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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anterior
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Front of body; opposite = posterior
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Posterior
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Back of body; opposite = anterior
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Superior
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Top of body (head); opposite = inferior
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Inferior
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Bottom of body (feet); opposite = superior
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Medial
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Toward the middle; opposite = lateral
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Lateral
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Away from middle; opposite = medial
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Proximal
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Closer to origin/attachment; opposite = distal
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Distal
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Away from origin/attachment; opposite =proximal
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Superficial
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Closer to surface; opposite = deep
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Deep
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Further away from surface; opposite = superficial
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Contralateral
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Opposite side; opposite = Ipsilateral
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Ipsilateral
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Same side; opposite = contralateral
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Cephalic
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Head
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Cervical
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Neck
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Thoracic
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Chest
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Abdominal
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Belly
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Lumbar
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Low back
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Appendicular
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Limbs
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Axial
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Head/Neck/Torso
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Sagittal
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Cuts the body into left and right portions (straight down)
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Median
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AKA mid-sagittal; cuts the body straight down the middle
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Frontal
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AKA Coronal - divides body into front and back portions
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Transverse
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AKA cross-sectional; divides into top and bottom
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Flexion
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Reduce angle between body parts
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Extensions
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Increase angle between body parts
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Adduction
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Move body part toward midline
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Abduction
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Move body part away from midline
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Internal rotation
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AKA Medial rotation; anterior goes around axis medially (in other words, something is turning in)
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External rotation
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AKA Lateral rotation; anterior goes around axis laterally (in other words, turning out)
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Pronation of the forearm
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Rotation so that the palm end up facing posterior (back)
[P]ronation = ends up [P]osteror |
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Supination of the forearm
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Rotation so that the palm ends up facing anterior (front)
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Probe
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Looks like dental toothpick (not as sharp); primary dissecting took for tear connective tissue and allow to feel nerves/vessels before they are damaged
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Forceps
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Looks like tweezers; used to hold vessels, nerves while dissecting with a probe
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Tissue forceps (aka rat-toothed)
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Looks like tweezers with a tooth; used for gripping tissue
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Scalpel
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Used primarily for skinning (not for dissecting); blade 3.5-4cm
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Scissors
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Used in cutting, blunt dissection, transection; two pairs -- one small with two sharp points for dissecting small structures
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Hemostat
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Looks like scissors with blunt ends; grasping tool for skin removal. However, it crushes delicate structures and cannot be repositioned as quickly as forceps.
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Dissect
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Tear apart; use fingers as much as possible, then probe, then scissors; scalpel only as last resort
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Blunt dissection
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Separate using fingers, probe, or scissors by tearing (not cutting) tissue
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Scissors technique
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Blunt dissection method in which closed pair of scissors are inserted into connective tissue and then opened, tearing connective tissue with the back of scissors. Good way to dissect vessels and nerves
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Sharp dissection
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Dissect using scalpel; usually discouraged
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Clean
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Remove fat or connective tissue using blunt dissection
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Clean the surface of a muscle
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remove all fat/connective tissue so that muscle fascicles are obvious and direction of force can be understood
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Clean the border of muscle
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Define border using fingers or a probe to break the loose connective tissue that binds muscle to surrounding structures
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Clean a nerve
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Use a prove or scissors technique to tear the connecting tissue around the nerve for purposes of observing relationships and branches
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Clean a vessel
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Use probe of scissors technique to strip the fat and connective tissue off the surface of the vessel an its branches
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Define
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Use blunt dissection to enhance a structure to better illustrate its relationships; usually involves bluntly dissecting the loose connective tissue away from it by using a probe
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Retract
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To pull a structure to one side to visualize another structure that lies more deeply. This is a temporary displacement and should not harm the retracted structure
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Transect
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Cut into two in the transverse (cross-sectional) plane
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Strip a vein
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Remove a vein and its tributaries from the dissection field so that the artery and related structures can be seen more clearly. Stripped by blunt dissection using a probe.
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Describe anatomical position
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Standing erect, feet together, arms by the sides, palms facing forward
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Brachial fascia
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Deep fascia of the arm; continuous at proximal end with pectoral tissue and the deep fascia that covers deltoid and latissimus dorsi muscles
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Name "layers" of the arm, from outside in
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Skin, superficial fascia, brachial fascia, anterior compartment/posterior compartment, humerus; intermuscular septa (medial or lateral) connect humerus to brachial fascia
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What is brachial fascia continuous with?
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On the proximal end: pectoral fascia, axillary fascia (covers deltoid and latissimus dorsi).
On the distal end: ante-brachial fascia (deep fascia of the forearm) |
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What is the function of intermuscular septa of the arm?
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It connects brachial fascia with lateral and medial sides of the humerus creating anterior (flexor) compartment and posterior (extensor) compartment
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Describe anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm
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Compartment of the arm that contains 3 muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, musculocutaneous nerve
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Describe posterior (extensor) compartment of the arm
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Compartment of the arm that contains 2 muscles: triceps brachii and anconeus, the radial nerve, the deep artery, and vein of the arm
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What is medial epicondyle?
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The end of the humerus bone (medial, obviously)
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What is olecranon fossa?
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A deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus
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Radius
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The bone of the arm (forearm) -- lateral; head of radius is more proximal (next to humerus)
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What is tuberosity of radius?
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Protrusion of the bone
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Ulna
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Bone of the arm, medial (head of ulna is more distal -- next to wrist)
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Antebrachial Fascia
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Sleeve of connective tissue that invests the forearm
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Intermuscular septa (in the forearm)
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Membrane that projects inward from antebrachial fascia and attaches antebrachial fascia to the radius and ulna
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How is the flexor compartment of the forearm formed?
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Intermuscular septa, interosseous membrane, the radius, and the ulna combine to divide the forearm into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments
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Describe/list forearm muscle layers
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Can be divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep muscle layers. Superficial -- from medial epicondyle of humerus and its supracondylar ridge. Intermediate -- medial epicondyle of humerus and anterior surface of radius. Deep -- from anterior surface of radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
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Where are ulnar artery, ulnar nerve, and median nerve located in the forearm?
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In the connective tissue plane that separates intermediate and deep layers from flexor muscles
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Describe medial epicondyle of the humerus
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On the medial side of the humerus; larger than the lateral epicondyle; gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint, Pronator teres, and the common flexor tendon of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm. The ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve.
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Describe medial supracondylar ridge
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The inferior third of the medial border of the humerus is raised into a slight ridge. The ridge presents an anterior lip for the origins of the Brachialis and Pronator teres, a posterior lip for the medial head of the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the medial intermuscular septum.
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Lateral epycondyle
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Smaller, on the lateral side. Gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, a tendon common to the origin of the supinator, anoconeus muscle, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti, and extensor carpi ulnaris.
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Lateral supracondylar ridge
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Presents an anterior lip for the origin of the Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, a posterior lip for the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum.
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Capitulum
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Lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence
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Trochlea
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The medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in the forearm.
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Olecranon fossa
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Located on posterior side of the humerus, Deep triangular depression, superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon (on ulna) is received during extension of the forearm.
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Ulnar notch of radius
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Ulnar notch of the radius (located in the distal radius, right next to the wrist). Narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna forming the distal radioulnar joint.
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Styloid Process of the Radius
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Projection of bone on the distal lateral surface; extends obliquely downward into a strong projection. The tendon of the brachioradialis attaches at its base, and the radial collateral ligament of the wrist attaches at its apex. The lateral surface is marked by a flat groove for the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
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Interosseous border for the attachment of interossous membrane
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Extends the length of the shaft of radius/ulna and provides attachment for the interosseous membrane connecting the radius and the ulna
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Olecranon
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Located on proximal end of ulna; presents a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus; posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa;
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Trochlear notch
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Semilunar notch on the ulna; a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus.
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Radial notch of ulna
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Located on ulna, proximal end (at the top next to humerus); narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius.
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Pisiform Bone
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Small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone; forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel; The pisiform bone is a small sesamoid bone found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is contained within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon.
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Elbow joint
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Articulation between
1. trochlear notch of ulna and trochlear of humerus and 2. head of radius and capitulum of humerus The articulation account for the hinge action of the elbow joint |
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Proximal radioulnar joint
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Between head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna (at the top, by humerus)
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In what position are radius and ulna parallel
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Supine (anatomical); in pronate position, radius crosses ulna.
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Distal radioulnar joint
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Between head of the ulna and ulnar notch of the radius (at the bottom by wrist)
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Cephalic vein
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AKA antecubital vein -- superficial vein of the upper limb; communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly, passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles; it empties into the axillary vein.
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Basilic vein
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a large superficial vein; originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand and travels up the base of the forearm; generally visible through the skin as it travels in the subcutaneous fat and fascia lying superficial to the muscles. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, usually connects with the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein
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Describe superficial layer of flexor muscles (anterior compartment) of the forearm
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1. Pronator teres - att. middle of lateral surface of radius; pronates hand and flexes forearm
2. Flexor capri radialis -- att. base of 2nd metacarpal bone; flexes and abducts hand. 3. Palmaris longus -- att. palmar aponeurosis; flexes hand 4. Flexor capri ulnaris -- att. pisiform/hamate/base of 5th metacarpal; flexes and adducts the hand |
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Describe superficial structures of the wrist, lateral to median
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Lateral to medial: Abductor pollicis longus tendon, radial artery, flexor capri radialis tendon, median nerve (superficial and can be easily damaged), palmaris longus tendon (absent 13%); flexor digitorus superficialis tendons (4); ulnar artery, ulnar nerve, flexor capris ulnaris tendon
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Where would you feel pulse of the radial artery?
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In your wrist, between abductor pollicis longus and flexor capri radialis tendon.
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Describe intermediate layer of flexor muscles of the forearm (anterior compartment)
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Only one muscle, flexor digitorum superficialis; 3 proximal attachments --1. on the humerus via common flexor tendon; 2. small attachment on ulna; 2. long, narrow attachment on the anterior oblique of the radius. Gives rise to 4 tendons that attach to the middle phalanges of digits 2-5; flexes the middle phalange
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Describe pronator teres muscle
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Superficial flexor muscle of the forearm, attaches to the middle of the lateral surface of the radius; has two proximal heads (humeral = superficial and ulnar = deep); innervated by median nerve
(Teres = long, round) |
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List/describe arteries of the flexor compartment of the forearm
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1. Brachial artery --> radial artery/lunar artery
2. Radial artery --> radial recurrent artery, 3. Ulnar artery -->anterior/posterior ulnar recurrent arteries & common interosseous artery 4. Common interosseous artery --> anterior/posterior interosseous arteries |
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Where is radial recurrent artery located?
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Artery that arises from radial artery below elbow, near its origin from brachial artery
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What nerve innervates most muscles in the anterior arm flexor compartment?
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Median nerve
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Describe brachial artery
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Artery that is located in cubidal fossa; bifurcates into radial and lunar artery; radial artery gives rise to radial recurrent artery
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Describe radial nerve
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Nerve in the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm; courses distally on the deep surface of the brachioradialis muscle (lateral side of proximal forearm); supplies the medial, lateral, and long heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.
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Describe ulnar artery
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In cubidal fossa; oxygenates flexor compartment
1. Posterior to the deep head of the pronator teres muscle and the median nerve is the cubidal fossa; 2. Btw flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus in proximal forearm; 3. Joined by ulnar nerve 1/3 down the forearm; 4. Deep to flexor capri ulnaris; 5. On the lateral side of pisiform bone |