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256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle's theory of contrariety
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All things exist in a binary system
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Parnassos
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Apollo's home 9mos/Dionysos home for 3mos
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Taygetos Mountains
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Border between Sparta and Macenia; where Spartans beat them - then made them surfs
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Francthi Cave
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First occupied 200k y/o, then 12k y/o: Obsidian from Melos provides evidence of overseas trading; burial ground - civilization honored the afterlife
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Delphi
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Temple of Apollo
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Sesklo and Dimini
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Show development of complex societies; range of livestock being raised, variety of stone tools; fortified settlements; evidence of social hierarchy
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Sesklo
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4500 BC, sedentary settlement w/ fortifications, sheep, religion, society w/ hierarchy; homes made out of mud-brick walls; suggestions of religious system; woman nursing child common symbol in artwork
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Dimini
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3700 BC, 1st palace for chiefdom w/ megaron
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Megaron
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3 room chamber in palace - design copied for 5000 years
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Lerna, House of Tiles
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3rd millenium BC, Signs of real social change towards much more complex, hierarchically organized settled communities; Lerna was located on the mainland and had a succession of settlements; possible heroic burial preserved under a mound of dirt; mudbrick wall atop stone foundation
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The Cyclades
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3rd millenium BC, islands of Central Aegean; know nothing of political world, but marble figurines show economy w/ luxury trade
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Knossos
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in Crete; central design; axial planning (many right angles); specialization of tasks; labyrinthian passageways
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Mallia and Phaistos
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Modeled after Knossos
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Anemospilia, Mt Juktas
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Cretan cults were found in the palaces, in households and at sanctuaries located on peaks and in caves
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Aegean Bronze Age
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3000 BC - 1000 BC; Cretan (Minoan) and Mycenean cultures important
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Linear A Records
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Linear A is largely untranslated; what is translated consists of records; clay tablets were baked by the fires that destroyed the palaces
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Magazine
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Storage area; located in the western side of the palace; long room; show signs of redistributive economy
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Pithos
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storage vessel
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Grave Circle A
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1550-1500 B.C.; 13 shaft gravcs; wall was built around the gravesite - possibly venerated high-status people buried at site; gold masks located on remains of bodies; possible evidence for very stratified society with distinct elite
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Cistern
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water receptacle
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Stele
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gravemarkers; slabs of stone above gravesite
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Agamemnon
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brother of Menelaus and the husband of Clytemnestra,murdered by Aegisthus after Trojan War
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Vapheio Cup
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made of gold; one side has a bull charging and stampeding a man, the other has a bull stepping into a trap peacefully; possibly represents Minoan (peaceful) and Mycenaean (warlike)
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Atreus
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Father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, King of Mycenae
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Tiryns & Pylos
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Mycaean sites
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Tanagra
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Sarcophagus
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Nestor
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King of Pylos, father of Peisistratus
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Tiryns and Pylos
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Other Mycenaean sites
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End of Minoan/Cretan culture
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Massive tsunami destroyed many coastal settlements; volcanic eruption caused economic hardship; Mycenean conquest of Minoans occurred soon after volcano (easily bc volcano = bad for Crete)
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Thera
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location of the volcano that may have contributed to the downfall of the Minoan civilization on Crete
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Theseus
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son of a Greek king who went into the labyrinth of Knossos to liberate 7 Athenian boys sent as a tribute to Knossos; after this event, the King of Crete was depicted as a minotaur (1/2 bull, 1/2 man fit to be destroyed)
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Collapse of Mycenean Culture
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1200 BC, due to: Dorian invasions, Trojan War, Hittites/seapeople
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Priam
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Father of Hector and Paris; had to go to Achilles' (enemy) tent to pick up body of dead son Hector to give proper burial
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Causes for the end of the Bronze Age in Greece
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Economic factors (luxury trade); Climatic change (droughts, disease affecting crops); Internal social upheaval; Invasion from outside the Aegean world; Changes in nature of warfare (chariot warfare)
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Hittite Empire
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Found Bogaz Köy; have Lion gate similar to one in Mycenae
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Language
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Linear A (cannot translate), to Linear B (translates to Greek), to no writing from end of Bronze Age - 750 when adopt alphabet from Phoenecians to write Greek
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Karphi
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refuge site high above the coast; ideal for watching against raids and living in the hills
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Lefkandi
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Largest building in Greece c. 1000 BC. on Island of Euboia. Occupied through 700 BC. Heroic burial of chieftain and wife w/ 4 horses
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Basileis
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chieftains who rule the oikos; a warrior ethos;
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oikos
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household; Key institution of the Iron Age
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Smyrna
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early polis; household is main institution, have planned streets and fortified walls
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Kleos Aphthitus
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Undying glory
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Arete
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Personal valor
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Time
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Value/worth
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Dipylon vases
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tall as a man; buried halfway; act as headstones
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Ekphora
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burial rites
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Ekphrasis
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Dramatic description of objects; employed by Homer
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Metis
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cunning, ex: Odysseus passes Sirens, beats cyclops
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Synoecism
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literally - "joining households"; The formation of larger communities in places such as Megara, Corinth, and Smyrna
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Delphi, Olympia, Nemea, Isthmia
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major Panhellenic sanctuaries; serve entire Greek community
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Cleobis and Biton (kouroi)
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Statues of 2 brothers in mythology dedicated at Delphi
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Stadion
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the stadium at the Olympic games
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Agon
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literally - "debate" or "contest"; lesson from the Olympic Games - "life is a constant struggle"
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Ischia (Pithekoussai)
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terra nullis (no man's land); in Sicily
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Near Eastern parallels
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Babylonian and Hittite myths have similarities with Greek myths
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Selinus
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Huge temple built on ridge/Sicily; visible from water; "Greece on steroids"
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Greeks vs. Indigenous people
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From 800-500 BC founded 150 Greek colonies in West; fear populations, depict as monsters in artwork
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aristoi
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members of the aristocracy
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genos
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clans, multiple households banded together
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phratries, thiasoi, orgeones
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social and kinship groups
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demes
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local communities
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phylai
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tribes
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Hektemoroi
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"tenant farmers who pay 1/6 of their produce back to the land owner
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Seisachtheia
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lifting of debts (by Solon)
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Pentekosiomedimnoi
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societal positions under Solon (highest, produce most amount of produce)
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Solonian Reforms
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1. Banned export of grain from Attica 2. Gave citizenship to foreign craftsmen 3. Adopted Euboian weights and measures 4. Instituted formal distinction of public and private law 5. Possibly created a Council of 400
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Men of the Shore, Men of the Plain, Men of the Hills
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three regional factions led by aristocrats (Megakles, Lykurgos, Peisistratos)
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stasis
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Term in Greek political history referring to the constant feuds between aristocrats; civil war; in-fighting
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Hippeis
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Upper middle class, produce 300 measures of produce
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Zeugitai
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Common farmers, called yolkmen
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Thetes
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Poorest of Solon's classes
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Phya
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tall, beautiful woman disguised as Athena; rode with Peisistratos during 2nd attempt at tyranny; proclamations made that goddess Athena was restoring Peisistratos to Athens,
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Hippias and Hipparchus
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sons of the tyrant Peisistratos
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Harmodios and Aristogeiton
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tyrannicides; killers of Hippias and Hipparchus in 514 B.C.
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Onetorides, Hippias, Kleisthenes, Miltiades, Kalliades, Peisistratos
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Archons from 527/6 - 522/1
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Peisistratos
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had 3 attempts at tyranny, under his rule, Athens had stability and sustained growth; held elections, appointed magistrates, made loans to poor, building program in Athens, tax on produce, expanded city festivals, peaceful relations with other tyrants, annexed island of Delos
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anarchy
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literally - "no archon"; elections could not be held after Solon left
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tyrant
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undefeated leader who seizes power, can be a relatively successful ruler
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Lakonia
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location of Sparta; isolated - cut off by two mountain ranges
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Aristaios
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ivory
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Tyrannicides
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Freed Athens from tyrants in 514 BC
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Phylai
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Tribes
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Obai
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Villages
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Gerousia
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Senate
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Archagetai
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Leaders (Kings)
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Damos
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has the power and authority in Sparta; damos cratea - "democracy"
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Ephors
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5 officials of Ancient Sparta who swore to uphold the rule of the King of Sparta
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Artemis Orthia
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Ritual in Sparta where large wheels of cheese placed on altar - men need to steal cheese, but older men armed with sticks and clubs
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Helots
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Slaves (Spartans reduced Messenians to helots)
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agoge
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Spartan warrior training by age-groups
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syssition
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the common mess; eating clubs for Spartan regiments
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Krypteia
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secret Spartan police system; terrorize and kill Helots out after curfew
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homoioi
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agoge and syssition distinguish Spartiates as homoioi (equals)- distinct form other classes in Spartan society
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Hypomeiones
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the inferiors; Spartan social class
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Perioikoi
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neighbors; Spartan social class
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Xenelasia
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driving foreigners out of Sparta; Sparta was a xenophobic society - didn't like foreigners
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Polyandry
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Spartan women can have multiple male partners; they had inheritance and property rights
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Rhetra
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Closest thing to a constitution in Sparta - founds Sparta as democracy, but has veto power that gives rulers final say
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Kleisthenes' Reforms
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10 new tribes replace 4 older tribes; each tribe consists of thirds (trittyes) from the 3 regions of Attica; each trittys is composed of varying numbers of the local towns and villages (demes)
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Spartiates
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Warriors in Sparta
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Kleisthenes
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father of Athenian democracy; overthrew Hippias - son of Peisistratos; reformed constitution of Athens
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Peisistratos' contribution to democracy
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Responsible for economic stability and rising middle class - sets stage for democracy
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Religion and Theater
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Both enforce democracy - everyone has same religion; theater looks just like assembly, open to public; metademocratic institutions
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Archaemenid dynasty
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High point of ruling in Persia. Produces culture of great wealth and richness. 6th c - 330s when Alexander the Great conquers; founder = Achamenes
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Cyrus
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Great Expander, shows tolerance/respect for other cultures and religions; Extended Persian rule from Afghanistan to the Ionian coast; ruled from 559-530 B.C.
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Cambyses
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Conquest Egypt; ruled Persia from 530-522 B.C
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Darius
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Attempts to conquer Greece in 490 B.C.; introduces gold coinage; extends network of roads; royal capital; defeated at Marathon
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Persepolis
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Richest city under the sun; seized and burned by Alexander
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Croesus
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King of Lydia until defeated and become Cyrus' sidekick, pays for hubris of 4 generations earlier w/ Gyges when burned at pyre
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Smerdis
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Brother of Cambyses, but also a slave who pretended to be brother Smerdis, outsmarted Cambyses and took over throne
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Pasargadae
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Tomb of Cyrus
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Apadana
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The Great Hall of Persepolis
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Tombs of the Kings, Naqsh-e Rustam
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Tomb of Persian Kings 12km from Persepolis; inscriptions on toms show hierarchy of kingdom and suggest king favored by heaven
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Behistun Inscription
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inscription written in 3 languages (including Persian and Babylonian); authored by Darius I; matches Herodotus' geneology given on tomb
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ate
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act of folly
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hubris
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arrogance
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tisis
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retribution
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adrasteia
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unavoidable
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nemesis
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retribution for acts of hubris/folly
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Thermopylae
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480 B.C. - a delaying tactic to slow the Persian advance, 300 Spartans hold Persians for 3 days while rest of Greeks assemble
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Salamis
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480 B.C. - a decisive naval victory close to Athens during the Persian War; Greeks decide to fight at sea based on oracle from Pythia
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Plataea
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479 B.C. - the final route of the Persians
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Aenigma
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A riddle; messages from oracles were in riddle format
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Battle of Marathon
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Greeks weren't expected to win - change the way they feel about themselves (very proud); considered an honor to fight there
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tetradrachm
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Athena's owl
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Laureion
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silver mines that contributed to Athen's wealth
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"We'll fight in the shade"
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Spartan response to hearing that Persians have so many arrows will block out sun; helps morale of Greeks, idea of sacrifice
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eleutheria
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term for liberty, a community virtue after beating Persians
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hoplite warfare
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citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states; shields overlapped; fought with spears
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Themistocles
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De-riddled the oracles... wooden walls = ships. Can't loose at Salamis... says Divine in oracle instead of hateful
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Atossa
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queen/mother of Persia, had dream about two equal sisters - both yoked. One who fights against = Greek, other = Persian.
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trireme
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fast, agile ship; dominant warship from 7th-4th century B.C.
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Gyges
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Kills Caundaules after caught by naked mistress.. Gyges had to choose between his life and master's
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Caundaules
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King of Persia w. beautiful wife, ask Gyges (servant) to look at her naked... later killed by Gyges
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Artabanus
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Uncle of Darius; at first tells him not to invade, but then dream figure appears to him also
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Pnyx
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hill in central Athens; meeting place of Athenian assembly
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Delian League
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defensive alliance of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens; official meeting place = island of Delos; Athens began to exploit League's navy for its own benefit
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Athenian Tribute Lists
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Stone slab erected on Acropolis; Delian League became Athenian empire of tribute-paying states
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Kritios
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Demonstrates changing statue styles after victory in Persian war.. more 3D and contrapositive stance
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Agora
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place of assembly in city-state
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Acropolis
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edge, extremity + polis, city, has temple to Athena and Parthenon
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Pnyx
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meeting place of the world's first ever democratic legislature, the Athenian ekklesia
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1st Peloponnesian War
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461-450 BC. Earthquake/helot revolt in Sparta in 464. Athenians/Kimon go to help. Kicked out in 462. Kimon ostracized by Athens. fighting begins
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Delian League
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After victory against Persians, Athenians begin alliance of free Greek states to pay tribute to keep navy going
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Cleruchies
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Men sent out to claim new land for Athens to colonize; settlers would retain Athenian citizenship and community remained political dependency of Athens
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Melos, 416 BC
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Revolt, but later surrender to Athens. Athenians kill all males and subjugate women.
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The Ekklesia
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The assembly met four times per month, forty times per year, on a hill called the Pnyx.
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The Boule
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Council of 500, made up of 10 tribal groups of 50 men known, during their month of active service, as the prytaneis. This Council of 500 advised the popular assembly, the Ekklesia, and even drafted the agenda for meetings of the assembly.
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proedroi
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Executive council of 9 that helped the boule
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epistates
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Chaired the proedroi
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grammateus
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Helped the epistates
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"
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Head guy of Athens for 12 mos.
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"
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military leader of Athens
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"
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pope of Athens
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"
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Supreme Court figures/Athens. Change 1x year.
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Ostracism
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The most hated or feared politician could be removed for ten years
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dikasteria
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law courts in Athens
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stichomythia
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technique in drama in which single alternating lines, or half-lines, are given to alternating characters
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Council of 500
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drafted the agenda for assembly meetings; made of up 10 tribal groups of 50 men known as the prytaneis
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agon
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conflict in dramas
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deus ex machina
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plot device in which a person or thing appears "out of the blue" to help a character to overcome a seemingly insolvable difficulty
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tragedy competitions
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held in honor of Dionysos; 3 poets present work, audience votes on winner
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Greek Old Comedy
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extremely rude, draws on iambographic traditions; lots of word play; everyone is satirized; example = Aristophanes (Birds & Lysistrata)
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Dionysos
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god of theater and win; god who binds and releases
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comedy competitions
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for Dionysia and the Lenaia festivals; 5 plays performed (later reduced to 3), large choruses
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katharsis
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cleansing; by enacting very worst human crimes (incest, murder, etc.), theater seeks to purge these drives
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pederasty
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sexual relations (usually anal intercourse) between a man and a boy
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Aristophanes
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Major comedy writer of 5th century (44 plays)
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erastes
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older man in a pederastic relationship
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eromenos
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younger boy in a pederastic relationship
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Skylla
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Greek sea-monster; depiction of women as monsters?
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hetairai
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courtesans; sophisticated companions and prostitutes
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Pornai
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prostitutes of barbarian origin
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Children of the Sun
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Men, love other men
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Children of the Earth
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women, love other women
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Children of the Moon
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men/women, love the opposite sex
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Origins of Love
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three original sexes - man, woman, man-woman; each was a pair that was split; depending on if you are a Child of the Sun, Earth, or Moon, you spend your life liking the gender you were once a union with
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Euphiletos
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man whose wife was seduced by another man; wife would sleep on the bottom floor of the house with the baby; her lover would sneak into the house
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oiketai
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household slaves
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choris oikountes
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semi-independent craftsmen; slave category
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demosioi
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Public slaves: (clerks, secretaries, streetsweepers, police)
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douloi
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agricultural workers and miners; slave category
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gymnetes (Argos)
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The Naked Ones; slave category
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Koniopodes (Epidauros)
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"The Dusty Feet"; slave category
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"
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" “The Captured Ones” ;slave category
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Penestai (Thessally)
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The Original Inhabitants; slave category
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Eratosthenes
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lover of the wife of Euphiletos
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somata misthophorounta
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pay-earning slaves that were hired out by their masters to other men
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Neira
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prostitute who was lent money by two Greek men - Timanoridas and Eucrates to buy her freedom
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Symposium
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literally - "drinking together"; Greek men would meet at someone's home and have discussions; held by aristocrats; key social institution
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The Peace of Kallias
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ends the Persian war, signed by Delian League (Athens) and Persia, 449 BC
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klerosis ek prokriton
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casting lots for archons
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dikastai kata demous
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circuit judges
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misthos
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payment for juries
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theorika
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theater tickets
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Possible causes of the Peloponnesian War
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1. ideological conflict (oligarchy vs. democracy) 2. ethnic conflict (Dorians vs. Ionians) 3. Diplomatic entanglement 4. Economic conflict 5. Spheres of influence 6. Athenian aggression 7. the polis system
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phoros
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tribute/taxes collected by Delian League to run Athens
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Pericles' Funeral Oration
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eulogy to Athens; values debate not as empty rhetoric but as the life-blood of real democrary
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Peloponesian War
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war between Sparta and Athens in 431-404 B.C.
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Corcyra (Proximate Cause 1 of the Peloponnesian War)
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supported oligarchs; formed alliance with Athens; assisted by Athens at the battle of Syboto in 433 B.C.
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Potidaia (Proximate Cause 2 of the Peloponnesian War)
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Corinthian colony and Athenian ally
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Megara (Proximate Cause 3 of the Peloponnesian War
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charged by Pericles with farming the Sacred Land on the border between Megara and Eleusis; excluded from ports and markets of Athenian empire; Spartans issued ultimatum - lift the Megarian decree or there will be war
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to mythodes
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romantic element in storytelling; Thucydides refused to employ it
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Nicias
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Athenian politician, general, and aristocrat during the Peloponnesian War; responsible for negotiations that led to the Peace of Nicias treaty in 421 B.C.
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Alcibiades
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Conservative politician, in military matters a follower of the strategy of Pericles: not to attempt a new theater of war or empire-building until the first is secure
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Herms
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stone sculptures placed at boundaries for protection; vandalized (horribly impious act) the night before Athens was to set sail for Syracuse; Alcibiades accused, charged, and sentenced to death for crime
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sophists
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Athens 5th c. group of intellectuals who taught courses in "excellence" or "virtue," speculated about the nature of language and culture. (Ie Aristotle, Plato)
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Spartan Terms after Aigospotamoi
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1. Dismantle long walls and Pireaus fortifications 2. give up all foreign possessions 3. give up entire fleet except for 12 ships 4. become a dependent ally of Sparta 5. Restore all Athenian exiles from abroad (many are oligarchs)
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Functions of religion
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1. provide a sense of personal connection to the divine 2. express a sense of the afterlife 3. give shape and order to the community 4.define common identity of a people 5. externalize important aspects of cultural identity
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12 Olympian Gods
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Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Demeter, Aphrodite, Ares, Hephaistos, Apollo, Artemis, Dionysos, Hermes
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Sicilian Expedition
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415-413 Athens attempt to invade Sicily, lays siege on Syracuse, but suffers heavy losses when Sparta joins. All men sold into slavery or killed.
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Aktaion
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hunter who angered Artemis by accidentally seeing her bathing and staring; she changed him into a stag and he was attacked by his own hounds
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Peace of Nicias
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421 BC brings Athens and Sparta to peace terms until 415 (Sicilian expedition)
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Syracuse
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most powerful city in Sicily that Athens attacked
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Nicias
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Initially against the Sicilian expedition
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Brauron
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Sanctuary of Artemis; women left dedications here
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Alcibiades
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For S. expedition, but ended up defecting to Sparta
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pompe
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communal procession
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Eleusis: Hall of Mysteries
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site of most famous religious center of Ancient Greece
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The Hephaisteion
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best preserved ancient Greek temple; Doric temple located at the northwest corner of Agora of Athens; constructed from 449-415 B.C.
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Aigospotamoi
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405 Spartan admiral Lysander defeats Athenian navy here; end of Pel. war bc Athenians no longer control sea.
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Acropolis
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famous monument; most building occured under rule of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens (460-430 B.C.)
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Heraclitus, Parmenides, Zeno, Xenophanes, Empedocles
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Presocratics
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Panta rhei
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"All is flux" - Herakleitos of Ephesos (Presocratic); cold becomes hot, wet becomes moist, etc.
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Four Humours
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Sanguine (blood), Choleric (yellow bile), Melancholic (black bile), Phlegmatic (phlegm)
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presocratic philosophers
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rejected traditional mythological explanations of the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations
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logos
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Thales (presocratic) - believed that living creatures came into being from action of sun evaporating moisture, postulated that humans were related to other living creates, believed that earth floated on bed of water (traditional Greek notion – earth surrounded by Okeanos, not over it), had many ideas paralleling those of Near East and in Old Testament and Babylonian sources
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apeiron
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Anaximander (presocratic) - universe consists of 4 elements (air, earth, fire, water) which move in a vortex motion, life consists of these elements interacting, universe is limitless
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aer
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Anaximenes (presocratic) - air differs in essence in accordance with rarity or density, thin = fire, condensed = wind, more condensed = cloud -> water -> earth -> stones, everything else comes from these
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atoma
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Demokritos and Leukippos (presocratics) - disagreed with theory that everything is one (monism), postulated idea of atoms moving in space, change is real
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nous
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Anaxagoras (presocratic) - mind or intellect, nous causes all other elements to move, celestial bodies are rocks in motion, the Sun is a whirling hot stone, the Moon reflects the light of the Sun
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Sophists
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taught language, grammar, rhetoric, geometry, music theory, eristics; Examples of Sophists - Protagoras, Hippias of Elis, Prodikos
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Platonic Philosophy
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body-soul dualism, metaphysics, rule of reason, expert knowledge and wisdom, theory of forms
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Thales/logos
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a rationality, gives us a mind, abilitiy to speak
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Anaximander/apeiron
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limitless/without limit (the universe)
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Demokritos and Keukippus/atoma
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tiny particles... motion makes change in universe, small particles can't be cut in half
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nous
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brainpower/intelligence
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Xenophanes
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There is one god, greatest among gods and men that is different from mortals in bodily form and mind
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Plato
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all variations of one chair - outside this universion there is only the idea of a chair or essence/chair
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Decarchies
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boards of ten men to rule each allied state
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asebeia
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impetiy, blasphemy, offical charge brought against Socrates (bad for not recognizing gods)
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Critias
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a student of socrates, becomes leader of Athens in 3rd c.
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amnestia
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no memory of wrongdoings
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Socrates philosphies
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Says all virtues should be valued equally; when you do something wrong only acting out of ignorance
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Harmosts
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military governors
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Thrasyboulos
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organized a resistance in January 403 at Phyle against The Thirty
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The Thirty
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established by Lysander, led by Critias (student of Socrates)
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amnesteia
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"non-memory" of all events; decree of people that it will have no formal record of wrongdoing under The Thirty
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anamnesis
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loss of forgetfulness
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hegemony
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power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless of the explicit consent of the latter; Sparta's Hegemony = Lysander receives divine honors; decarchies prove unpopular; Lysander supports Cyrus the Younger; King Agesilaus marches into Persian territory (396); Persia responds by purchasing the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.)
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Corinthian War
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395 BC until 387 BC, Sparta vs. four allied states; Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos
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paideia
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education or discourse; Isocrates - "We call Greek those who share our paideia"
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The King's Peace
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387 BC ends the Corinthian War; common peace treaty among all involved
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Phalanx
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Weapon used by Philip of Macedonia; long 18 ft. spears; Greek spears were only 6 ft. long
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Chaironeia
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338 B.C. - location of Philip's greatest victory; Athenian and Theban armies suffer immense losses
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Corinthian League
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established by Philip after Battle of Chaironeia; united Greek city-states; successful league, unlike Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues
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