)1 coccygeal
|
|
NAME
these include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal |
spinal nerves
|
|
What is the segment is the spinal cord?
|
is the part of the spinal cord from which the rootlets of one pair of roots emerges
|
|
NAME
this is the part of the spinal cord from which the rootlets of one pair of roots emerge |
segment of the spinal cord
|
|
What are the posterior roots of the spinal nerves?
|
contain afferent fibers from the skin
|
|
NAME
these contain afferent fibrs from the skin |
posterior roots of the spinal nerves
|
|
The afferent fibers are also called (1)
|
sensory fibers
|
|
(1)fiber are also called the sensory fibers
|
afferent fibers
|
|
What are the anterior roots of the spinal nerves?
|
contain efferent fibers to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibers
|
|
NAME
these contain efferent fibrs to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynpatic autonomic fibers |
anterior roots of the spinal nerves
|
|
What is the differ btwn the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord?(2)
|
(1)the posterior roots of the spinal nerve contain afferent fibers from the skin (2)anterior roots of the spinal nerves contain efferent fibers to the skeletal muscles and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibers
|
|
What are the anterior horns of the gray matter?
|
these are the cell bodies of somatic axons contriubting to the anterior roots of the spinal nerves
|
|
NAME
these are the cell bodies of the somatic axons contributing to the anterior roots of the spinal nerves |
anterior horns of the gray matter
|
|
What are the spinal ganglia?
|
are the cell bodies of axons making up the posterior roots that are outside of the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
these are cell bodies of axons making up the posterior roots that are outside of the spinal cord |
spinal ganglia
|
|
What is the spinal nerve?
|
is where the posteior and anterior roots of the spinal nerve unite
|
|
NAME
this is where the posterior and the anterior roots of the spinal nerve unite |
spinal nerve
|
|
What are the (2)divisions of the spinal nerve?
|
(1)posterior ramus (2)anterior ramus
|
|
NAME
this soon divides up into two parts: posterior ramus and anterior ramus |
spinal nerves
|
|
What is the posterior ramus?
|
supplies the skin and deep muscles of the back
|
|
NAME
this nerve supplies the skin and deep muscles of the back |
posterior ramus
|
|
WHat is the anterior ramus?
|
supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk
|
|
NAME
this supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk |
anterior ramus
|
|
What is the differ btw nthe anterior ramus and the posterior ramus? (2)
|
(1)anterior ramus supplies the skin and the deep muscles of the back (2)posterior ramus supplies the limbs and the rest of the trunk
|
|
In adults, which is shorter the vertebral column or the spinal cord?
|
spinal cord
|
|
In adults, which shorter, the vertebral column, and the spinal cord?
|
spinal cord
|
|
The lumbosacral enlargement is also called the (1)
|
lumbar enlargement
|
|
(1)is also called the lumbar enlargements
|
lumbosacral enlargement
|
|
What happens to the spinal roots are you go progressively inferior?
|
increase
|
|
Which nerve rootlets are the longest?
|
lumbar and sacral
|
|
(1)and (2)rootelts are the longest
|
lumbar and sacral
|
|
T or F
the vertebral column is fairly mobile |
true
|
|
(1)in the vertbral column permit movements in all directions
|
intervertebral joints
|
|
intervertebral joints in the vertebral column permit (1)
|
movement in all direction
|
|
Describe the range of movement for intervertebral joints
|
the range of motion for each joint is light. (2)However, when multiplied over an entire segment of the vertebral column, these small movements can result in significant amount of movement
|
|
the range of motion for each intervertebral joint is (1)however when multipled over the entire segment of the vertebral column, these small movements can result in (1)of movment
|
(1)small (2)significant amounts
|
|
Which regions of the vertebral column are more mobile?
|
the cervical and lumbar
|
|
The cerivcal and lumbar region are more (1)than the thoracic region
|
moble
|
|
The (1)and (2)regions are more moble than the (3)regions of the back
|
(1)cervical (2)lumbar (3)thoracic
|
|
Why are the cervical and lumbar regions more mobile than the thoracic region? (2)
|
bc the cervical and lumbar region do not have ribs attached to them (2)the size of the IV discs in relation to the vertberal bodies and the shape
|
|
Why are the cervical and lumbar regions more mobile than the thoracic region? (2)
|
bc the cervical and lumbar region do not have ribs attached to them(2)the size of the IV discs in relation to the vertberal bodies and the shape
|
|
WHat are the different types of movement the vertebral column can do? (4)
|
(1)flexion (2)extension (3)lateral flexion such when you bending over (4)rotation
|
|
NAME
this can do the following movements: flexion, extension, lateral flexion such as when you bend over, and rotation |
vertebral column
|
|
Describe the flexion movement of the vertebral column (3)
|
(1)examples include the vertebral column (2)is a larger range of motion (3)usaual cause of disc problems
|
|
NAME
this movement is usally a cuase of disc problems |
flexion
|
|
NAME
this is the forward bending of the vertebral column |
flexion
|
|
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this backward bending of the vertebral column |
extension
|
|
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is tilting the vertebral column to one side |
lateral flexion
|
|
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is the foward bending of vertebral column |
flexion
|
|
What are the determinants of the movements of the vertebral column?
|
the postion of articular facets
|
|
What kind of movements do Atlatnooccipital joints allow for?
|
(1)permits flexion/extension nodding of head
|
|
NAME
this permits flexion/extension nodding of the head |
Atlantoocciptial joint
|
|
NAME MOVEMENT (2)
example of this is the nodding of the head |
flexion/extension
|
|
NAME MOVEMENT
a example of this is shaking the head to say "no" |
rotation
|
|
What movement are the altanto-occipital joints responsible for?
|
(1)flexion/extesion nodding of the head to say "yes"
|
|
NAME
this joint is reposnible for the flexion/extension in nodding of the head to say "yes" |
Altanto-occiptial joints
|
|
What movements are the Atlatnoaxial joints responsible for?
|
(1)rotation of atlas around the dens of the axis such as shaking the head to say no
|
|
NAME
this joint is responisble for the rotation of the atlas around the dens of the axis such as in shaking the head to say no |
Atlantoaxial joints
|
|
Cervical region has (1)joints
|
horizontal facing joints
|
|
(1)has horizontal joints
|
cervical region
|
|
What movements do the horizontal facing joints of the cervical regions allow for?
|
promote movements of flexion/extension (2)lateral flexion
|
|
NAME
these joints of the vertebral column promote movements of flexion/extension and lateral flexion |
horizontal facing joints of the cervical region
|
|
What kind of movement can the thoracic region do?
|
frontal promotes rotation
|
|
NAME
this part of the vertebral column's frontal position promotes rotation |
thoracic
|
|
The (1)joint of the cervical region allows for flexion/extension such as when nodding the head yes
|
altantoccipital joint
|
|
The altantoccipital joint of the cervical region allows for (1)movements
|
flexion/extension such as when nodding the head yes
|
|
The (1)joint of the cervical region allows for rotation such as when nodding "no"
|
Altantoaxial joint
|
|
The Altantoaxial joint of the cervical region allows for (1)movement
|
rotation such as when nodding the head "No"
|
|
What kind of movement can the lumbar region do? (2)
|
lateral flexion (2) flexion/extension
|
|
NAME
this region of the vertebral column promotes for lateral flexion and flexion/extension |
lumbar region
|
|
(1)of the lumbar region is mainly due to the action of the abdominal muscles
|
flexion
|
|
Flexion of the lumbar region is mainly due to the (1)
|
action of the abdominal muscles
|
|
Tthe extension of the lumbar region is mainly due to the (1)
|
action of the ES muscles
|
|
The (1)of hte lumbar region is mainly due to the action of the ES muscles
|
extension
|
|
What does ES stand for?
|
erector spinae
|
|
What are (3)types of blood vessels?
|
(1)arteries (2)veins (3)capillaries
|
|
NAME
there are three types of these: arteries, veins, and capillaries |
blood vessels
|
|
What are arterioles?
|
deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries
|
|
NAME
these blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries |
arterioles
|
|
Capillaries form (1)
|
capillary beds
|
|
What do veins do?
|
return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from capillary beds
|
|
NAME
these return poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from capillary beds |
veins
|
|
What makes the large pulmonary veins different from other veins?
|
by they carry well-oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
|
|
What are pulmonary veins do?
|
they carry well-oxygenateed blood from the lungs to the heart
|
|
NAME
these veins carry well-oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
pulmonary veins
|
|
Which blood vessels are thinner, veins or arteries?
|
veins
|
|
Which blood vessels are thinner, veins or arteries?
|
veins
|
|
Why are the walls of the veins thinner than those of their companion arteries?
|
bc of the lower blood pressure in the venous system
|
|
Bc of the lower blood pressure, the walls of the (1)are thinner than those of their(2)
|
(1)veins (2)arteries
|
|
What are the smallest veins?
|
venules
|
|
What are the venules?
|
are the smallest veins that unite to form larger veins that usally form the venous plexuses
|
|
NAME
these are the smallest veins that unite to form the larger veins that usally form the venous plexuses |
venules
|
|
Where are medium veins located?
|
are in limbs and other locations where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and have valves
|
|
NAME
these veins are found in the limbs and other locations where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and have valves |
medium veins
|
|
What are valves?
|
these permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in the reverse direction
|
|
NAME
these permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in the reverse direction |
valves
|
|
What are large veins?
|
have wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscles and a well-developed tunica adventitia
|
|
NAME
these veins have wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscles and a well developed tunica adventita |
large veins
|
|
WHat are (2)large veins?
|
(1)SVC (2)IVC
|
|
Veins tend to be either (1)or (2)
|
double or multiple
|
|
What happens when walls of the veins lose thier elasticity?
|
they become weak and dilate under pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
|
|
When (1)happens,the veins become weak and dilate under pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
|
the walls of the veins lose thier elasticity
|
|
What can cause varicose veins?
|
when the veins lose thier elasticity
|
|
NAME
this is cuased by when veins lose thier elasticity |
varicose veins
|
|
What are varicose veins?
|
are when veins become abnormally swollen, twisted veins
|
|
NAME
this is when the veins become abnormally swollen, twisted veins |
varicose veins
|
|
Varicose veins are most often seen in the (1)
|
legs
|
|
(1)veins are most often seen in the legs
|
varicose
|
|
Varicose veins have (1)
|
incompetent valves
|
|
(1)veins have incompetent valves
|
varicose veins
|
|
Explain what it means that to the veins that varicose veins have incompetent valves?
|
(1)valves are responsible for permiting blood to flow toawrd the heart but not in the reverse direction (2)in varicose vein bc of thier incompetent valves, the column of blood ascending toward the heart is unbroken, placing increased pressure on the weakened walls of the veins and exacerabting their variscosities
|
|
What are capillary beds?
|
is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste produts, and other substances with the extracellular fluid occurs
|
|
NAME
this is where the interchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances w the extracellular fluid occurs |
capillary beds
|
|
What are capillaries?
|
are simple endothelial tubes connecting the artrial and venous sides of circulation
|
|
NAME
these are simple endothelial tubes connecting the artial and venous sides of circulation |
capillaries
|
|
The blood flowing throught the capillary beds is brought to them by (1)and carried away from by (2)
|
(1)arterioles (2)venules
|
|
What forces blood through the capillary bed as oxygen, nutrients, and other cellular material are exchanged w the surrounding tissue?
|
hydrostatic pressure in the arterioles
|
|
Hydrostatic pressure in the arterioles forces (1)
|
blood through the capillary bed
|
|
arteriovenous anastomoses are also called (1)
|
AV shunts
|
|
(1)are also called the AV shunts
|
Arteriovenous anastomoses
|
|
What are AV shunts?
|
permit blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w passing through the capillaries
|
|
NAME
these permit blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w passing through the capillaries |
AV shunts
|
|
(1)are numerous in the skin, where they have an important role in conserving body heat
|
AV shunts
|
|
AV shunts are numerous in the (1)where they have important roles in (2)
|
(1)skin (2)conserving body heat
|
|
NAME
this provides for the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma protiens to the bloodstream and for the removal of cellular debris and infection |
lymphatic system
|
|
the lymphatic system collects surplus extracellular tissue fluid as (1)
|
lymph
|
|
What is lymph?
|
is surplus extracellular tissue fluid that is collected by the lymphatic system
|
|
NAME
this is surplus extracellular tissue fluid that is collected by the lympatic system |
lymph
|
|
What does lymph usally look like?
|
is usally clear and watery and is similar in the compostion to blood plasma
|
|
NAME
this is usally clear and watery and is similar in the compostion to blood plasma |
lymph
|
|
What does the lymphatic system consist of? (5)
|
(1)lymphatic plexuses (2)lymphatic vessels (3)lymph nodes (4)lymphocytes (5)lymphoid tissue
|
|
NAME
this consits of lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue |
lymphatic system
|
|
What are lymphatic plexuses?
|
are networks of small lymphatic vessels
|
|
NAME
these are networks of small lmyphatic vessels |
lymphatic plexuses
|
|
Lymphatic vessels are also called (1)
|
lymphatics
|
|
(1)these are also called lymphatics
|
lympathic vessels
|
|
What are lympathics?
|
are nearly bodywide netowrk of thin walled vessels w abundant valves
|
|
NAME
these are nearly bodywide network of thin walled vessels w abundant valves |
lympathics
|
|
T or F
lymphatic vessls occur almost everywhere |
true
|
|
What are lymph nodes?
|
they are small masses of lympathtic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system
|
|
NAME
these are small masses of lympathtic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system |
lymph nodes
|
|
What are lymphocytes?
|
are circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
|
|
NAME
these are circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials |
lymphocytes
|
|
What is lymphoid tissue?
|
sites that produce lymphocytes
|
|
NAME
these are the sites that produce lymphocytes |
lymphoid tissue
|
|
Where can you find lymphoid tissue?(5)
|
(1)walls of the digestive tract (2)spleen (3)thymus (4)lymph nodes (5)myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow
|
|
NAME
this is found in the walls of the digestive tract, the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow |
lymphoid tissue
|
|
After tranversing one or more lymph nodes, the lymph enters the lymphatic vessels caled lymphatic trunks which unite to form either the (1)or (2)
|
(1)right lymphatic duct (2)thoracic duct
|
|
After tranversing one or more, lymph nodes, the lymph enters the lymphatic vessels called the (1)which unite to form either the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
|
lymphatic trunks
|
|
What is the right lymphatic duct?
|
drains the lymph from the body's right upper quadrant
|
|
NAME
this drains the lymph from the body's right upper quadrant |
right lymphatic duct
|
|
What is thoracic duct?
|
drains lymph from the remainder of the body
|
|
NAME
this drains the lymph from the remainder of the body |
thoracic duct
|
|
What is the right venous angle?
|
is where the right lymphatic duct ends
|
|
NAME
this is where the right lymphatic duct ends |
right venous angle
|
|
What is chyle cistern?
|
is where the thoracic duct begins in the abdomen as sac
|
|
NAME
this is where the thoracic duct begins in the andomen as a sac |
chyle cistern
|
|
What are some additional functions of the lymphatic system? (2)
|
(1)absorption and transport of dietary fat (2)formation of the defense mechanism for the body
|
|
NAME
its function include the absorption and transport of dietary fat and formation of the defense mechanism for the body |
lymphatic system
|
|
What is lymphangitis?
|
is the secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels
|
|
NAME
this is the secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels |
lymphangitis
|
|
What is the lymphadenitis?
|
refers to the secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
|
|
What is lymphadenitis?
|
refers to the secondary inflammation of the lymph nodes
|
|
NAME
this is the secondary inflammation of the lymph nodes |
lymphadenitis
|
|
What is metastasis?
|
refers to the spread of something such as cancer cells
|
|
NAME
this refers to the spread of something such as cancer cells |
metastasis
|
|
What is lymphedema?
|
is the accumulation of interstitial fluid
|
|
NAME
this is the accumulation of the interstitial fluid |
lympedema
|
|
When can lymphagitis and lymphadentis occur? (2)
|
(1)metastasis of cancer cells (2)lymphedema
|
|
NAME (2)
this can occur bc of metastasis of the cancer cells and lymphedema |
(1)lymphagitis and lymphadentis
|
|
NAME
this enables the body to react to continous changes in its external and internal environment |
nervous system
|
|
What is the CNS?
|
the brain and the spinal cord
|
|
What does CNS stand for?
|
central nervous system
|
|
What is the PNS ?
|
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct implulses to or away from the CNS
|
|
NAME
this consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impluses to or away from the CNS |
PNS
|
|
What are the (2)divisions of the nervous system?
|
(1)CNS (2)PNS
|
|
NAME
this has two main divisions: CNS and PNS |
nervous system
|
|
What does PNS stand for?
|
peripheral nervous system
|
|
What does SNS stand for?
|
somatic nervous system
|
|
What does ANS stand for?
|
automatic nervous system
|
|
What is the Somatic nervous system?
|
is the voluntary nervous system which carries sensations from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles
|
|
NAME
this is the voluntary nervous system which carries sensations from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles |
SNS
|
|
What is the ANS?
|
is the involuntary/visceral nervous system which supplies smooth muscle and viscera in the body cavities
|
|
NAME
this is the involuntary/visceral nervous system which supplies smooth muscle and viscera in the body cavities |
ANS
|
|
What is the differ btwn the SNA and the ANS ? (2)
|
(1)SNS is the voluntary nervous system which carrries senstaions from the skin and joints and supplies skeletal muscles (2)PNS is the involuntary nervous system which supplies smooth muscles andthe viscera in the body cavities
|
|
What are (2)main types of cells in the nervous system?
|
(1)neurons (2)neurogilia
|
|
NAME
this system consists of two main cells: neurons and neurogilia |
nervous system
|
|
What are neurons?
|
are nerve cells
|
|
NAME
these are nerve cells |
neurons
|
|
What are neuroglia?
|
non-neuronal , non-exictable glial cells
|
|
NAME
these are non-neuronal-non-exictiable glial cells |
neuroglia
|
|
What is the differ btwn neurons and neurogila? (2)
|
(1)neurons-are nerve cells (2)neurogila- are non-neuronal-non-exictable glial cells
|
|
What are the structural and functional units of the nervous system?
|
neurons
|
|
What is the neuron composed of? (3)
|
(1)cell body (2)dendrites (3)axons
|
|
NAME
this is composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axons |
neuron
|
|
What are dendrites?
|
are extensions of the cell body
|
|
NAME
these are extensions of the cell body |
dendrites
|
|
What are axon?
|
they carry impulses to and away from the cell body
|
|
NAME
these carry impulses to and away from the cell body |
axon
|
|
What is myelin?
|
are layers of lipid and protein substances that forms a myelin sheath around some axons
|
|
NAME
these are layers of lipid and protien substances that forms a myelin sheath around some axons |
myelin
|
|
Neurons communicate w each other at (1)
|
synapses
|
|
(1)communicate w each other at synapses
|
neurons
|
|
What are synapses?
|
is where neurons communicate
|
|
NAME
this is where neurons commuincate |
synapses
|
|
NAME
these are points of contact btwn neurons |
snyapses
|
|
What are neurotransmitters?
|
are chemical agents released or secreted by neurons which may exicte or inhibit another neuron, continuing or terminating the relay of impulses or the response to them
|
|
NAME
these are chemical agents released or secreted by neurons which may exicte or inhibit another neuron, continuing or terminating the relay of impulses or the reponse to them |
neurotransmitters
|
|
Which is more abundant, neurons or neuroglia?
|
neurogila
|
|
Neurogila are approximately (1)times as abundant as neurons
|
5 times
|
|
(1)are approx 5 times as abundant as (2)
|
(1)neurogila (2)neurons
|
|
What are the functions of the neuroglia ? (3)
|
support, (2)insulate,(3) and nourish the neurons
|
|
NAME
these support, insultae, and nourish neurons |
neuroglia
|
|
What are the prinicple roles of the CNS? (2)
|
(1)to integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals (2)to carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning
|
|
NAME
the principle roles of this system are to integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals and to carry out higher mental functions such as thinking and learning |
CNS
|
|
What are nucleus?
|
are a collection of nerve cell bodies
|
|
NAME
this is a collection of nerve cell bodies |
nucleus
|
|
What is a tract?
|
is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
|
|
NAME
this is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS |
tract
|
|
What is gray matter?
|
are nerve cell bodies w/in
|
|
NAME
these are nerve cell bodies that lie w/in |
gray matter
|
|
What is white matter?
|
are the interconnecting fiber tract systems
|
|
NAME
these are the interconnecting fiber tract systems |
white matter
|
|
The posterior horns are called the (1)
|
dorsal horns
|
|
the (1)are also called the dorsal horns
|
posterior horns
|
|
the anterior horns are also called the (1)
|
ventral horns
|
|
the (1)are also called the ventral horns
|
anterior
|
|
What are the (3)layers of the meninges?
|
(1)pia mater (2)arachnoid mater (3)dura mater
|
|
NAME
this has three layers: pia mater, arachnoid mater, and the dura mater |
meninges
|
|
What protects the CNS? (2)
|
(1)meninges (2)CSF
|
|
What does CSF stand for?
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
the meninges and CSF surround and protect the (1)
|
CNS
|
|
What is the pia mater?
|
is the innermost meningeal layer that covers the brain and spinal cord
|
|
NAME
this is the innermost meningeal layer that covers the brain and the spinal cord |
pia mater
|
|
Where is the CSF located?
|
subarchnoid space
|
|
NAME
this is located in subarchnoid space |
CSF
|
|
What is the epidural space?
|
is a fat filled space that separates the vertebral column from the dura mater
|
|
NAME
this is a fat filled space that separates the vertebral column from the dura mater |
epdirual space
|
|
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of ?(2)
|
nerve fibers (2)nerve cell bodies
|
|
NAME
this is made up of the nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies |
peripheral nervous system
|
|
What are peripheral nerves?
|
consist of bundles of nerve fibers, thier connective tissue coversing and blood vessles
|
|
NAME
this consists of bundles of nerve fibers, thier connective tissue covering and blood vessels |
peripheral nerves
|
|
What does a peripheral nerve fiber consist of? (3)
|
(1)axon (2)neurolemma (3)endoneurium
|
|
NAME
this consists of the axon, neurolemma, and endoneurium |
peripheral nerve fiber
|
|
What are neurolemma?
|
they surround the axons separating it from other axons
|
|
nAME
these surround the axons separating it from other axons |
neurolemma
|
|
What are endoneurium?
|
is a connective tissue sheath
|
|
NAME
this is a connective tissue sheath |
endoneurium
|
|
What are the (2) forms that neurolemma may take in the PNS?
|
(1)the neurolemma of myelinated fibers have a mylein sheath that consists of a continous series of neurolemma cells enwrapping an indiviudal axon forming myelin (2)the neurolemma of unmyelinated nerve fibers consist of multiple axons separately embedded w/in the cytoplasm of each neurolemma cell
|
|
NAME
in the PNS, these can take two forms: they can have myelinated fibers w a mylein sheath that consits of a continous series of (1)cells enwrapping an invidual axon forming a meylen or have unmyelinated fibers consisting of multiple axons separately embeded w/in the cytoplasm of each (1)cells |
Neurolemma
|
|
Most fibers that have (1)or (2)are unmyelinated
|
cutaneous nerves or nerves that supply sensations to the skin
|
|
Most fibers that have cutaneous nerves or are nerves that supply sensations to the skin are (1)
|
unmyelinated
|
|
Why are peripheral nerves fairly strong and resilient ?
|
bc the nerve fibers are supported and protected by three connective tissue layers
|
|
Describe peripheral nerves
|
they are fairly strong and resilent
|
|
(1)nerves are fairly strong and resilent
|
peripheral
|
|
What are (3)connective tissue layers that protect and support peripheral nerves?
|
(1)endoneurium (2)perineurium (3)epineurium
|
|
NAME
these nerves are protected by three conective tissue layers: endomeurium, perineurium, and epineurium |
peripheral nerves
|
|
What are ganglion?
|
is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
|
|
NAME
this is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
ganglion
|
|
What are (2)different types of ganglion?
|
(1)motor (2)sensory ganglia
|
|
A (1)nerve is much like a telephone cable
|
peripheral
|
|
A peripheral nerve is much like a (1)
|
telephone cable
|
|
What happens when the CNS is damaged?
|
the injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
|
|
When the (1), is injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
|
CNS
|
|
What happens when peripheral nerves are crushed or injured? (2)
|
thier axons degenerate distal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for surivival (2)however, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
|
|
When (1)nerves are crushed or injured, their axons degenerate disal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival. However, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
|
peripheral nerves
|
|
Why do peripheral nerves when crushed or injured degenerate distal to the lesion ?
|
bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival
|
|
T or F
surgical repair is needed for crushed or injured nerves |
false
|
|
IS surgical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
|
no
|
|
Why is no sugrical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
|
bc the intact connective tissue sheaths guide the growing axons to thier desitinations
|
|
When is the only time that surgical repair is need if peripheral nerves are crushed or injurted?
|
if the nerve is cut
|
|
What happens to the nerves when the CNS is damaged? (2)
|
(1)thier proximal stumps begin to regenerate (2)However, growth is blocked by astrocytes proliferation at the site of injury
|
|
What kind of peripheral nerves are there? (2)
|
(1)cranial (2)spinal
|
|
NAME
there are two kinds of this type of nerve: cranial and spinal nerves |
peripheral nerves
|
|
What does CN stand for?
|
cranial nerves
|
|
How many CN are there?
|
12
|
|
There are (1)CN
|
12
|
|
What happens when the CNS is damaged?
|
the injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
|
|
When the (1), is injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
|
CNS
|
|
What happens when peripheral nerves are crushed or injured? (2)
|
thier axons degenerate distal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for surivival (2)however, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
|
|
When (1)nerves are crushed or injured, their axons degenerate disal to the lesion bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival. However, the nerve cell bodies usally survive and the connective tissue covering of the nerves are intact
|
peripheral nerves
|
|
Why do peripheral nerves when crushed or injured degenerate distal to the lesion ?
|
bc they depend on thier cell bodies for survival
|
|
T or F
surgical repair is needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves |
false
|
|
IS surgical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
|
no
|
|
Why is no sugrical repair needed for crushed or injured peripheral nerves?
|
bc the intact connective tissue sheaths guide the growing axons to thier desitinations
|
|
When is the only time that surgical repair is need if peripheral nerves are crushed or injurted?
|
if the nerve is cut
|
|
What happens to the nerves when the CNS is damaged? (2)
|
(1)thier proximal stumps begin to regenerate (2)However, growth is blocked by astrocytes proliferation at the site of injury
|
|
What kind of peripheral nerves are there? (2)
|
(1)cranial (2)spinal
|
|
NAME
there are two kinds of this type of nerve: cranial and spinal nerves |
peripheral nerves
|
|
What does CN stand for?
|
cranial nerves
|
|
How many CN are there?
|
12
|
|
There are (1)CN
|
12
|
|
of the 12 cranial nerves, 11 arise from (1)and 12th pair arises mostly from the (1)
|
(1)brain (2)superior part of the spinal cord
|
|
Of the 12 cranial nerves, (1)arise from the brain and the (2)arises mostly superior part of the spinal cord
|
(1)11 (2)12th pair
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
|
31
|
|
There are (1)pairs of spinal nerves
|
31
|
|
There are 31 pairs of (1)nerves
|
31
|
|
There are 12 pairs of (1)nerves
|
cranial
|
|
What are the various types of 31 pairs of spinal nerves
|
(1)8 C (2)12 T (3) 5 L (4)5 S (5) 1 Co
|
|
NAME
there 8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, and 1 Co |
spinal nerves
|
|
Where do all spinal nerves arise from?
|
spinal cord
|
|
NAME
all of these nerves arise from the spinal cord |
spinal nerves
|
|
Where do all spinal nerves exit through?
|
the inteveretbral foramina in the vertebral column
|
|
NAME
all of these nerves exit through the inteveretbral foramina in the vertebral column |
spinal nerves
|
|
Where do all cranial nerves exit from?
|
foramina in the cranium
|
|
NAME
all of these nerves exit from the foramina in the cranium |
cranial nerves
|
|
What does C stand for?
|
cervical
|
|
What does T stand for?
|
thoracic
|
|
What does L stand for?
|
lumbar
|
|
What does S stand for?
|
Sacral
|
|
What does Co stand for?
|
coccygeal
|
|
What does the somatic nervous system do?
|
provides general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscles, and glands
|
|
NAME
this system provides general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscles, and glands |
somatic nervous system
|
|
What are the only parts does somatic nervous system not provide general sensory and motor innervation? (3)
|
(1)viscera in the body cavities (2)smooth muscle (3)glands
|
|
What are somatic motor fibers?
|
permit voluntary and reflexive movement by causing contraction of skeletal muscles
|
|
NAME
these fibers permit voluntary and reflexive movement by causing contraction of skeletal muscles |
somatic motor fibers
|
|
efferent can also be called (1)
|
motor
|
|
(1)can also called motor
|
efferent
|
|
afferent also called (1)
|
sensory
|
|
(1)are also called sensory
|
afferent
|
|
Visceral efferent fibers of the (1)are accompanied by visceral afferent fibers
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
What are visceral efferent fibers?
|
they innervate smooth muscles, modified cardiac muscle, and glands
|
|
NAME
these fibers innervate smooth muscle, modified cardiac muscle and glands |
visceral efferent fibers
|
|
are we usally aware of the sensory input of visceral afferent fibers?
|
no
|
|
What are visceral afferent fibers?
|
conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function
|
|
NAME
these fiber conduct visceral pain impulses and regulate visceral function |
visceral afferent fibers
|
|
What do visceral reflexes do?
|
regulate blood pressure and chemistry by altering such functions as heart and respirtary rates and vascular resistance
|
|
NAME
regulate blood pressure and chemistry by altering such funcions as heart and respirtary rates and vascular resistance |
visceral relfexes
|
|
What is poorly localized pain?
|
is visceral sensation that reaches a conscious level
|
|
NAME
this is visceral sensation that reaches a conscious level |
poorly locailized pain
|
|
T or F
poorly localized pain may be percieved for hunger or nausea |
true
|
|
Poorly locailzed pain may be percieved for (1)or (2)
|
hunger or nausea
|
|
(1)may be pecieved for hunger or nausea
|
poorly localized pain
|
|
What are the (2)divisions of the ANS?
|
(1)sympathic division (2)parasympathic nervous system
|
|
NAME
this is divided into 2 systems: sympathic and parasymphatic |
ANS
|
|
The sympathic nervous system can also be called (1)
|
thoracolumbar division
|
|
The (1)can also be called the thoracolumbar division
|
sympathic nervous system
|
|
The parasympathic nervous system is aslo called (1)
|
craniosacral
|
|
The (1)can also be called craniosacral nervous system
|
parasymphatic nervous system
|
|
What is the symphatic nervous system?
|
is responisble for preparing the body to "flight or fight"
|
|
NAME
this system is responsible for preparing the body to "flight to fight" |
sympathic nervous system
|
|
What is the parasympathic nervous system?
|
is responisble for promoting normal function and conserving energy
|
|
nAME
this system is responsble for promoting normal function and conserving energy |
parasympathic nervous system
|
|
The effects of the sympathic nervous system are (1)
|
catabolic
|
|
the effects of the (1)nervous system are catabolic
|
sympathetic
|
|
The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system are (1)
|
anabolic
|
|
The effects of the (1)are anabolic
|
parasympathetic
|
|
the (1)neuron is also called the preganglionic neuron
|
presynaptic
|
|
the presynaptic neuron is also called the (1)
|
preganglionic neuron
|
|
The postsynaptic neuron is also called the (1)
|
postganglionic neuron
|
|
the (1)is also called the postganglionic neuron
|
postsynaptic neuron
|
|
What is the presynaptic neuron?
|
is located in the gray matter of the CNS
|
|
NAME
this neuron is located in the gray matter of the CNS |
presynaptic neuron
|
|
NAME
this neuron is located in the automic ganglia outside the CNS |
postsynaptic neuron
|
|
What are postsynpatic neuron?
|
is located in the automic ganglia outside the CNS
|
|
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division liberates?
|
nonepinephrine
|
|
NAME
this system liberates nonepinephrine |
sympathetic division
|
|
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathic liberate?
|
acetlycholine
|
|
NAME
this nervous system liberates acetlycholine |
parasympathic nervous system
|
|
A typical spinal nerve arises from the spinal cord by (1)
|
nerve rootlets
|
|
A typical (1)arises from the spinal cord by nerve rootlets
|
spinal nerve
|
|
A typical spinal nerve arises from the (1)
|
spinal cord
|
|
The nerve rootlets converge to form (1)and (2)
|
anterior root (2)posterior root
|
|
The (1)converge to form the anterior root and posterior root
|
nerve rootlets
|
|
The posterior root can also be called the(1)
|
dorsal root
|
|
the (1)can also be called the dorsal rot
|
posterior root
|
|
The anterior root can also be called the (1)
|
ventral root
|
|
The (1)can also be called ventral root
|
anterior root
|
|
What is the dorsal root?
|
consists of sensory fibers
|
|
NAME
this contains the sensory fibers |
dorsal root
|
|
What are sensory fibers?
|
convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and from the sensory receptors in various parts of the body
|
|
NAME
these convey neural impulses to the CNS from sense organs and from the sensory receptors in various parts of the body |
sensory fibers
|
|
The anterior and the posterior roots unite at the intervertebral foramen to form a (1)
|
spinal nerve
|
|
What is the spinal nerve?
|
is at the intervertebral foramen where the posterior and anterior roots unite
|
|
NAME
this is where the posterior and anterior root unite at the intervertebral forament |
spinal nerve
|
|
The spinal nerve divides into the (1)and (2)
|
posterior rami (2)anterior rami
|
|
What are the (2)divisions of the spinal nerve?
|
(1)posterior rami (2)anterior rami
|
|
What is the posterior rami?
|
supplies nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overlying skin
|
|
NAME
supplies nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overyling skin |
posterior rami
|
|
What is anterior rami?
|
supplies nerve fibers to the mcuh larger remaining areas consisting of the anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs arising from them
|
|
NAME
this supplies nerve fibers to the much larger remaining areas consisting of the anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and lower limbs arising from them |
anterior rami
|
|
What are the components of a typical spinal nerve? (4)
|
(1)somatic sensory fibers and motor fibers (2)visceral sensory fibers and motor fibers (3)connective tissue covering (4)vasa nervorum
|
|
NAME
this is made up of 4 components: somatic sensory fibers and motor fibers, visceral sensory fibers and motor fibers, connective tissue coverings, and vasa nervorm |
spinal nerves
|
|
General sensory fibrs are also called (1)
|
general somatic afferent
|
|
(1)are also called general somatic afferent
|
general sensory fibers
|
|
What are general sensory fibers?
|
transmit sensations from the body to the CNS
|
|
NAME
these transmit sensatons from the body to the CNS |
sensory fibers
|
|
What is the deramatome?
|
is a unilateral area of the skin that is inverted by the generaly sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
|
|
NAME
this is a unilateral area of the skin that is inverted by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve |
deramatome
|
|
Somatic motor fibers are also called (1)
|
general somatic efferent fibers
|
|
(1)are also called general somatic efferent fibers
|
somatic motor fibers
|
|
What is a myotome?
|
is the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
|
|
NAME
this is the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve |
myotome
|
|
Each skeletal muscle is usally innerveted by the (1)of several spinal nerves
|
somatic motor fibers
|
|
What are the somatic motor fibers?
|
they transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
|
|
NAME
these fibers transmit impulses to skeletal muscles |
somatic motor fibers
|
|
Visceral motor fibers are also called (1)
|
general visceral efferent fibers
|
|
(1)are also called genearl visceral efferent fibers
|
visceral motor fibers
|
|
What are visceral sensory fibers?
|
transmit pain or subcunscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands, and blood vessels to the CNS
|
|
NAME
these transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands, and blood vessels to the CNS |
visceral sensory fibers
|
|
What are visceral motor fibers?
|
transmit impulses to involuntary muscle and gladular tissues
|
|
NAME
these fibers trasmit impulses to involuntary muscle and glandular tissues |
visceral motor fibers
|
|
What does IMLs stand for?
|
intermediolateral columns
|
|
What aer IMLs?
|
are the nuclei of the spinal cord
|
|
NAME
these are the nuclei of the spinal cord |
IMLs
|
|
Where are the cell bodies of the presynpatic neurons of the sympathic division of the ANS located?
|
IMLs
|
|
The (1)of the sympathic division of the ANS are located in IMLs
|
cell bodies
|
|
IMLs appear as small (1)of the gray matter
|
lateral horns
|
|
(1)appear as small lateral horns of gray matter
|
IMLs
|
|
IMLs appear as small lateral horns of the (1)
|
gray matter
|
|
What are (2)forms of cell bodies of the postsynaptic neurons of the sympathic nervous system?
|
(1)the paravertebral ganglia (2)prevertebral ganglia
|
|
NAME
this has two forms; the paravertebral gangila and prevertebral ganglia |
cell bodies of the postsynaptic neurons of the sympathic nervous system
|
|
What is the paravertebral ganglia?
|
are linked to form right and left sympathetic trunks of each side of the vertebral column that extend essentially the length of this column
|
|
NAME
these are linked to form right and lefy sympathic trunks of each side of the vertebral column that extend essentially the length of the column |
paravertebral ganglia
|
|
What is the prevertebral ganglia?
|
are in the plexuses that surround the orgin of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
|
|
NAME
these are in the plexuses that surround the orgin of the main branches of the abdominal aorta |
prevertebral ganglia
|
|
What is the celiac ganglia?
|
surround the orgin of the celiac trunk
|
|
NAME
this surrounds the orgin of the celiac trunk |
celiac ganglia
|
|
All presynaptic fibers leave the anterior rami of the spinal nerves and pass to the (1)through the (2)
|
(1)sympathetic trunks (2)white rami commuincantes
|
|
All (1)fibers leave the anterior rami of the spinal nerves and pass to the sympathetic trunks through the white rami communicates
|
presynaptic fibers
|
|
What are (4) possible ways that presynaptic fibers can follow when they enter the sympathetic trunks?
|
(1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synpase w a postsynaptic neuron of higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk or synapse w postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immediately w a postsynaptic neuron of paravertebral ganglion a that level (4)pass through the sympathic trunk w synapsing continuoning on throught an abdominopelvic splanchinic nerve tp reach the prevertebral ganglia
|
|
NAME
these can follow (4)possible ways when they enter this: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synpase w a postsynaptic neuron of higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk or synapse w postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immediately w a postsynaptic neuron of paravertebral ganglion a that level (4)pass through the sympathic trunk w synapsing continuoning on throught an abdominopelvic splanchinic nerve tp reach the prevertebral ganglia |
when presynaptic fibers enter the sympathetic trunk
|
|
What are presynaptic sympathetic fibers?
|
provide autonomic innervation w the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity
|
|
NAME
these provide autonomic innervation w the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity |
presynaptic sympathetic fibers
|
|
What path do presynaptic sympathetic fibers take?
|
they can either take paths 1-3: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to syanpse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immeditately w a postsynaptic neuron of the paravertebral ganglion a that level
|
|
NAME
these fibers can take one of the three paths: (1)ascend in the sympathetic trunk to syanpse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (2)descend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse w a postsynaptic neuron of a higher or lower paravertebral ganglion (3)enter and synapse immeditately w a postsynaptic neuron of the paravertebral ganglion a that level |
presynaptic sympathetic fibers
|
|
Describe the path of postsynaptic sympathetic fibers (3)
|
they are destined for distrubution w/in the neck, body walls, and limbs passing from the paravertebral ganglia of sympathtic trunks to anterior rami of spinal nerves through gray rami cmmunicantes (2)they then enter all branches of the 31 spinal nerves
(3)they then pass the superior cervical ganglion by means of a cephalic arterial branch to form the preiarterial plexuses to eventually reach their distenation the head |
|
What are the postsynpatic sympathetic fibers?
|
stimulate contraction of blood vessels, and the arrector muscles of hair (resulting in goose bumps), and to cause sweating
|
|
NAME
these fibers stimulate contractions of blood vessels, and the arrector muscles of the hair (resulting in gooose bumps), and to cause sweating |
postsynpatic sympathetic fibers
|
|
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers are destined distrubtion w in the (1)passing from the (2)of the (3)to the (4)to (5). By this means they enter all (6)
|
(1)neck, body walls, and limbs (2)paravertebral ganglia (3)sympathtic trunks (4)anterior rami of the spinal nerves (5)31 spinal nerves
|
|
(1)fibers greatly outnumber (2)fibers
|
(1)postsynaptic sympathetic (2)presynaptic sympathetic
|
|
Which are there more of, postsynaptic sympathetic or presynaptic sympathetic fibers?
|
postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
|
|
What is vasomotion?
|
contraction of blood vessels
|
|
NAME
this is contraction of blood vessels |
vasomotion
|
|
After postsynaptic sympathetic fibers enter the all branches of the 31 spinal nerves, they pass from the(1)by means of a (2)to form the (3)
|
(1)superior cervial ganglion (2)cephalic arterial branch (3)preiarterail plexuses
|
|
What is the superior cervical ganglion?
|
the superior end of the trunk
|
|
NAME
this is the superior end of the trunk |
superior cerivcal ganglion
|
|
What are splanchnic nerves?
|
convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities
|
|
NAME
these convery visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities |
splanchnic nerves
|
|
Post synaptic fibers destined for the viscera of the thoracic cavity (the heart lungs, and espohagus pass through the (1)enter the cardiacm, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
|
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
|
|
(1)destined for (2)pass through the cardiopulmonary nerves to the enter the cardiacm, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
|
postsynaptic fibers (2)viscea of the thoracic cavity (the heart, lungs, and esphogaus)
|
|
Post synaptic fibers destined for the viscera of the thoracic cavity (the heart, lungs, and esophogus) pass through the cardiopulmonary nerves to enter the (1)
|
cardiam, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses
|
|
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscara of the abdominopelvic cavity pass to the (1)through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
|
prevertebral ganglia
|
|
(1)involved in the innervation of the (2)pass to the prevertebral ganglia through the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
|
presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscera of the abdominopelvic cavity
|
|
Presynaptic sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the viscara of the abdominopelvic cavity pass to the prevertebral ganglia through the (1)
|
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
|
|
T or F
postsynaptic fibers are components of virtually all branches of all spinal nerves |
true
|
|
T or F
the sympathic nervous system reaches all parts of the body w rare exception of avascular tissue such as cartilage and nails |
true
|
|
The (1)reaches all parts of the body w rare exception of avascular tissue such as cartilage and nails
|
sympathic
|
|
Presynaptic fibers are (1)
|
short
|
|
What is the differ btwn presynaptic fibers and postsynaptic fibers?
|
(1)presynaptic fibers are short (2)postsynaptic fibers are long
|
|
Why are postsynaptic fibers long?
|
bc they have to extend to all parts ofthe body
|
|
presynaptic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in (1)w in the CNS and thier fibers exit in (2)
|
(1)2 sites (2)2 routes
|
|
What is the cranial parasympathetic outflow?
|
occurs in the gray matter of the brainstem, the fibers exit the CNS w/in CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X
|
|
NAME
this outflow occurs in the gray matter of the brain stem. The fibers exit the CNS w/in CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X |
cranial parasympathetic outflow
|
|
What is the sacral parsympathetic outflow?
|
occurs in the gray matter of the sacral segments of the spinal cord, the fibers exit the CNS through the anterior roots of spinal nerves S2-S4 and the pevlic splanchnic nerves that arise from the anterior rami
|
|
NAME
this outflow occur in the gray matter of the sacral segments of the spinal cord. the fibers exit the CNS through the anterior roots of the spinal nerves S2-S4 and the plevic splanchnic nerves that arise from the anterior rami |
sacral parasympathetic outflow
|
|
Cranial outflow through the (1)is dominant
|
vagnus nerve or CN X
|
|
Cranial outflow through the vagnus nerve CN X is (1)
|
dominont
|
|
(1)this system is much more restriced in its disturbution than the (2)system
|
(1)parasympathtic (2)sympathtic
|
|
Which system is more restricted in its distrubtion, the parasympathic or sympathitc system?
|
parasympathitic
|
|
How is the parasympathic system more more restricted?
|
by it delivers only to the head, visceral cavities of the trunk, and erectile tissues of external genitalia
|
|
NAME
this system is more restricted by by it delivers only to the head, visceral cavities of the trunk, and erectile tissues of external genitalia |
parasympathic system
|
|
What does CT stand for?
|
computerized tomography
|
|
What does US stand for?
|
ultrasonography
|
|
What does MRI stand for?
|
magentic resonance imaging
|
|
What does PET stand for?
|
positron emission tomography
|
|
What is the conventional radiography?
|
is when a highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the pateint showing tissues of differing densities of mass w/in body as images of different densities of light and dark on X-ray film
|
|
NAME
this is when is when a highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the pateint showing tissues of differing densities of mass w/in body as images of different densities of light and dark on X-ray film |
conventional radiography
|
|
What is Ultrasonography?
|
is a technique that allows visualization of superifical or deep structures in the body by recording pulses of ultrasonic waves reflecting off the tissues
|
|
NAME
this is a technique that allows visualization of superifical or deep structures in the body by recording pulses of ultrasonic waves reflecting off the tissues |
ultrasonography
|
|
What is MRI?
|
shows images of body similar to those produced by the CT but they are better for tissue differentiation
|
|
NAME
this shows images of body similar to those produced by the CT but they are better for tissue differentiation |
MRI
|
|
What are PET ?
|
is scanning that uses cylclotron-produced istopes of extermely short half-life that emit positrons
|
|
NAME
this is scanning that uses cylclotron-produced istopes of extermely short half-life that emit positrons |
PET
|
|
NAME
this is composed of vertebrae |
vertebral column
|
|
What supporst the vertebral column? (2)
|
(1)ligaments and muscles
|
|
NAME
this is suppored by ligaments and muscles |
vertebral column
|
|
What are the (3) curvatures of the vertebral column>
|
(1)cervical (2)throacic (3)lumbar
|
|
NAME
this has three curvatures: cervical, throacic, and lumbar |
vertebral column
|
|
What does the cervical curvature do?
|
help balance skull on vertebral column
|
|
NAME
this helps to belance the skull on the vertbral column |
cervial curvature
|
|
When does the lumbar cervature develop?
|
when the child learns to stand upright
|
|
NAME
this is curvature develops when the child learns to stand upright |
lumbar cervature
|
|
NAME
this curvature is correlatyed w the activity of the psoas muscle |
lumbar curvature
|
|
The lumbar curvature is correlated w the activity of the (1)
|
pasoas muscle
|
|
NAME
this is 5 fused vertebrae |
sacrum
|
|
NAME
this has 4 pairs of foramina (anteriorly and posteriorly) |
sacrum
|
|
How many pairs of foramina does the sacrum have?
|
4 (anteriorly and posteriorly
|
|
The sacrum has 4 pairs of (1)
|
foramina (anteriorly and posteriorly
|
|
What if the parts of the first sacral vertebra?
|
(1)the base (2)sacral promontory
|
|
What is the base of the scarum?
|
is like a base of a triangle
|
|
What is sacral promonotory?
|
is the anterior projecting edge of S1
|
|
NAME
this is the anterior projecting edge of S1 |
sacral promontory
|
|
NAME
this has (2)parts: the base and the sacral promontory |
the first sacral vertbera
|
|
What is the median sacral crest? (2)
|
is located posteriorly and would have been the spinous process (2)contrubutes to the lumbosacral angle
|
|
NAME
this is located posteriorly and would have been the spinous process. It also contrubtes to the lumbosacral angle |
sacral crest
|
|
What is Sacral Cornu?
|
is the inferior articular process of S5
|
|
NAME
this is the inferior articular process of S5 |
sacral Cornu
|
|
What is lumbarization?
|
refers to how the S1 sgement is mobile and acts like a 6 th lumbar vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this refers to how S1 segement is mobile and acts like a 6th lumbar vertebrae |
lumbarization
|
|
What is sacralization?
|
refers to how the 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses w the 1st sacral vertebrae and becomes immoble and part of the sacrum
|
|
Sacralization is when the (1)vertebrae fuses w the (2)and becomes immoble and part of the (3)
|
(1)5th lumbar (2)1st sacral vertebrae (3)sacrum
|
|
Sacralization is when the 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses w the 1st sacral vertebrea and becomes (1)and part of the sacrum
|
immoble
|
|
Lumbarzation is when the (1)segment is moble and acts like the 6th lumbar vertebrae
|
S1
|
|
Lumbarization is when the S1 segment is(1)and acts like the (2)
|
(1)moble (2)6th lumbar vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this usally 4 fused vertebrae |
coccyx
|
|
NAME
this is usally 4 fused vertebrae |
coccyx
|
|
How do u id the first 1 coyygeal vertbrae?
|
the first has the corunu of the coccyx
|
|
NAME
you can id this bc it has the cornu of the coccyx |
1 coyygeal
|
|
What regions of the cervical region are palpable?
|
C2 and C7
|
|
C2 and C7 are (1)
|
palpable
|
|
The spinous process of the (1)vertebrae point downward
|
thoracic
|
|
The (1)of the thoracic vertebrae point downward
|
spinous process
|
|
The spinous process of the throacic vertebrae (1)
|
point downward
|
|
what is unique about the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
|
they point downward
|
|
NAME
you palpable this region when the back is flexed |
thoracic
|
|
WHen you can paplable this region?
|
when the back is flexed
|
|
The (1)can be viewed at the level of T4
|
spine
|
|
When can the spine be viewed?
|
at T4
|
|
Where is the inferior anle located?
|
T9
|
|
NAME
this is ocated at T9 |
inferior angle
|
|
In the lumbar region, what do the spines do?
|
they are short, thick and point posteriorly
|
|
NAME
the spines of this region are short, thick, and point posteriorly |
lumbar region
|
|
Where is the iliac crest of the lumbar region?
|
L4
|
|
NAME
this is located at L4 |
the illac crest
|
|
Where is the iliac tubercles located?
|
at L5
|
|
NAME
this is located at L5 |
iliac tubercles
|
|
What does ASIS stand for?
|
anterior superior iliac spines
|
|
Describe the ASIS of the sacral region?
|
(1)is aligned w each other in the horizontal plane (2)are aligned w the pubic symphysis in the vertical plane
|
|
NAME
these are aligned w each other in the horizontal plane and are algined w the pubic symphis in the vertical plane |
ASIS
|
|
What do the dimples indicate?
|
sacroilliac joint at level of S2
|
|
NAME
these indicate sacroilliac joint at level S2 |
dimples
|
|
What is the signifances of proper alignment and posture? (2)
|
(1)proper alignment enables the back to carry out its weight bearing functions w minimial expenditure of muscle energy (2)reduces the change of injury
|
|
NAME
this enables the back to carry out its weight bearing functions w minimal expenditure of muscle energy and reduces the change of injury |
proper alignment and posture
|
|
What does poor posture or poor alignment do to the back?
|
it places undue strain on ligaments, muscles, and IV dics that may result in these structures
|
|
NAME
this places undue strain on ligaments, muscles, and IV dics of the back that may result in these structures |
poor posture or poor alignment
|
|
Exaplain the parts that a straight longitudinal line should pass through of the back?
|
(1)the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines--passing half way though the dimples on each side and the intergluteal fold
|
|
Exaplain the parts that a straight longitudinal line should pass through of the back?
|
(1)the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines--passing half way though the dimples on each side and the intergluteal fold
|
|
(1)form the superior border of the scapula
|
perpendicular lines
|
|
Perpendicular lines form the (1)
|
superior border of the scapula
|
|
What does the neutral postition of the pelvic alignment depend on? (3)
|
the interaction btwn opposing muscle groups
(1)ASIS and pubic tubercles aligned in the vertebral plane (2)ASIS on both sides aligned in the horizontal plan (3)ilialc crests are even |
|
What does the neutral postition depend on? (3)
|
the interaction btwn opposing muscle groups
(1)ASIS and pubic tubercles aligned in the vertebral plane (2)ASIS on both sides aligned in the horizontal plan (3)ilialc crests are even |
|
What are (3)types of injuries of the Lumbosacral spine?
|
(1)mechniacl (2)spinal cord trauma (3)herniated IV discs
|
|
NAME
these include mechnical, spinal cord trauma, and herniated IV discs |
injuries of the lumbosacral spine
|
|
What are mechnical injuries of the lumbosacral spine?
|
is the absence of radiating pain
|
|
NAME
this injury of the lumbosacral spine: is the absence of radiating pain |
mechnical injuries
|
|
What are some components of sacroiliac joints?
|
the auricular surface of the alar of the sacrum articulates w auricular surface of ilia
|
|
NAME
the auricular surface of the alar of the sacrum articulates w auricular surface of the ilia |
sacroiliac joints
|
|
What type of joint are sacroilliac joints?
|
synovial
|
|
What are some properties of sacrolliac joints? (2)
|
(1)slight mobility (2)weight bearing
|
|
NAME
this joint is a snyovial joint, has slight moility and can be used for weight bearing |
sarcolliac joint
|
|
What is the ligament of the scroilliac joint?
|
sacrloiliac
|
|
What are the differ sacroliac ligaments?
|
(1)ventral (2)dorsal (3)interosseous (4)liolumbar
|
|
NAME
there are (4)different types of this ligament: ventral, dorsal, interosseous, and liolumbar |
sacroliac ligament
|
|
What does the sacroiliac ligament do?
|
stabilizes the sacroiliac joint
|
|
NAME
this ligament stabilzes the sacroiliac joint |
sacroiliac ligament
|
|
What does the iliolumbar liagment do?
|
is responisble for entrapment of the L5 nerve root
|
|
NAME
this ligament is responsible for the entrapment of the L5 nerve root |
iliolumbar
|
|
What is the movement of the sacroiliac joint like? (3)
|
(1)very slight normally (2) allows for anterior movement of sacral promontory following trunk flexion and increses size of pelvic outlet (3)allows for posterior movement of sacral promonotory following trunk extension and increases size of pelvic inlet
|
|
NAME
This joint allows for very slight normally movemnt, anterior movement of sacral promontory following trunk flexion and increases the size of the pelvic outlet, and allows for posterior movements of the sacral promontory following trunk extension and increases in size of pelvic inlet |
sacroiliac joint
|
|
The movement of the (1)joint increases during pregrancy
|
sacroliliac joint
|
|
The movement of the sacroiliac joint increases during (1)
|
pregrancy
|
|
What are some examples of mechanical injutires of the lumbosacrai spine? (2)
|
(1)lumbosacral strain (2)inflammation
|
|
Inflammation and lumbosacral pain can be classifed as (1)
|
mechanical injuries of the lumbosacral spine
|
|
What are some symptoms of lumbosacaral strain? (4)
|
(1)inovles muscles and/or ligaments (2)localized pain which usally does not radiate (3)the pain is exacerabted by some movements such as flexion lessened by others, point tenderness, and patient lists to affected side (4)increased lumbar lordsis (5)Striaght leg raise is negative
|
|
NAME
the symptoms of this involves muscles and/or ligaments, localized pain which usally does not radiate, the pain is exacerabted by some movements such as flexion lessened by other, point, tendenress and patient lists to be affected side, increased lumbar lordsis, and striaght leg raise |
lumbosacral strain
|
|
What is lumbosacral strain?
|
is low back pain
|
|
NAME
this is low back pain |
lumbosacral strain
|
|
What is Ankylosing spondyltitis?
|
is the inflammation of articular processes
|
|
NAME
this is the inflammation of articular processes |
Anklosing spondylitis
|
|
What are the symptoms of Ankylosing spondylitis? (4)
|
(1)constant pain unaffected by postion (2)loss of lumbar lordosis (3)reduction in range of all motions (4)point tenderness
|
|
NAME
the symptoms of this include constant pain unaffected by postion, loss of lumbar lordosis, reduction in range of all motions, and point tenderness |
Ankylosing spondyltisis
|
|
What does spinal cord trauma result from?
|
fracture of 1 or more vertebrae
|
|
NAME
this results from the fracture of 1 or more vertebrae |
spinal cord trauma
|
|
What are the symptoms of spinal cord trauma in the cervical region?
|
(1)can cause death or tetraplegia
|
|
NAME
fracture in this area of the spinal cord can cause death or tetrapelegia |
cervical region
|
|
What are the symptoms of a fracture in the thoracic region?
|
lower limb paraplegia
|
|
NAME
fracture in this area of the spinal cord will result in lower limb paraplegia |
throacic
|
|
What are the symptoms of a fracture in the lumbar region of the spinal cord?
|
loss of lower limb function w total paraplegia
|
|
NAME
the symptoms of a fracture in this area of the spinal cord are loss of lower limbs function w total paraplegia |
lumbar
|
|
What are some causes of herniated IV discs? (3)
|
(1)bulging of disc (2)herniation of the nucleus pulposus (3)a piece of disc breaks free
|
|
NAME
this can be caused by bulging of a disc, herniation of the nucleus pulpsosus, or a peixe of the disc breaks free |
herniated IV discs
|
|
What can cause a bulging IV disc?
|
if the annulus weakens and the nulceus causes a portion of the disc to bulge
|
|
What can cause herniation of the nucleus pulposus?
|
(1)annulus degenerates leading to the protrusion of nucleus (2)posterior lateral protrusion of the nucleus
|
|
NAME
this can be caused by the annulus degenerates leading to the protrusion of the nucleus or the posterior lateral protrusion of the nucleus |
herniation of the nucleus pulposus
|
|
What are some factors that contribute to people geting herniated IV discs? (2)
|
(1)moveable regions meet stable regions (2)Age (can cause degeneration of the annulus nucleus
|
|
What are neurological tests for herniated discs? (3)
|
(1)sensation (2)muscle weakness (3)postive striaght leg test
|
|
How do you use the sensation to test to tell if someone has a herniated IV disc?
|
pain felt along inolved dermatomes
|
|
How do you use the muscle weakness test to tell if someone has a herniated IV disc?
|
weakness in muscles supplied by affected spinal nerve
|
|
What is the motor involvement of spinal cord lesions of the C-2 like?
|
the are (1)tetraplegia (2)can not breath unassisted
|
|
What is the sensory involvement like for people with spinal cord lesions in the C2 region?
|
they have no sensations below the upper region of the neck
|
|
What are the motor reflexes like for people with spinal cord lesions in the C2 regions?
|
they have none
|
|
What are the motor involvement for people with spinal cord lesion in the C-6 region? (4)
|
(1)shoulder function (2)elbow flexion (3)wrist extension in intact (4)no lower limb function
|
|
NAME
people with spinal cord lesions in this area motor invovlement include shoulder function, elbow flexion, wrist extension in intact, and no lower limb function |
C6
|
|
NAME
the motor involvement for people w spinal lesions in this area are tetraplegia and can not breath unassisted |
C2
|
|
NAME
the sensory involvement for people w spinal lesions in this area have no sensations below the upper region of the neck |
C2
|
|
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area have no motor reflexes |
C-2
|
|
What are sensory invovlement for people like w sesnory regions in the C-6 region?
|
the neck, posterior lateral arm, and radial forarm are unaffected
|
|
NAME
the sesnory invovelemt of people w spinal lesions in this area have neck, posterior lateral arm, and radial forarm are unaffected |
C6
|
|
NAME
people with spinal lesions in this area have motor reflexes in thier biceps, and brachioradialis |
C6
|
|
What are the motor reflexes like for people w spinal cord lesions in the C-6 region?
|
the have have reflexes in the biceps, and brachioradialis
|
|
What is the motor involvement for people w spinal cord lesions in the thoracic spinal cord region like? (2)
|
they have complete use of their neck, and upper body (2)lower limb paraplegia
|
|
What is the sensory invovlement for people with spinal lesions in the thoracic region like?
|
(1)their neck and upper limbs are still intact (2)lower limb anesthesia (3)the thorax and abdomen depends on the level injured
|
|
What are the motor reflexes like for people with spinal lesions in the thoracic region like?
|
(1)biceps (2)brachioradilias (3)tricpes
|
|
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area, have motor inovlement w complete use of thier neck and upper limb and are lower limb paraplegia |
Thoracic region
|
|
NAME
people w spinal lesions in this area, have sensory invovlement w thier neck and upper intact, lower limb anesthesia, and thorax and abdomen depends on the level injured |
thoracic
|
|
NAME
people w spinal lesions in thia area, have motor reflexes in the biceps, brachioradialis, and triceps |
thoracic region
|
|
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
|
All Sports Entertain Me
A=afferent S=sensory E=efferent M=motor |
|
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
|
All Sports Entertain Me
A=afferent S=sensory E=efferent M=motor |
|
What is in easy way to remember the various differ names for efferent and afferent fibers?
|
All Sports Entertain Me
A=afferent S=sensory E=efferent M=motor |
|
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
|
Dogs Stand Around Men
D= dorsal root S= sensory A= anterior root M= motor |
|
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
|
Dogs Stand Around Men
D= dorsal root S= sensory A= anterior root M= motor |
|
What is a easier way to remember which roots contain sensory or motor fibers?
|
Dogs Stand Around Men
D= dorsal root S= sensory A= anterior root M= motor |
|
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints w defs
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of all the different types of joints
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of the different muscle contractions skeletal muscles can undergo
|
See notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of the different muscle contraction skeletal muscles can undergo
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
|
see notes
|
|
Draw a diagram of the different cavities w there definations
|
see notes
|
|
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
|
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym
E=endoymysium M=muscle F=fiber P=permysium f=fibers (group of) e=epmysium e=entire m=muscle |
|
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
|
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym
E=endoymysium M=muscle F=fiber P=permysium f=fibers (group of) e=epmysium e=entire m=muscle |
|
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
|
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym
E=endoymysium M=muscle F=fiber P=permysium f=fibers (group of) e=epmysium e=entire m=muscle |
|
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
|
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym
E=endoymysium M=muscle F=fiber P=permysium f=fibers (group of) e=epmysium e=entire m=muscle |
|
What is a easy way to remember what the connective tissue layers of a muscle fiber are
|
Elephants Migrate Far Peferable Far Enough East Mahym
E=endoymysium M=muscle F=fiber P=permysium f=fibers (group of) e=epmysium e=entire m=muscle |