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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 parts of the colon
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ascending
transverse descending sigmoid |
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Ug tract and co.
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3 paired organs
kidneys adrenal glands gonads |
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GI tract and co
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3 unpaired organs
liver pancreas spleen |
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3 unpaired arteries of the GI tract and co.
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superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric celiac trunk |
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4 sites where primitive mesenteries adhere to the posterior wall, obliterating the peritoneal cavity
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dorsal mesogastrium
mesoduodenum mesocolon of ascending colon mesocolon of descending colon |
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3 parts of the greater omentum
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gastro-phrenic ligament
gastro-lienal ligament gastro-colic ligament |
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2 parts of the lesser omentum
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hepato-gastric ligament
hepato-duodenal ligament |
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surfaces of the liver
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diaphragmatic
visceral |
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ligaments associated with the diaphragmatic surface of the liver that divides the liver into right and left lobe
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falciform ligament with attached ligamentum teres
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porta hepatis contents
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hepatic artery
hepatic vein hepatic duct |
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parts of the H of the liver
lower left? upper left? upper right? lower right? crossbar? |
fissure of ligamentum teres
fissure of ligamentum vanosum inferior vena cava fossa of gallbladder porta hepatic |
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lobes of H of the liver
Upper? lower? |
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe |
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fatty tissue covering the abdomen
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greater omentum
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most ventral structure in the abdomen but actually a posterior abdominal structure
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greater omentum
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is stomach covered by greater omentum?
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no
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projects into abdomenal cavity and attached to posterior wall by mesentary
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GI tract and co
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can any part of the GI tract be posterior to the UG tract?
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no
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why is the spleen part of the GI tract
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shares blood supply and developement
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serous membrane containing visceral and parietal portions
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peritoneum
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attachment between body wall and part of the GI tract and Co.
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mesentray
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branches of aorta that supply gut
foregut? midgut? hindgut? |
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric |
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central axis of gut rotation
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superior mesenteric artery
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Gut rotation during development
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clockwise rotation of 270 degrees
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two mesenteries in the abdomen
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dorsal mesentery
ventral mesentery |
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dorsal mesentery aka ?
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dorsal mesogastrium
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what mesocolons are there?
not? |
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon ascending descending |
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goes from stomach all the way to anterior wall
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ventral mesogastrium
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Left vagus becomes? when entering stomach
R vagus becomes ? |
anterior vagal trunk
posterior vagal trunk |
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Dorsal mesogastrium runs between ? and ?
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posterior wall
posterior aspect of stomach |
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? grows at great rate and hangs down from stomach forming ?
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dorsal mesogastrium
greater omentum |
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? runs first between stomach then envelops ? as visceral peritoneum and then forms web of tissue that reaches anterior abdominal wall
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ventral mesentery
liver |
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space between stomach and liver
hole allowing communication |
lesser sack aka omental bursa
epiploic foramen |
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specialized term for mesogastrium
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omentum
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lesser omentum is part of ?
greater omentum? |
ventral mesogastrium
dorsal mesogastrium |
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communication between lesser sac and peritoneal cavity
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epiploic foraman
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lesser omentum ligaments
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hepato-gastric ligament
hepato-duodenal ligament |
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contains portal triad which are the three tubular structures that carry blood to liver and bile from it
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hepato-duodenal ligament
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greater omentum ligaments
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gastro-colic ligament
gastro-splenal ligament gastrophrenic ligament |
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largest part of the greater omentum
diaphragm |
gastro-colic ligament
gastrophrenic ligament |
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serves as a guide for the epiploic foramen
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gall bladder
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2 surfaces of the liver
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diaphragmatic surface
visceral surface |
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ligament that runs between left and right lobe
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falciform ligament
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round end of the falciform ligament
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ligamentum teres
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part of fetal circulation that bypasses liver in intrauterine life
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ligamentum teres
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hepatic veins take blood from liver to the ?
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inferior vena cava
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4 boundaries of the epiploic foramen
superior? floor? anterior? posterior? |
tail of caudate lobe
duodenum hepatoduodenal ligament inferior vena cava |
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anatomical right side of the liver lobe?
left? |
right lobe
quadrate lobe caudate lobe left lobe |
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parts of the gallbladder
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fundus
body neck |
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drains gallbladder
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cystic duct
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bile duct system
? join to form ? which joins ? and forms ? (which goes posterior to ?) which joins ? and enters ? |
r and l hepatic duct
commonhepatic duct cystic duct common bile duct duodenum main pancreatic duct 2nd part of duodenum |
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branches of the celiac trunk
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left gastric artery
hepatic artery splenic artery |
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left gastric artery pathway
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goes to lesser curvature of stomach and branches into esophageal branch which supplies lower 3rd of esophagus
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common hepatic artery
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splits into proper hepatic and gastroduodenal
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proper hepatic artery
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r and l hepatic artery
cystic artery gastric artery |
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gastroduodenal divides into ?
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r gastro-epiploic
superior pancroduodenal |
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right gastro-epiploic serves the ?as well as ?
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R part/greater curvature of the stomach
greater omentum |
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branches of splenic artery
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short gastric artery
left gastro-epiploic artery (l and r anastamose |
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digestive material absorbed in gut gets carried by ? to liver
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portal venous system
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? gets first chance at processing toxins and materials in gut, doesn't go to heart first in this case
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liver
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stomach is a ? structure
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flat
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sharp angle between esophagus and stomach
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cardiac notch
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part of the stomach that is the gateway to the pylorus
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antrum
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round sphincter created by smooth muscle so can close off exit of stomach until contents of stomach need to be ejected into duodenum
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pylorus
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what creates sharp angel in the duodenum?
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suspensory muscle of duodenum
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? artery crosses ? to the duodenum in the ? part
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superior mesentaric
anterior 3rd |
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2 parts of the interior of the duodenum
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plicae circularis
duodenal papilla |
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folds on interior of duodenum
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plicae circularis
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? duct and ? duct insert into ? part of duodenum and creates boundary between ? and ?
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common bile duct
pancreatic duct 2nd foregut and midgut |
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parts of the pancreas
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neck
body tail head unicate process |
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part of pancreas that means hook
hooks around ? artery and vein and runs ? to these vessels |
unicate
superior mesentaric posterior |
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part of pancreas that is anterior to superior mesentaric artery and vein
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neck
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? is the only part of pancreas that is peritoneal and has mesentary called the ?
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tail
lieno-renal ligament |
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surrounds the head of the pancreas and the 2 are closely intertwined
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duodenum
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2 parts of the pancreatic duct
lower and stem of Y? upper part of Y? |
main pancreatic duct
accessory pancreatic duct |
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pancreatic duct joins with ? before entering duodenum
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common bile duct
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what 2 arteries anastamose at the border of the foregut and midgut?
other arteries that anastamose |
posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
posterior inferior " anterior superior " anterior inferior " |
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? needs ribcage for protection because can be severely damaged by trauma
covered by what ribs? |
spleen
9, 10, 11 |
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surface of the kidney divided into regions/facets?
not? |
visceral
parietal |
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4 regions/facets of the visceral surface
inferior? Posterior? superior? centrally? |
colic
renal gastric pancreatic |
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pancreatic facet aka ?
contacts what part of pancreas? |
hilus of the spleen
tail |
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the region of an organ that receives vasculature supply and way it communicates with rest of body
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hilum
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colic region/facet of spleen contacts colon at the ?
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splenic flexure
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2 mesentaries attached to spleen
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gastrosplenic part of greater omentum
lieno-renal ligament |
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does large intestine have to be larger in diameter than small intestine?
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no
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mesentery of the ileum and jejunum
root is almost ? begins? ends? |
the mesentery
vertical beginning of duodenum iliocecal junction |
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? point to duodenum end creates oblique line seen
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McBernie's
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Combined length of ileum and jejunum approx ?
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22 feet
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Mesentery attaches whole length of intestine to ?, but root of mesentery is quite short
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posterior abdominal wall
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almost all absorption in the small intestine is done where?
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jejunum and duodenum
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proximal 2/5 of small intestine?
distal 3/5? which is thicker |
jejunum
ileum jejunum |
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contains translucent mesentary windows with fat free areas
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jejunum
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which part of small intestine has most complex anastamotic arches?
how many layers in both? |
ileum
jejunum-2 ileum-5 |
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colon is arranged in sac like structures because the circumferential muscle is not homogeneously distributed so form constrictions along forming saccules called ?
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haustra
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longitudinal smooth muscle is not homogeneously distributed either (called ?) but is gathered into ? distinct bands
where? |
tenae coli
3 1 posterior 2 anterior |
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fatty tabs present in the colon
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epiploic appendages
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the vestigial sac of end of colon
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vermiform appendix
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5 branches of superior mesenteric artery
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inferior pancreaticoduodenal
intestinal branches ileocolic artery right colic artery middle colic artery |
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artery that goes to ilieum and jejunum
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intestinal branches of sup mes artery
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directly in line towards ileocecal junction, has ? and ? branch
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ileocolic artery
ascending descending |
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goes to ascending colon, splits into ? and ? branch
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right colic artery
ascending descending |
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inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery divides into ? and ?
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anterior
posterior |
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going to transverse colon, splits into ? and ? branch like a capital "T"
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middle colic artery
right left |
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3 branches of Inferior mesenteric artery
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left colic
sigmoidal superior rectal artery |
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left colic has ? and ? branches
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ascending
descending |
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supply sigmoidal colon
also contribute to ? artery |
sigmoidal arteries
marginal artery |
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terminal branch of IMA, flows behind rectum and extends to anus
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superior rectal artery
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aorta extends ? below belly button
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3/4 inch
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Midgut becomes hindgut around ? of the way across the transverse colon
vagus nerve parasympathetic innervation switches to ? at this point |
2/3
pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic nerves |
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2 portal venous systems in the body
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base of brain
liver |
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venous system between 2 capillary beds
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portal venous system
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hepatic portal vein formed by junction of ? and ? right above where?
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superior mesenteric vein
splenic vein neck of pancreas |
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where are the capillary beds the hepatic portal vein runs to?
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liver
walls of gut, pancreas, or spleen |
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what branch off of the aorta in the abdomen has no vein?
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celiac trunk
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2 venous systems of body
areas of the body drained by hepatic portal vein? normal venous drainage? |
portal
systemic |
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areas of body where two systems are close to each other, they can anastamose = ?
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portocaval anastamoses
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what vein drains lower 1/3 of esophagus?
system? upper 2/3? system? |
esophageal branch of left colic artery
portal azygous vein systemic |
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if unhealthy like have a fatty liver then portal blood pressure is higher than caval so more blood flow in the portocaval anastamoses and they become engorged, have portal hypertension so have ?
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varicose veins
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varices at inferior of anus because portacaval anastamoses there are called ?
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hemorrhoids
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ligamentum teres and falciform ligaments have portal vein supply, caval veins to skin so can have varicosities around stomach that pan out in radial fashion from bellybutton = ? = ?
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caput medusa = drunk
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2 things that are retroperitoneal
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lost mesentery
kidneys |
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? is superior part of lumbosacral plexus which innervates lower extremities, it is one of the 3 largest plexuses that are made of ?
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lumbar plexus
primary ventral rami |
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Hilum of Kidney made up of ?
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renal artery
renal vein ureter |
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2 regions of the kidney
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outer cortex
inner medulla |
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? is divided into pyramids which have parallel structures that run through them (include collecting duct, loop of henle, vasa recti, etc), between pyramids are ? of tissue which is continuation of cortical type tissue
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inner medulla
renal columns |
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? is final collecting area before going to ureter
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renal pelvis
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urine flow in kidneys
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renal pyramids
minor calyces major calyces renal pelvis ureter |
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fragile organs, cannot be subjected by physical blows so protected by ribcage, surrounded by fat for protection
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kidneys
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which kidney is lower?
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right
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encloses kidneys, adrenal glands, and ? fat
? fat is outside |
renal fascia
perirenal pararenal |
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do 2 compartments of renal fascia communicate with each other?
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yes
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there is no ? to the renal fascia
why? |
bottom
kidneys must descend when breathe in |
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caught in the nutcracker of aorta with the 3rd part of the duodenum
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left renal vein
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what 4 muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?
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diaphragm
psoas major iliacus quadratus lumborum |
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? and ? disappear into level of diaphragm and extend past diaphragm for origin
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quadratus lumborum
psoas major |
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psoas major arises from ? and inserts ?
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lumbar vertebrae
femur |
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muscular border and tendinous central interior "central tendon"
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diaphragm
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regions of the diaphragm
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sternal region
costal region vertebral region |
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part of the diaphragm that runs between central tendon and xiphoid process
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sternal region
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bulk of the diaphragm muscle is in what region
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costal
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hugging the lumbar vertebrae on either side are the ?, with th ? being bigger than the ?
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crura
right left |
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arch what allows psoas major pass through diaphragm
ligament? |
medial lumbocostal arch
medial arcuate ligament |
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arch what allows quadratus lumborum pass through diaphragm
ligament? |
lateral lumbocostal arch
lateral arcuate ligament |
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posterior and later sides of ? slope sharply vertically so when they contract they pull the ? inferiorly
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costal margin of diaphragm
central tendon |
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3 hiatuses in diaphragm at the level of ?, ?, and ? thoracic vertebra
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8
10 12 |
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innervates skeletal muscle of the diaphragm
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phrenic nerve
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branch off aorta on either side and supply blood to post abdominal wall
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lumbar arteries
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aorta bifurcates into ?
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right and left common iliac artery
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3 sets of arteries that supply the adrenal glands
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superior
middle inferior adrenal arteries |
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adrenal artery that directly branches off of aorta
r & l renal artery? subphrenic artery? supply? |
middle
inferior superior under surface of diaphragm |
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part of the sympathetic nervous system
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collateral ganglia
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ventral rami that contribute to the lumbar plexus
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L1-L4
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? connects the 2 crura in the diaphragm and forms ? for aorta to pass
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median arcuate ligament
aortal hiatus |
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? and ? come from T12 and L1 and have common trunk, common trunk could be named after either of those branches
which is superior? |
ileoinguinal
ileohypogastric IH |
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L1 and L2 give rise to ?
lies on ventral surface of ? |
genitofemoral nerve
psoas major |
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L2-L3 merge to form ? and has medial to lateral orientation just like IH and Iingual and subcostal
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lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
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? forms femoral nerve - hidden by ?
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L2,3,4
psoas major |
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? forms obturator nerve - nerve of the thigh that passes through ?
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L2,3,4
obturator canal |
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L5 gives off ? but not part of lumbar plexus technically
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lumbosacral trunk
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arrange medial to lateral?
femoral lumbosacral trunk obturator |
lumbosacral trunk-medial
obturator femoral-lateral |
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preganglionic parasympathetics to the gut are from ?
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collateral ganglia
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chain = ?, are ganglia of the sympathetic chain and go to the ? and ? but are not destined to abdominal viscera or body wall system
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paravertebral
thorax abdomen |
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parasympathetics to 3 systems in the abdomen
what type of motor? |
sweat glands (pseudomotor)
pila eractae muscles (pilomotor) vascular smooth muscles (vasomotor) |
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collateral = ?
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prevertebral
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no ? innervation in body wall and extremities , only is ? in terms of autonomics
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parasympathetic
sympathetic |
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celiac ganglion are ?
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collateral
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many collateral ganglia exist along ?
contain cell bodies of postganglionic ? |
aorta
sympathetics |
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Preganglionics enter chain via ?
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white rami
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parasympathetic in the sacral S2-S4 and contain pregang fibers that go to pelvic viscera and hindgut
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pelvic splanchinics
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autonomic nerve plexus:
post sympathetics come from? pre parasympathetics? |
collateral
vagus nerve |
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sigmoid colon nerve
post sympathetics come from? pre parasympathetics? |
collateral ganglia
pelvic splanchnics (now in hindgut) |
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? nerve distributes to visceral in thorax and to abdomen up to transition bw midgut and hindgut
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vagus
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If splanchnic named after vertebral column section = ?
named after region of the body = ? |
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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refers to the junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the thigh
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inguinal region
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This region is important anatomically because there is an inherent weakness in the anterior abdominal wall in the inguinal area due to changes that occurred during development of the ?
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gonads
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Before the descent of the testes or ovaries from their initial position high on the posterior abdominal wall, a peritoneal outpouching—the ?—forms, protruding through the various layers of the anterior abdominal wall and acquires coverings from each
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processus vaginalis
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As a result, the PV is transformed into a tubular structure with multiple coverings from the layers
of the anterior abdominal wall. This forms the basic structure of the ? |
inguinal canal.
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The final event in this development is the descent of the testes into the scrotum or the ovaries into the pelvic cavity. This entire process depends on the development of the ? which extends from the inferior border of the developing gonads to the labioscrotal swellings.
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gubernaculum
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in men:
The ? and accompanying vessels, ducts and nerves pass thru the inguinal canal and are therefore surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall. This completes the formation of the ? |
testes
spermatic cord |
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In women:
The ? descend into the pelvic cavity. The only remaining structure passing through the inguinal canals is the ? of the uterus which is a remnant of the gubernaculum. |
ovaries
round ligament |
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Inguinal canal is ? in length
contents men? women? |
3-4 cm
spermatic cord round ligament |
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The inguinal canal moves lateral to medial from the ? to the ?
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deep ring
superficial ring |
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musculoponeurotic arcades of the inguinal canal
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transverse abdominal
internal oblique superficial ring |
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its lower border forms the inguinal ligament—a thickened, reinforced free edge that attaches laterally to the ASIS and medially to the pubic tubercle
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External abdominal oblique
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Note that there is a gap in the fibers of the EAO near the pubic tubercle. This gap forms an opening, the ?, that is bounded by ? and ?
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superficial inguinal ring
medial and lateral crura |
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exit from the inguinal canal
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superficial inguinal ring
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ligaments formed by the extensions of fibers of the EAO
|
inguinal ligament
lacunar ligament pectineal ligament |
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a crescent shaped extension of fibers at the medial end of the inguinal ligament that pass backward to attach to the pectin pubis
|
lacunar ligament
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additional fibers extend from the lacunar ligament along the pectin pubis to form the ?
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pectineal ligament (Coopers)
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insertion of the EAO
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rectus sheath
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insertion of the IAO
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rectus sheath
lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament pubic crest via the conjoint tendon |
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falx inguinalis aka ?
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conjoint tendon
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insertion of transverse abdominis
|
rectus sheath
lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament pubic crest via conjoint tendon |
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continuous layer of deep fascia that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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transversalis fascia
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layer of connective tissue deep to transversalis fascia
|
extraperitoneal fascia
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Serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity
|
parietal peritoneum
|
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the deep inguinal ring is an opening in the ? and is located just above the ? at a point midway between the ASIS and pubic tubercle
immediatly lateral to eh ? |
tranversalis fascia
inguinal ligament inferior epigastric vessels |
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boundaries of inguinal canal
anterior? posterior? |
EAO and IAO fibers
Transversalis Fascia, Inferior Epigastric Vessels and the Conjoint Tendon (medial 1/3) |
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boundaries of inguinal canal
floor? roof? |
inguinal and lacunar ligaments
TA and IAO fibers and superficial inguinal ring fibers |
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boundaries of inguinal rings?
superficial? deep? |
medial and lateral crus
outpouching of transversalis fascia |
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contents of inguinal canal?
|
spermatic cord or round ligament
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve ilioinguinal nerve |
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is the protrusion of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal
contents, thru a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin. |
inguinal hernia
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2 types of inguinal hernias?
%? |
direct 25%
indirect 75% |
|
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direct hernias protrude Through the weakened posterior wall of the inguinal canal, just medial to the inferior epigastric vessels in ? (area covered only by transversalis fascia). These hernias usually don’t end up the ?.
|
Hasselbach’s triangle
scrotal sac |
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indirect hernias protrude through the ?, just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
|
deep inguinal ring
|
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? pass deep to the inguinal ligament. This type of hernia is more common in women.
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femoral hernias
|
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viscera of the pelvis
|
urinary system
pelvic reproductive organs gastrointestinal system |
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parts of gastrointestinal region in pelvis
|
sigmoid colon
rectum anal canal |
|
|
an accessory gland of the male reproductive system
secretes? |
seminal vesicle
alkaline fluid |
|
|
The ampulla of the vas and the seminal vesicle unite to form the ? which passes thru the posterior aspect of the prostate at an anterior/inferior angle and empties into the ? at the seminal colliculus.
|
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra |
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In strict anatomical terms, the ? refers to the narrow region between the proximal parts of the thighs and inferior to the pelvis
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perineum
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