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117 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is mythology?
-The study of myth
-From ancient Greek word- muthos = speech/words/story
-myth- story that has been transmitted over time from generation to generation that is psychologically important to society
Name an example of how myth is a part of world today.
-Paris Hilton Siren perfume advertisement
-Trojan Horse cartoons
-Grand Central Station Clock
How is sexuality expressed?
Through the pairing of an adult male (has beard) and young boy
What are the three parts of myth? And explain each
-Lore- main story
-Ideology- system of beliefs
-Pleasure- the magical things
What was an essential part of an elite Roman's education?
Knowing Greek myth
When was the Archaic Period? Name some of its characteristics.
-700-500 BCE
-Iliad and Odyssey came about
-Beginnings of statues (they were very stiff)
When was the Classical Period? Name some of its characteristics.
-500-323 BCE
-Greek tragedy, comedy, politics
-Great architecture
-Democracy
When was the Hellenistic Period? Name some of its characteristics.
-323-31 BCE
-conquest of Alexander the Great
-Fail of democracy in Greece
In what time did Hesiod's Theogony come about?
8th-7th BCE
Whom was the Panthenon built for?
Athena
Parthenos = virgin
Name ways in which people lived myth in their everyday lives.
-religion/ belief
-stories told to children
-people built temples for gods
-sacrificing of animals/ offerings to gods in temples
What is a symposium?
An all men drinking party in which they philosophized about Greek myth. Flute girls were also present
What are two common mythical themes in Greek myth?
-Satyrs - half beast, half goats who drink a lot and have big dicks (overly sexualized)
-Maenads - female followers of Dionysus
What is the Panathenic Festival?
An "all of Greece" festival to worship Athena
Did the Greeks believe in their gods?
There was no one religious text to show the relationship between gods and man
Name two criticisms of myth. (One from Plato specifically)
- anthropomorphic - the gods look like humans
- Plato believed the gods should only be portrayed in "good" ways that would be beneficial for human kind
Who were the three goddesses involved in the Judgment of Paris? What did each goddess promise? Whom did he choose and what were the consequences of this decision?
- Aphrodite - hottest woman in the world
- Athena - wisdom
- Hera - power beyond wildest dreams
- He chose Aphrodite (who supports the Trojans) and made life long enemies with Hera and Athena (supports the Greeks)
Name ways in which people lived myth in their everyday lives.
-religion/ belief
-stories told to children
-people built temples for gods
-sacrificing of animals/ offerings to gods in temples
What is a symposium?
An all men drinking party in which they philosophized about Greek myth. Flute girls were also present
What are two common mythical themes in Greek myth?
-Satyrs - half beast, half goats who drink a lot and have big dicks (overly sexualized)
-Maenads - female followers of Dionysus
What is the Panathenic Festival?
An "all of Greece" festival to worship Athena
Did the Greeks believe in their gods?
There was no one religious text to show the relationship between gods and man
Name two criticisms of myth. (One from Plato specifically)
- anthropomorphic - the gods look like humans
- Plato believed the gods should only be portrayed in "good" ways that would be beneficial for human kind
Who were the three goddesses involved in the Judgment of Paris? What did each goddess promise? Whom did he choose and what were the consequences of this decision?
- Aphrodite - hottest woman in the world
- Athena - wisdom
- Hera - power beyond wildest dreams
- He chose Aphrodite (who supports the Trojans) and made life long enemies with Hera and Athena (supports the Greeks)
What does theogony mean?
The birth of gods
Chaos gives birth to. . . ? (5)
-Gaia (earth)
-Tartarus (underworld)
-Eros (love)
-Erebus (gloom)
-Night (night)
Which goddess inspired Hesiod?
Muse - the goddess sent to inspire poets
Whom did Gaia bring about?
Sky (Uranus)
What comes from Gaia m. Uranus? (2)
-Cyclopes (one eyed)
-Hecatonchrise (hundred handed)
Selene (moon) lusts after and abducts Endyiom and asks for what?
That he have eternal youth, and they live together forever
Eos (dawn) lusts after and abducts Tithonus and ask for what?
Asks for him to be a god, but not for eternal youth, so he grows older and older forever and ever
What came from the castration of Uranus?
-From the blood- Erinyes (Furies)
-From the foam around the genitals- Aphrodite
Why was Uranus castrated?
Because he hid his children in the depths of the earth and Gaia got upset so with her children overthrew Uranus. Cronus (Saturn) cuts off his genitals
Describe the birth and rise of Zeus.
Cronus (his father) did not want his children to overthrow him as he did his father (Uranus) so he swallows them whole. However, his wife (Rhea) took Zeus and hid him in a cave and handed Cronus a boulder to swallow instead of Zeus. Zeus was then able to overthrow Saturn and became king of the gods. He also made Cronus throw-up his brothers and sisters.
What are the two main myths of Prometheus?
1. That since he plans ahead, he makes the first man
2. Helps man by stealing fire from Mount Olympus
Why didn't mankind rise up to Zeus when they had no fire for civilization?
Because of Pandora. She was sent by Zeus as a punishment for mankind. Gods gave her different attributes (Aphrodite- beauty, Hermes- deception) : beautiful and evil. Zeus gives her to Epimetheus and he stupidly accepts. Pandora's curiosity opens the jar (box) and out come diseases and sickness and other pains as as a result the earth and sea are full of evils.
What does Pandora mean?
giving all things
How was Prometheous punished?
He was tied to a mountain and an eagle picked out his liver everyday
Which part of the body was important in ancient Greece?
Liver- it was seen as the seat of emotion; carries same weight as the heart in today's society
Who shot the eagle that tormented Prometheus day after day?
Heracles
Name one modern form of Prometheus.
Mary Sheley's Frankenstein (The Modern Prometheus) - she critiqued the romantic idea of Prometheus to something more monstrous to mankind, advancing in mankind disastrous
What is the name of the afterlife?
Hades
Who is the 3 headed dog that guards the entrance to the afterworld?
Cerberus
The Palace of Hades consists of?
Hades- King of underworld
Persephone- Queen of underworld
Who are the judges of the dead? (3)
-Rhadamanthys
-Minos
-Aiakos
Who carries the souls across the River Styx?
Chaton
Who escorts the gods to the underworld?
Hermes- god of communication
What are the Elysian Fields?
The part of the underworld that is reserved for very special people
What is one way that modern culture understands the Elysian fields?
Avenue des Champs-Elysees, Paris - very expensive boutiques, apartments, place of high society and culture
What is the part of the underworld where people are punished FOREVER?
Tartarus
What men were sent to Tarterus? (4)
-Tityus
-Ixion
-Tantalus
-Sisyphus
What was Titysus's crime and punishment?
Crime: He tried to rape Leto (mother of Apollo and Artumus)
Punishment: Chained down and two eagles ate his liver everyday
What was Ixion's crime and punishment?
Crime: He attempted to rape Hera (wife of Zeus) - Zeus whips Hera away and puts cloud in place, Ixion rapes cloud instead
Punishment: Tied down to wheel of fire in underworld that will spin eternally
What was Tantalus's crime and punishment?
Crimes:
1. Stole food (ambrosia) and drink (nectar) from gods
2. Overheard conversations of gods, went to mortals to blab
3. [Most popular*] Challenged gods by chopping up his child, stewed him, and tried to feed to gods (the gods did not eat mortals, they ONLY ate ambrosia and drank nectar)
Punishment: Restrained to tree and above him always hangs food and below water, could never reach either! Always tantalized for that which he couldn’t have
What was Sisyphus's crime and punishment?
Did not harm a god in any way, keeps escaping death
Crimes:
1. It was just his time to die, but he didn’t want to. He went into underworld and told death he would be back, but never came back! Defied death
2. Told some guy that Zeus had seduced his daughter. Zeus sent him to underworld. Sisyphus asks death how do the chains work and in doing so chains death in underworld → if death is chained no one can die. Ares sets all right, releases death, brings Sisyphus back down, but he escapes again!)
-3. Eventually he just dies and goes to the underworld
Punishment: Has to role boulder up hill for eternity
In what period did Homer and Hesiod write their poetry?
Archaic
Who wrote "The Myth of Sisyphus"? And what did he say?
Albert Camus- said we should hail him as a hero because he challenged authority
All four men who were sent to Tarturus serve as what?
Models for behavior we should never exhibit
What was the food and drink of the gods?
Ambrosia and Nectar
What are some commonly noted features of Heracles?
-rippling muscles
-great strength
-beautiful women
-fighting monsters
What are the three ways in which Heracles is synonymous with strength?
1. mans triumph over nature - ex. stimphalion birds and scary wild animals
2. triumph of civilization over barbarism- he was a panhellenic hero (worshiped universally throughout Greece)
3. triumph of deeds over words- man of action!
In ancient civilization what did it mean to be barbaric?
To not speek Greek
In what ways is Heracles a comic character?
Glutton- he cant control his own strength
drunk, partying
In what ways is Heracles a tragic character?
his strength harms himself and others
Who makes Heracles go insane?
Hera
In what ways is Heracles a heroic character?
His strength is a benefit to Greek society
In the ancient world what was one way in which Heracles was used in politics?
Alexander the Great depicted himself as Heracles on their currency
Who are Heracles's parents?
Alcmena and Zeus
Who is Heracles's mother married to?
Amphitryon
What is the story of the birth of Heracles?
Zeus dresses up as Amphitryon and sleeps Alcmena, her husband comes back and sleeps with her on the same night and she becomes pregnant with twins
What is the medical term for having twins and each has a different father?
heteropaternal superfecundation
How does Hera exhibit her jealousy on Heracles?
She sends two snakes right after his birth. However, Heracles strangled them!
What is the relationship between Linus and Heracles? What is their story?
He is his music teacher. Heracles bashes Linus over the head with instrument and Linus dies. Heracles is acquitted on reason of self defense because Linus was annoying
What is the story about the daughters of Thespius?
King Thespius had a lion that always messed with his sheep and Heracles kills the lion. As a reward Thespius offers Heracles his 50 daughters to sleep with
Who is Heracles's twin brother?
Iphicles
Who is Heracles's wife?
Megara
How did Heracles go insane?
Hera made him and he kills his wife and children
Whom did Heracles visit after his madness?
Delphi (Delphic oracle)
For whom did Heracles have to do labors for?
Eurystheus (his cousin who happened to be the king)
How does Heracles get his lion skin?
He defeats Nemean the lion by using the lions own claws to skin itself
How does Heracles get his poisonous arrows?
He defeat Lernean Hydra the sea monster with multiple heads with his cousins. They open up their heads and Heracles dips his arrows in the poison
Who was so scared of Heracles that he would hide in a pot?
Eurytheus
How did Heracles receive his labors? What was his name?
Through a messenger named Copreus
What are the three themes in Heracles labors?
1. man vs. nature
2. greek awesomeness vs. foreign lameness (Girdle of Hippolyta, Apples of the Hesperides)
3. Hero's victory over death (Cerberus)
What is the myth of Heracles and Omphale?
Heracles accidentally kills a guy, goes to Delphic oracle and is told that he must be a slave to a woman for 3 years. Omphale wins Heracles and makes him wear dresses
Whom does Heracles remarry? And how does that ultimately lead to his death?
Deianeira - They have to cross a river to get back to his house and Nessus offers to take them across, instead, he tries to abduct Deianeira and Heracles shoots him with a poisonous arrow. Nessus gives Deianeria a "love potion" to put on Heracles if he ever cheats to bring him back to her. Instead, the potion sets Heracles on fire and his mortal part burns and his divine part goes to Mount Olympus
What is the myth of Heracles and Commodus?
Emperor Commodus pretends that he is Heracles so that people can like him. He is found out and strangled in a tub- FAIL!
Who is Helen's dad?
Zeus
In the Iliad, how does Helen end up with Paris?
She is abducted by Paris to Troy, leaving Menelaus
What happened when Helen first decided to chose a husband?
All men of Greece came around and made a pact to support whomever was chosen.
What do the men of Troy do when Helen is abducted? and why?
They all sail to Troy to get her back because when she chose Menelaus they made a pact that they would have each other's back
What part of Achilles is vulnerable and why?
His heels because his mother's hands blocked them from being dipped into the eternal water
Who goes to ask for Hector's body back?
Prium
What word does the Iliad begin with? Who is that associated with?
RAGE - Achilles's black and murderous rage that causes the Greeks pain
In the Iliad do the mortals have free will?
Zeus's will and Achilles rage have a huge part in the events of the epic
In the Iliad why is life worth living?
For individual honor and glory
During battle how are warriors most honored?
War booty- women, armor, etc
What value system is critiqued in the Iliad and how?
The system of individual honor and glory through the mouth of Achilles- he is concerned with being unhonored after Agamemnon tries to take Breseis and doenst want to go into battle as he considers going home to live a long life without glory rather than his fated one with glory
Why is Achilles calling an assembly so important?
-Because it is what you do if you are socialized, not if youre a wild beast.
-Dramatizes rage and war and the affect it has on people.
-Shows what grief will do to a character
What is an example of a mortal being hubristic in the Iliad?
-When Achilles denies suppplication from Lycoan
-When Agamemnon insults Achilles by saying that the only reason why he could be good in war is because a god must have gave it to him
How do Agamemnon and Achilles clash in the Iliad?
Agamemnon- standing authority
yet
Achilles- skill
What is the Greek word associated with hearing?
Glory
How is glory important to the Iliad?
Only through glory that they can live on after death
What is aristeia?
passage where he is the best, moment of glory in battle, individual glory, excellence (ex. Diomedes' aristeia)
What is the Greek word for glory and who is concerned with it?
claros; only mortals
How does the Iliad both glorify and challenge claros?
When Achilles sings songs along the seashore about the battles of men even though he is no longer a part of the glorious deeds of men
What was the Embassy to Achilles?
all of the gifts that Agamemnon decides to offer him if he returns to battle
What is symbolic in the painting The Embassy to Achilles?
warriors are naked- the idea that heros always have beautiful bodies
Why was Thersotis ridiculed after speaking out about the battle even though his reasons match those of Achilles?
Because he is ugly and just a non aristocratic commoner
What propels Achilles back into battle?
Grief of Patroclus and rage NOT glory
In the Iliad why is life worth living? Give one example.
For social reasons (ex. shame motivates Hector to go to battle)
What is shame?
responsibility to community
What is one way in the Iliad that shows Achilles changing from being socialized to being bestial?
-When he fights the river god- he has no sense of shame
What are some ways in which Achilles=Helen in the Iliad?
-Both best examples of sex (warrior and beauty)
-Half gods (Thetis and Zeus)
-Allowed to comment on action
What is supplication?
a ritual event in which someone gets down on one knee reaches for the person's beard and asks for favor
What is an example of a successful supplication in the Iliad?
The supplication between Thetis and Zeus- she begs him to punish the Greeks for her sons dishonoring
What is Xenia?
Guest-friendship, an institution socially recognized where one person can go to someone's home - recognizes shared genealogy in the past