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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the transpyloric plane?
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1/2 way between jugular notch and pubic symphysis
at the level of L1 |
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what is the subcostal plane?
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lowest part of costal margin
at the level of L2 |
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at what level is the umbilical plane?
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L3
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what is the transtubercular plane?
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connects tubercles on the iliac crest
at the level of L4 |
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what is the iliac region clinically?
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iliac fossa
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what is the hypogastrium clinically?
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suprapubic region
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clinically, what is the back of lumbar region, in the angle between R12 and midline?
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renal angle
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what are the arteries for the foregut, midgut and hindgut?
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foregut - coeliac artery
midgut - superior mesenteric artery hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery |
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what is the omental bursa?
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lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity
mainly behind the liver and stomach covered by lesser omentum (from lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver) |
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what is the opening of the omental bursa?
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epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
faces right |
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where is the upper recess of the omental bursa?
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posterior to lesser omentum and caudate lobe of liver
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what is the greater omentum?
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apron of peritoneum, fat and blood vessels hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach
double layer of peritoneum covering the front and back of the stomach |
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what is the transverse mesocolon?
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mesentery between the transverse colon and the posterior abdominal wall
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what are the attachments of the lienorenal ligament?
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kidney to spleen
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what are the attachments of the gastrosplenic ligament?
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spleen to stomach
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what are the attachments of the gastrophrenic ligament?
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stomach to diaphragm
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what replaces the gastrosplenic and lienorenal ligaments as borders of the epiploic foramen? superior to spleen?
inferior to spleen? |
superior - gastrophrenic ligament
inferior - left edge of greater omentum |
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what is the dorsal mesogastrium?
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dorsal mesentery of the embryonic foregut
double layer of peritoneum which makes the gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, lineorenal ligaments and the greater omentum |
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what forms the lesser omentum, falciform ligament, triangular ligament, and coronary ligament?
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ventral mesogastrium
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what are the parts of the duodenum?
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1st - attached to edge of lesser omentum (mobile)
2nd - descends vertically downwards to L3 3rd - crosses midline horizontally at L3 4th - ascends to left of midline to L2 |
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what marks the junction between the foregut and midgut?
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opening of common bile duct into duodenum
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what lies on the hilum of the right kidney?
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2nd part of duodenum
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what encloses the head of the pancreas?
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C-shaped duodenum
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what crosses the hilum of the left kidney?
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tail of pancreas
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which suprarenal (adrenal) gland is posterior to the inferior vena cava?
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right suprarenal gland
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where does the coeliac artery branch from the aorta?
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just above the upper border of the pancreas
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what are the three branches of the coeliac artery?
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left gastric artery
splenic artery common hepatic artery |
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what is supplied by the left gastric artery?
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climbs toward esophagus, and sends some branches
runs onto lesser curvature of stomach and anastomoses with right gastric artery |
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from what artery does the left gastric artery branch?
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coeliac artery
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from what artery does the right gastric artery branch?
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common hepatic artery
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what is supplied by the splenic artery?
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runs along upper border of pancreas in lienorenal ligament and hilum of spleen, supplying spleen
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what are the branches of the splenic artery?
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short gastric artery
left gastroepiploic artery both to greater curvature of stomach |
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from what artery does the splenic artery branch?
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coeliac artery
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what are the branches of the common hepatic artery?
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proper hepatic artery
right gastric artery gastroduodenal artery |
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from what artery does the common hepatic artery branch?
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coeliac artery
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what are the branches of the proper hepatic artery?
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right hepatic artery (to right lobe of liver)
--cystic artery (to gall bladder) left hepatic artery (to left lobe of liver) |
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from what artery do the right and left hepatic artery branch?
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proper hepatic artery
from common hepatic artery from coeliac artery |
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from what artery does the cystic artery branch?
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right hepatic artery
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what is supplied by the right gastric artery
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lesser curvature of the stomach
anastomoses with left gastric artery |
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what are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?
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right gastroepiploic artery
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery divides at the lower border of the first part of the duodenum |
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what is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery?
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greater curvature of stomach
anastomoses with left gastroepiploic artery |
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from where does the right gastroepiploic artery branch?
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gastroduodenal artery
from common hepatic artery from coeliac artery |
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what is supplied by the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery?
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pancreas and duodenum as it runs down between the two
anastomoses with infertior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from superior mesenteric artery) |
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from where does the pancreaticoduodenal artery branch?
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gastroduodenal artery
from common hepatic artery from coeliac artery |
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what is the anastomosis betweeen the foregut and midgut arteries?
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superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (foregut) with inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (midgut)
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from where does the superior mesenteric artery branch?
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abdominal aorta, posterior to pancreas
emerges from lower border of pancreas and crosses 3rd part of duodenum (lies to the left of the superior mesenteric vein) |
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what part of the pancreas is posterior to the superior mesenteric artery?
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uncinate process
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what forms the portal vein?
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superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein posterior to the pancreas and first part of duodenum |
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where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain?
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splenic vein
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what part of the liver would show toxic changes in the case of ingested liver toxins? why?
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right side of the liver
receives blood from superior mesenteric vein from midgut, where most of the toxins will be absorbed (blood doesn't mix much in the portal vein) |
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what part of the liver would show cirrhosis in deficiencies of substances like choline or methionine? why?
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left half of liver
midgut absorbs the nutrients which are taken up and leaves nearly none for hindgut, which drains into the inferior mesenteric vein, to splenic vein, to portal vein (there is little to no mixing of blood in the portal vein) |
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where is the portal vein?
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anterior to the vena cava, separated by the epiploic foramen
travels in free border of lesser omentum |
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where is the common bile duct?
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within free border of lesser omentum
right of hepatic artery anterior to portal vein posterior to first part of duodenum posterior to head of pancreas opens into the second part of duodenum with main pancreatic duct |
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what innervates the liver?
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sympathetic branches - vasoconstrictors - from coeliac plexus - follow hepatic arteries and portal vein
parasympathetic branches - from anterior and posterior vagal trunks - run in lesser omentum to reach hepatic plexus |
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where do the sympathetic and vagal fibers of the liver end?
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on gallbladder (extra- and intrahepatic ducts)
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what is the result of a vagotomy on the gallbladder?
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gallbladder enlarges, and emptying slows
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where do the visceral afferents from the liver (pain) enter spinal cord?
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T6-T9
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where is pain referred from gallbladder?
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region of ribs 6-9 up to inferior angle of scapula on right side
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from where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch?
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abdominal aorta, behind 3rd part of duodenum, emerging inferior to it
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from where do the inferior phrenic arteries branch?
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from abdominal aorta
superior to coeliac artery, right one lying posterior to inferior vena cava |
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what forms the stomach bed?
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omental bursa
pancreas upper left part of kidney and suprarenal gland coeliac artery coeliac ganglia spleen |
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with what do the esophageal veins from the left gastric veins anastomose?
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esophageal branches of azygos veins
(portal-systemic anastomosis) |
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where does the fundus rise to?
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level of 5th intercostal space
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what innervates the stomach?
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vagal fibers
sympathetic fibers from celiac plexus (greater splanchnic nerve (T6-9) |
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what is the "policeman" of the abdomen?
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greater omentum
forms adhesions in case of inflammation, sealing off danger area and preventing a generalized peritonitis |
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where is the lesser omentum attached to the liver?
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fissure for ligamentum venosum
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what is the ligamentum venosum?
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remnant (ductus venosus) connecting left branch of portal vein to inferior vena cava
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where do hepatic veins empty?
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inferior vena cava
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gallbladder
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reservoir for bile
lies in a groove under the liver cystic duct joins common hepatic duct to form common bile duct |
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what artery supplies the pancreas?
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splenic artery
arteria pancreatica magna (from splenic artery) |
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into what does the main duct of the pancreas open (with the common bile duct)?
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ampulla of Vater
(closed by sphincter of Oddi) |
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what innervates the pancreas?
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celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses
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to where is pain referred from the pancreas?
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T6-T10 dermatomes
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where is the spleen?
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lays opposite ribs 9-11
has notches on anterior aspect |
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what innervates the spleen?
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purely sympathetic nerves
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what forms the caput medusae?
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enlarged paraumbilical veins, running with ligamentum teres and uniting portal vein with veins of anterior abdominal wall
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