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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Alexander's Upbringing?
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He was carefully groomed for rule. He had Greek tutors including Aristototle and he revered Heracles and Achilles.
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Was Alexander's succession certain?
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No, Olympias and his closest friends and advisers were in exile and there were rumors he was to blame. He was however quickly precented to the Macedonian troops at Aegae when Philip died.
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Alexander's defeat of the Thracians, Illyrians, and Scythians senta message to the Greeks. Why did Thebes revolt from the Corinthian league? What was Alexander's response?
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Thebes thought Alexander had died (according to Demosthenes). Allexander than stormed and sacked thebes and the city was destroyed and the remaining Thebans were sold into slavery. This discourage Greece resistance to Macedonian rule in Greece.
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How many troops went with Alexander to Asia in 334? Why did he need a quick victory in Asia?
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He brought in 37000 soldiers. He needed a quick victory to achieve the goals of his campaign and to liberate him from the control of the Macedonian aristocrats who made him king.
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Who saved Alexander's life at Granicus? What happened to the defeated army and what were the strategic consequences of the loss for the persians?
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Cleitus the Black saved the king from certain death. The persian army was totally destroyed. This deprived the Persians of their ability to mount an effective defense in Anatolia while fomenting rebellion in Greece.
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What did Greeks and Macedonians think of his treatment of non-greeks?
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I don't know yet
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Why did Alexander consult the oracle of Zeus - Ammon at the Siwah oasis? What was his attitude to Egyptian religion? How did older Macedonians view his ties to Egyptian Gods?
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Historians don't really know why Alexander consulted the oracle. Alexander had a good attitude since he was called the son of ammnon. The old people did not like him referring himself to such a "Barbarous" god. They felt Philip was the reason for Macedon's greatness.
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What was Alexander's response to Darius's offer? What did Alexander gain at Gaugamela? What happened to the Persian capital Persepolis?
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Alexander denied Dariuss eldestst daughter, cession of all territory west of the Euphrates River and an enormous ransom for his family. Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. He destroyed Persepolis which was the spiritual center of the persian empire.
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How did Darius die? How did Alexander win over Persian nobles?
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Darius was assinated by Bessus, who took over the throne. Alexander spread a rumor that Darius' last wish had been that Alexander avenge him and Alexander buried him with full royal honors.
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What miscalculation cost Alexander three years of bitter fighting in Bactria and Sogdiana? How did he form an alliance with one of the main chieftains in the region??
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He was unaware of the close ties between the peoples of eastern Iran and the Scythians and the intricate network of tribal relations in the region, Alexancder ignited rebellion throughout much of Sogdiana and Bactria by trying to establish a controlled border between Sogdiana and Scythia at the Jaxartes River.
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What did Greeks and Macedonians think of his treatment of non-greeks?
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I don't know yet
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Why did Alexander consult the oracle of Zeus - Ammon at the Siwah oasis? What was his attitude to Egyptian religion? How did older Macedonians view his ties to Egyptian Gods?
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Historians don't really know why Alexander consulted the oracle. Alexander had a good attitude since he was called the son of ammnon. The old people did not like him referring himself to such a "Barbarous" god. They felt Philip was the reason for Macedon's greatness.
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What was Alexander's response to Darius's offer? What did Alexander gain at Gaugamela? What happened to the Persian capital Persepolis?
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Alexander denied Dariuss eldestst daughter, cession of all territory west of the Euphrates River and an enormous ransom for his family. Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. He destroyed Persepolis which was the spiritual center of the persian empire.
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How did Darius die? How did Alexander win over Persian nobles?
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Darius was assinated by Bessus, who took over the throne. Alexander spread a rumor that Darius' last wish had been that Alexander avenge him and Alexander buried him with full royal honors.
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What miscalculation cost Alexander three years of bitter fighting in Bactria and Sogdiana? How did he form an alliance with one of the main chieftains in the region??
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He was unaware of the close ties between the peoples of eastern Iran and the Scythians and the intricate network of tribal relations in the region, Alexancder ignited rebellion throughout much of Sogdiana and Bactria by trying to establish a controlled border between Sogdiana and Scythia at the Jaxartes River. He married Roxanne the daughter of a powerful Sogdian noble.
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Why did ritual proskynesis cause unrest among Macedonians? What events brought about the deaths of Philotas, Cleitus the Black, and Alexander's pages?
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They saw it as a recognition of divinity and an unwelcome reminder of past Persion arrogance. Alexander believed executed men who criticized him or he thought to have conspired against him.
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Why did Alexander want to conquer India? What prevented him from doing so? What made the return from India so difficult? Why did Macedonian control of the East soon fade?
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Alexander thought that India was the end of the earth. His army mutinied and would not continue. They struggled against the arid wastes of Gedrosia on the return home. He lost interest india once his army mutinied
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After Alexander returned from India, which groups did he punish? Why did he arrange for a mass marriage at Susa? What did he do when Hephaestion died?
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He killed 8 satraps and generals because of either corruption or he used them as scape goats. He arranged for the marriages since they had married asians like him. Alexander executed Hephaestion's doctor and ordered a monument to him.
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What project was cut short when Alexander died? What are several explanations for his death?
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He was going to conquer the arabs. He died either from being poisoned by ARistotle and Antipater or more likely by being physicaly exhausted from campaigning and mumerous wounds.
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Dates and Outcome: Chaeronea
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338 BC, defeated Athens and Thebes
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Dates and Outcome: Granicus
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334 BC Defeated Persians and they weren't allowed to mount an effective defense.
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Dates and Outcome: Issus
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333 BC Defeated Darius
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Dates and Outcome: Gaugamela
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331 BC Defeated Darius again and took Persia
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Dates and Outcome: Hydaspes
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326: Defeate Porus who defended using infantry and two hundred elephants. Last battle waged by Alexander
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Olympias
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Alexander's mother
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Antipater
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was a Macedonian general and a supporter of kings
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Cleopatra and Europa
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sister of Alexander the Great and daughter of King Philip II of Macedon and Olympias. Europa is the daughter of Cleopatra.
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Hypaspists
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elite foot hoplite
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Hegemon
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concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group
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Parmenio
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Parmenion was the father of a Macedonian nobleman Philotas. During the reign of Philip II Parmenion obtained a great victory over the Illyrians in 356 BC; he was one of the Macedonian delegates appointed to conclude peace with Athens in 346 BC, and was sent with an army to uphold Macedonian influence in Euboea in 342 BC.
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Satrap
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was the name given to the governors of the provinces of ancient Median and Persian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire and in several of their heirs, such as the Sassanid Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
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Queen Ada
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When Alexander the Great entered Caria in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered the fortress to him. After taking Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum), Alexander committed the government of Caria to her; she, in turn, formally adopted Alexander as her son, ensuring that the rule of Caria passed unconditionally to him upon her eventual death.
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Gordian Knot
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In 333 BC, while wintering at Gordium, Alexander attempted to untie the knot. When he could find no end to the knot, to unbind it, he sliced it in half with a stroke of his sword, producing the required ends (the so-called "Alexandrian solution"). Once Alexander had sliced the knot with a sword-stroke, his biographers claimed in retrospect that an oracle further prophesied that the one to untie the knot would become the king of Asia.[3]
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Callisthenes
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Professional Historian who wrote "The Deeds of Alexander"
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Achaemenids
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royal dynasty of ancient Persia, named after its legendary founder Achaemenes (Hakhâmaniš).
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Tyre and Gaza
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Alexander seized these cities after he defeated Darius at Isis
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Mazaces
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handed over Egypt to Alexander the Great without a fight.
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Siwah Oasis
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is an oasis in Egypt, located between the Qattara Depression and the Egyptian Sand Sea in the Libyan Desert
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Persepolis
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he capital of the Achaemenid empire. It was plundered when Alexander conquered it. It was the spiritual capital of Persia.
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Thais
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Drunk present at a drinking party and convinced the drunken king that it would be his greatest achievement in Asia to set fire to the palace of Persepolis
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Bessus
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Killed Darius III and became King before Alexander took over Persia
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Roxane
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Alexander's wife who was a Bactrian noble.
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Proskynesis
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According to Herodotus in his Histories, a person of equal rank received a kiss on the lips, someone of a slightly lower rank gave a kiss on the cheek, and someone of a very inferior social standing had to completely bow down to the other person before them. Alexander the Great proposed this practice during his lifetime, in adapting to the Persian cities he conquered, but it failed to find acceptance amongst his Greek companions (an example can be found in the court historian, Callisthenes) - and in the end, he did not insist on the practice.
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Philotas
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Alexander's most experienced and talented general. In the latter part of 330 BC, Philotas was accused of conspiring against Alexander. He had been subject to similar reports previously, though the case against him in 330 was more serious; his accusers included the commander Coenus, who was married to Philotas' sister. Philotas was tried and convicted, tortured to reveal the extent of the conspiracy, then stoned or speared to death with other convicted plotters.
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Perdiccas Craterus, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy
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Replaced the Macedonian "Old Guard"
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Taxiles
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Ruler of Taxila who solicited Alexander's aid. Taxila was one of the principal centers of Indian religious thought.
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Porus
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Alexander moved against this territory that had defensive units such as infantry and elephants.
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River Hydaspes
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Where Alexander defeated Porus
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River Hyphasis
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Where Alexander's army mutinied in india and returned to the Indus
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Gedrosia
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Arid region in southwestern Pakistan where Alexander took his army where thousands died.
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Harpalus
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Royal treasure who fled to Athens with a huge fortune looted from from the king's funds and a private army of six thousand mercenaries.
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Successors
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Iranian troops trained to fight in Macedonian style
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Hephaestion
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Alexander's best friend who died of drinking. Alexander resurrcted statues in his honor.
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