Gross Anatomy

Front 1

ANTERIOR MUSCLES OF THE ARM

Back 1

Biceps branchii
Coracobrachialis
Branchialis

Front 2

BICEPS BRANCHII

Back 2

Have 2 heads
The short head arises from the coracoid process together with the coracobrachialis muscle.
The long head arises from the supragleniod tubercle of the scapula and transveres the cavity of the shoulder joint to run in the intertubercular groove between the greater and lesser tubercles

Front 3

2 HEADS OF THE BICEPS BRACHII ARE ATTACHED TO?

Back 3

The radial tuberosity on the upper end of the radius

Front 4

BICIPITAL APONEUROSIS

Back 4

As the tendon passes downwards it gives off a strong expansion, which blends with the deep fascia over the flexor muscles.

Front 5

THE BICEPS

Back 5

Flexes the elbow and is the strongest SUPINATOR of the forearm.
Biceps also travel across the shoulder joint, so to a slight extent it is a flexor and ABDUCTOR OF THE SHOULDER

Front 6

WHEN THE BICEPS CONTRACT TO LIFT

Back 6

Lifting a heavy load its 2 heads are crucial in maintaining the coaptation of the articular surfaces of the shoulder. The short head resting on the coracoid process lifts the humerus relative to the scapula & along with the other longitudinal muscles (triceps,coracobrachialis, & deltoid) prevent its downward dislocation. at the same time the long head of the biceps presses the humeral head against the glenoid

Front 7

BICEPS BRANCHII

Back 7

It is clear that the biceps is bent at the level of bicipital groove without an associated sesamoid bone and is subject to severe mechanical stress, which can only be tolerated when the muscle is in good condition. If collagenous fibers degenerate with age, the intraarticular tendon my snap as the result of the slightest effort.

Front 8

CORACOBRACHIALIS

Back 8

Arises from the coracoid process with the short head of the biceps and inserts on the anteromedial surface of the humerus near its middle. It is a FLEXOR and ADDUCTOR of the arm.

Front 9

BRACHIALIS

Back 9

Arises from the lower half of the anterior surface of the humerus and from both intermuscular septa and inserts upon the ulnar tuberosity; FLEXES THE FOREARM.

Front 10

ALL 3 MUSCLES (BICEPS BRANCHII,CORACOBRACHIALIS, & BRACHIALIS) ARE INNERVATED BY

Back 10

The MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE. Thus, damage to the musculocutaeous nerve interferes with flexion at the shoulder and elbow joints, especially the elbow and causes weakening of supination. Midshaft fracture of the humerus may damage the musculocutaneous nerve.

Front 11

LONG HEAD OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE

Back 11

Arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Front 12

LATERAL HEAD OF THE TRICEPS

Back 12

Arises from the humerus above the and lateral to the groove for the radial nerve, and from the lateral intermuscular septum. The lateral head of the triceps unites with the long head to form the superficial tendinous part of the insertion of the muscle.

Front 13

MEDIAL HEAD OF THE TRICEPS

Back 13

Arises from the humerus, but medial to and below the groove for the radial nerve, so that it comes to cover the entire posterior surface if the lower part of the bone, where it arises also from both intermusclar septa. The medial head attaches into the deep surface of the combined lateral and long heads of the triceps.

Front 14

ALL 3 HEADS OF THE TRICEPS INSERT TOGETHER

Back 14

On the proximal end of the olecranon.The triceps constitutes the CHIEF EXTENSOR of the elbow joint

Front 15

LONG HEAD OF THE TRICEPS

Back 15

Since the long head of the triceps crosses the shoulder joint, it also aids in EXTENSION and ADDUCTION of the arm.

Front 16

ANCONEUS

Back 16

Is a small triangular muscle attached to the lateral epicondyle and to the lateral side of the olecranon and adjacent part of the ulna. The anconeus helps the triceps extend the forearm and tenses of the capsule of the elbow joint, preventing its being pinched during extension

Front 17

THE TRICEPS AND ANCONEUS ARE INNERVATED BY

Back 17

The radial nerve

Front 18

FLEXION

Back 18

Is produced by the anterior DELTOID, CLAVICULAR PECTORALIS MAJOR, CORACOBRACHIALIS AND THE LONG HEAD OF THE BICEPS with lateral rotation of the scapula produced by trapezius and serratus anterior

Front 19

EXTENSION

Back 19

Is produced by latissimus dorsi, sternocostal part of pectoralis major, posterior deltoid, teres major, the long head of the triceps and is accompanied by medial rotation and elevation of the scapula

Front 20

ABDUCTION

Back 20

Is produced by deltoid and supraspinatus

Front 21

ADDUCTION

Back 21

Is produced by latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, teres major, and medial rotators of the scapula; long head of the triceps and coracobrachialis also assist to a small extent

Front 22

MEDIAL ROTATION

Back 22

Is produced by pectoralis major, ant. deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and, when the arm is by the side, by scapularis

Front 23

LATERAL ROTATION

Back 23

Is produced by infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and teres minor

Front 24

MOVEMENTS OF THE ELBOW

Back 24

Flexion: brachialis, biceps, and brachioradialis

Extension: triceps and anconeus

Front 25

4 MAIN NERVES TRAVERSING THE ARM:

Back 25

Median, Ulnar, Radial,and Musculocutaneous

Front 26

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

Back 26

Passes through the coracobrachialis m., supplies all the muscles of the ant. arm and continues on the forearm as the lat. antebrachial cut.

Front 27

MEDIAN NERVE

Back 27

Gives no branches in the arm and supplies all the anterior muscles of the forearm except 2 (FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS (FCU)), medial portion of FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNSUS (FDP) and some muscles of the hand

Front 28

ULNAR NERVE

Back 28

Gives no branches in the arm, travels between the medial epicondyle and olecranon into the forearm, supplies 2 muscles of the forearm (FCU, and medial portion of FDP) and almost all the muscles of the hand

Front 29

RADIAL NERVE

Back 29

Travels to the back of the arm; here it is closely applied to the bone and is liable to be damaged in fractures of the middle third of the humerus; supplies all the posterior muscles and skin of the upper limb

Front 30

BRACHIAL ARTERY

Back 30

Is a continuation of the axillary artery below the teres major muscle. The brachial artery gives off deep or PROFUNDA BRACHIAL ARTERY, SUPERIOR ULNAR COLLATERAL ARTERY (travels with ulnar n. behind the med. epicondyle) and inf. ulnar collateral (arises about 5cm above the elbow).

Front 31

BRACHIAL ARTERY IS DIVIDED

Back 31

In the cubital fossa into radial and ulnar arteries. The profounda artery gives off 2 branches: middle collateral or posterior descending descends on the back of the lateral epicondyle; radial collateral passes in front of the lat. epicondyle

Front 32

FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) CUBITAL FOSSA:

Back 32

Medial boundary- is lateral border of the pronator teres.
Lateral boundary- is medial border of the brachioradialis m.
Floor- Is formed by brachialis and supinator
The median n., brachial a. and tendon of biceps enter the fossa

Front 33

MUSCLES & VESSELS OF THE FOREARM ARE ENCLOSED BY

Back 33

Deep or antebrachial fascia

Front 34

ON THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE WRIST THE FASCIA IS THICKENED TO FORM 2 LIGAMENTS:

Back 34

PALMAR CARPAL-Is stretched between the styloid processes of the radius and ulna.
The deeper layer is called FLEXOR RETINACULUM. It stretches across the wrist from scaphoid and trapezium laterally to the pisiform and hook of the hamate medially. The Flexor retinaculum converts the carpal groove formed by carpal bones into an osteofibrous canal called the CARPAL TUNNEL. FDS,FDP and FPL tendons and median n. travel through thhe carpal tunnel.

Front 35

ON THE DORSAL SIDE OF THE WRIST IS

Back 35

THE EXTENSOR RETINACULUM

Front 36

ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE DIVIDED INTO

Back 36

Superficial and Deep

Front 37

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 37

PRONATOR TERES- has 2 heads humeral and ulnar, and is attached to the lateral surface of the radial shaft. Median n. travels between the 2 heads of the muscle

Front 38

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 38

PALMARIS LONGUS (absent in 12 % of population) expands into the palmar skin iin grasping an object

Front 39

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 39

FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS- is attached to the base of the 2nd metacarpal and sends a slip to the base of the 3rd metacarpal. Acting with the FCU and sometimes the FDS flexes the wrist; acting with extenosors help to abduct the hand; its obliquity allows it to assist in pronation

Front 40

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 40

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS- has 2 heads HUMERAL & ULNAR ( ulnar n. travels between thses two heads). FCU is attached to the pisiform bone and the attachment is prolonged to the hamate and 5th metacarpal bones by ligaments. Action; with other flexors flexes the wrist, with extensors, adducts

Front 41

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 41

FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS- has 2 heads: Humeroulnar and Radial. Median n. and ulnar a. travels between the 2 heads. FDS has 4 tendons attached to the middle phalanges of the 4 medial digits. It flexes all the joints it crosses, primarily the middle phalanges (PIP) and then the proximal phalanges (MCP)

Front 42

DEEP FLEXORS
ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:

Back 42

FDP is attached to the distal phalanges of the 4 medial fingers and on its way to insertion spilts the tendon of the FDS. It flexes the distal phalanges after the FDS has bent the middle phalanges; assists in flexing the wrist. The tendons of FDP are not well seperated, except for the tendon going to the index finger, that way is almost impossible to flex a distal phalanx of a single finger without flexing the others. The muscle primarily is a flexor of DIP joints.

Front 43

FPL, PRONATOR QUADRATUS
ANTEBRACHIAL MUSCLES ARE:
THERE ARE 3 SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENTS TO THE WRIST:

Back 43

ULNAR BURSA-contains the tendon of the FDS and FDP
RADIAL BURSA- contains the tendon of the FPL.
3d compartment contains the tendon of the FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS (FCR).

Front 44

FIBROUS FLEXOR SHEATH

Back 44

Tendons of the flexors surrounded by synovial sheath travel through the osteofibrous canal formed by the arches of dense fibrous tissue. Which is attached to the periosteum of the phalanges. Tendons are attached to the phalanges by thin fibrous slips

Front 45

VINCULA

Back 45

Tendons are attached to the phalanges by thin fibrous slips,
which transmit boold vessels to the tendons.