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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pausanias |
479 Spartan leader at battle of Plataea, accused of medizing, medizes. Takes over Thasos. |
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Eurymedon River |
466 BC Delian victory under Cimon against Persian fleet. Begins Delian aggression against Persia |
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Delian League |
478 Athens and allies against Persia, later becomes Athenian Empire |
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Thasos |
478 BC Pausanias takes over as tyrant here. After he leaves, they join Delian League, but when they try to leave, are forced to stay |
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Carystus |
473/2 City on Euboea, forced to join DL. |
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Piraeus |
Port of Athens 454 Becomes HQ of DL when DL moves to Athens 403 30 fight against democrats, dems win |
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Cimon, son of Miltiades |
510-450 Athenian fleet leader, pro-Spartan. Political opponent of Themistocles. Led campaigns against Persia in Ionia. Ostracized after snafu with helping Sparta at Mt. Ithome. Signifies beginning of full democracy in Athens |
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Ephialtes |
461 BC Athenian leader who fills in void created by Themistocles' departure. Opposes Cimon, hoping to weaken Sparta and bolster democracy. Reforms- diminishes power of Areopagus |
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Aristides |
484 BC (his ostracism) Opponent of Themistocles. Pushed for even distribution of silver from Laurium. Known for being honest. Brought back to manage finances of DL. |
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Naxos |
467 Tries to leave DL. League puts down rebellion. Installs cleruchy. |
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Athenian Tribute Lists |
454 BC Inscriptions show tribute amounts from each of the league members. Tributes were 1/60th of the entire amount, able to see who owed how much, when |
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Mt. Ithome |
465-462 BC Mountain in Messenia where escaped helots took refuge, after rebellion following earhquake. Sparta sent for help, then refused it when Athens came, angering Athens |
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Delos |
478 Founding of DL. Island featuring temple to Apollo. Home of DL until league is relocated to Athens. |
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Cleruchy |
5th Century BC A colony formed by people still holding citizenship in mother city (metropolis). Employed by Athens --> Naxos |
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Acropolis |
5th Century BC Highest point in polis, usually fortified, where lavish temples were built. Signs of wealth and empire. |
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Pindar |
522-443 BC Theban poet. Specialized in victory odes. Shows conitinued Greek attachment to homeric ideals and values |
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banausic |
5th Century BC Athens Term used by oligarchs to denote manual labor, particularly involving indoor furnace. Shows rift between social classes in Athens. |
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hetaira |
500-300 BC Female companion who attended drinking parties in Classical Greece. Could only be afforded by wealthy aristocrats, pushed rift between classes. |
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Pericles Citizenship Law |
451 BC Law passed that allowed citizenship only for babies born to Athenian mothers and Athenian fathers. Limited connectivity between Athens and other polei, setting Athenians above others a la Sparta. |
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Athena Promachos |
456 BC A giant statue erected of Athena. Conveyed Athenian determination to glorify their city. |
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Thucydides son of Melisias |
444 BC Challenged Pericles on the expense of public works projects. Pericles offered to pay for them himself, but they would bear his name. One of the last effective ostracisms. |
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Pnyx |
507 BC Hill in Athens where the assembly met. Gave power to effective orators. |
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Aeschylus |
525-456 BC Father of Athenian tragedies, wrote Oresteia. Influenced tragedy change in format to more historical nature, shows aristocrats taken in liturgies. |
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metic |
500-300 BC Athens People who lived in polis but who did not own land because they were not citizens. Showed diversity in Athenian society despite Citizenship Law, fueled oligarchs vs democrats |
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Pericles |
495-429 BC Most prominent Athenian leader during peak of empire. Took control around 461. Led as de facto monarch. Good, cautious military leader. Began paying jurors etc., and investing in grand public works projects, ie Parthenon. |
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Parthenon |
447 BC Grand temple of Athena Parthenus, began construction at peak of Athenian power. Signified power and money held by Athens at the time. |
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Erechtheion |
421-406 Temple to Poseidon Erechtheios, construction may have been ended due to Pelop. War. Showed Athenians' continued support for Pericles' public works. |
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Phidias |
480-430 BC Athenian sculptor responsible for Parthenon, specifically the statue of Athena. Also Zeus at Olympia. Showed the great amounts of tribute money spent on glorifying Athens. |
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liturgy |
5th Century BC Athens Indirect tax system in which rich citizens must spend money on specific city works, ie plays, triremes etc. Manifestation of continued emphasis on time in Greek society |
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Oresteia |
Aeschylus' greatest surviving work. Trilogy depicting the difficult of understanding and obtaining a just social and religious order. |
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dokimasia |
5th Century BC Scrutiny that Athenians went under in order to get a position in the Athenian Government. Signified the power the upper class still held in democratic Athens |
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Aristophanes |
446-386 Athenian comic playwright. Wrote The Clouds and The Wasps. Political nature of his comedies shows awareness, especially in upper class, of political issues of the time. |
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First Peloponnesian War |
460-445 BC Undeclared war between Athens and Sparta comprising sparse battles between the two powers. Came about because the Athenians wanted to be viewed as equals with the Spartans |
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Egyptian Expedition |
460-454 BC Athenian expedition proposed by Pericles. After 18 months in attempting siege, Athenian sailors took hold of an island. Egyptian general drained channels and marched to island on foot. Between 40-200 ships lost. Huge loss. |
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Thirty Years' Peace |
445 BC Treaty between Athens and Sparta. Did not last even 15 years. Neither side could interfere with the other's allies, disagreements were settled through arbitration, no allies could switch sides, and hegemons could only use force on their own allies |
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Epidamnus |
435 BC Corcyrean colony where civil war broke between oligarchs and democrats. Corcyra refused aid, so they went to grandmother Corinth. Corinth aids them to spite Corcyra. Sparks the beginning of the Pelop. War. |
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Samian Revolt |
440 BC Athenian ally in Aegean, major provider of ships. Revolt spreads to Byzantium, poses major threat to Athenian Empire. Large expedition (200 ships, 10 strategoi) sent to quell revolt in 9 months. Successfully confiscate their navy. Both Samos and Byzantium rejoin. |
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Megarian Decrees |
433 BC Athens accuses Megara of harboring escaped slaves and farming on sacred land. Athens passes law barring Megarian farmers from any ports in empire. Shows how Athens can hurt Pelop. without taking up arms. |
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Megara |
461 BC Megara leaves PL to join Athens. Either to preemptively seek refuge from Corinth or because Sparta sided with Corinth. Strategic value to Athens due to port location. |
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Peace of Callias/King's Peace |
450 BC Peace between Athens and Persia, may have been negotiated by Cimon's brother. Ended Greco-Persian Wars |
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Plataea |
431 BC Thebes attacks Plataea to force the hands of Athens and Sparta. Official start to PW. |
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Amphipolis |
437 BC Athenian colony established near Thrace to protect essential resources and keep an eye on Thrace. Brasidas takes the city in 422. |
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Archidamus |
476-427 Spartan leader during PW. Leads many invasions of Attica. He warns all not to charge into battle |
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Potidaea |
433/2 BC Corinthian colony but Athenian ally. Problematic situation. Important strategic location near Macedonia (wood for ships). Macedonia gets involved after Athenian land grabs in kingdom. Encourages Corinth to take Potidaea and locals to revolt. Taken in secret by Corinthian mercs, defeated by Athenians after two years and much money and effort. |
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Long Walls |
457 BC Five-mile long walls connecting Athens to the Piraeus. |
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hegemon |
445 BC Listed as alliance leader in Thirty Years' Peace treaty who could use force to settle disputes among allies. Shows presence of internal conflict. |
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Thurii |
443 BC Panhellenic colony in Italy. Set up in Athenian democratic way, using Athenian currency. Eventually claimed by Delphi.
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Corcyra |
435 BC Rejects request for aid by Epidamnus. Instead, attack Corinthian aid fleet. Flee to Athens before Corinth can retaliate. Ally with Athens. |
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Sybota |
433 BC Corinthian ships attack Corcyrean ships, 150 vs 110 ships. Athens joins only when clearly needed. Intimidate the almost victorious Corinthian fleet. |
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Mytilene |
428 BC Tries to unite island of Lesbos in revolt against Athens. Athens sends force to quell, Mytilene sends envoys to Athens and Sparta. Sparta agrees to help, Athens' truce talks fail, surrounds city. Sparta arrives at time of surrender. Sparta tries to get Athenian ally to revolt, but cannot aid them when they do. Timetic point swing. |
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demagogue |
429 BC (death of Pericles) These types begin to arise. Literally "leader of the people." Held self centered intentions, in contrast to Pericles. Used emotions of the people rather than debate and reason. Signifies a corruption of democracy. |
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Nicias |
415 BC when he is appointed to lead Sicilian Expedition with Alcibiades and Lamachus. Left to lead alone after Alc is called back and Lam is killed. Wants to retreat, not allowed. Executed after defeat in 413. |
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Brasidas |
421 BC Spartan leader during war. Honesty and bravery. Led Spartans through Peace of Nicias with Athens, and at Chalcidice, and at the capture of Amphipolis. |
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Revolution at Corcyra |
427 BC Corinth released Corcyreans who had led revolt against Athens. Pelop reinforcements came, but Athens sent ships. Athens put down this rebellion. Shows discontent among Athenian allies. |
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herm |
415 BC Stone monuments of Hermes, which were suspiciously defaced. Alcibiades suspected. |
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Syracuse |
415 BC Greek city in eastern Sicily. Did not believe an Athenian force was coming to take it. Strong cavalry. Led by Spartan Gyllipus, were able to defeat the Athenians in 413, by making counter walls to Athens' siege walls. Slaughtered Athenians on land. Used reinforced triremes to decimate the Athenians by sea. |
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Epipolae |
415-413 BC Strategic cliff located above Syracuse |
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hetaireiai |
415 BC Bands of companions, especially in Athens. Social clubs of young men, with political overtones. Typically antidemocratic. Believed to play a role in vandalism of the herms. |
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Diodotus |
427 BC (Mytilene revolt) Athenian government official who did not believe (against Cleon) that the males should be executed and women and children should be sold into slavery. In line with Pericles, was able to spare those men. |
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Demosthenes son of Alcisthenes |
413 BC Athenian military leader in Sicily, also executed. Convinces Nicias to retreat, but a lunar eclipse allows the Syracusans to surround them. Also helped in the capture of Sphacteria in 425. |
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Pylos |
425 BC (battle) City in western Messenia, ancestral home of homeric Nestor. Site where Demosthenes A. built a fort and asked for a small Athenian force to garrison. Prompted the Spartans to station a garrison of 420 hoplites on the island of Sphacteria, for fear of losing it. Athens besieged the island, and forced the surviving 292 hoplites to surrender. First incident of Spartans surrendering rather than fighting to death. |
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Battle of Amphipolis |
422 BC Spartans under Brasidas lay siege to Amphipolis, Athenian city near Thrace. Help was sent, but Thucydides did not arrive before the city had surrendered. Showed weakness on Athenian allies' part because they caved quickly to Spartan peace terms. |
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Delium |
424 BC (battle) Greek city dedicated to Apollo. Athenians defeated there by Boeotians. Death of Hippocrates. |
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Gyllipus |
415-413 BC Spartan leader from mothake class. Son of Spartan father and helot mother. Led the Syracusans during Sicilian Expedition. Gained upper hand by taking strategic locations such as Epipolae. Was appointed at suggestion of Alcibiades. Showed break on strict class structure in Sparta. |
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Lamachus |
415-413 BC Elderly Athenian military leader during SE, dies in battle. |
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Alcibiades |
450-404 BC Wealthy and best looking man in Greece, which gave him political power in Athens. Rival of Nicias. Corrupt sociopath. Championed as hero of democracy, switched sides during war, Athens, Sparta, Persia. Driver behind SE, against Nicias. Responsible for the fall of Athens. |
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Aristophanes' Acharnians |
425 BC Play showing he will not yield to attempts at political intimidation. Protagonist is able to attain private peace treaty with Sparta. Even though there is opposition in Athens, he is able to reap benefits of peace. |
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Cleon |
422 BC (death) Most popular Athenian politician after death of Pericles. Rival of Thucydides. Led further transition into democracy. Demagogue, violent, wanted to expand Athens' sphere of influence. |
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Sphacteria |
425 BC Island off coast of Pelop, strategic position. Demosthenes fortified Pylos, so Sparta sent garrison to Sphacteria. Athenians killed 128 hoplites, only 292 survived (120 full fledged Spartans). Led to Peace of Nicias. |
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Peace of Nicias |
421 BC Peace treaty between Sparta and Athens. Athens to keep empire it entered war with, Sparta to return Amphipolis, Athens to abandon Pylos returning hostages, and island of Cythera. Sparta neglects demands of its allies, showing their desperation. |
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Melos |
416 BC Athenians decide to take island. Melians were neutral in war, but leaned toward Sparta. Melians turned down opportunity to ally with Athens, in hopes of Spartan assistance. Led to their defeat and massacre, very harsh actions by Athenians. Showed Athenian hubris and desire to expand post Peace of Nicias. Foreshadows SA. |
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Hyperboulus |
411 BC (death) Ostracized through agreement of Nicias and Alcibiades, to spare themselves. Ostracism no longer a useful democratic tool. |
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Battle of Mantinea |
418 BC Spartan victory, even though they had a hole in their line. Won through sheer courage. Allies with Argos were restored to Athens. Spartan reputation restored. |
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Egesta |
416-415 BC Old ally of Athens, at war with Selinus. Selinus had support of largest Sicilian city, Syracuse, so Egesta looked to Athens for aid. Alcibiades argued for, Nicias against. Shows Athens' continued desire to expand and problems with democracy. |
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Aristophanes' Peace |
421 BC Play which parodies PW. People wonder why Zeus is destroying Greece with War. Hermes explains that the gods have been alienated by two warring sides, and that War is holding Peace in a cave. All of Greece works together to save Peace and enjoy its blessings. Shows Greeks are fed up with all the fighting. Corresponds to Peace if Nicias. |
