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350 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
executive
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person having administrative authority; one branch of government executing laws; ADJ: relating to executing
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dilettante
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aimless follower of an art or a field of knowledge (not taking it seriously); amateur; dabbler; CF. delight
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gangrene
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decay of body tissue caused by insufficient blood supply (usually following injury); ADJ. gangrenous
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limbo
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region near heaven or hell where certain souls are kept; prison (slang); Ex. Purgatory and Limbo
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genus
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division of animals or plants, below a family and above a species
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cajole
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persuade by praise or false promise; coax; wheedle
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bromide
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platitude; chemical compound used to calm excitement
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brandish
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wave around (a weapon); flourish
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tyro
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beginner; novice
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inequity
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unfairness; ADJ. inequitable
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industrious
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diligent; hard-working; N. industry
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rife
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(of something bad) widespread; abundant; current
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premonition
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forewarning; presentiment; foreboding
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expedient
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suitable (for a particular purpose although not necessarily morally correct); practical; politic(prudent); N: something expedient
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meter
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arrangement of words in the form of poetry (by accentual rhythm)
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insinuate
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hint; imply; suggest indirectly; creep in; introduce or insert (oneself) by artful means; Ex. insinuate himself into the boss's favor; CF. ingratiate
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wizened
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shriveled; withered; Ex. wizened apple/old lady
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defeatist
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resigned to defeat or failure; accepting defeat or failure as a natural outcome; N. CF. defeatism
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carcinogenic
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causing cancer; N. carcinogen
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substantive
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substantial; essential; pertaining to the substance; substantial; considerable; Ex. substantive issues
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connotation
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suggested or implied meaning of an expression; V. connote
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clapper
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striker (tongue) of a bell
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abstinence
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restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote
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drastic
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strong; violent and severe; Ex. drastic changes/measures
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tender
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offer formally; extend; Ex. tender one's resignation/the exact fare; N: formal offer; money; Ex. legal tender; ADJ: young and vulnerable; sensitive to the touch; sore; soft; delicate; Ex. child of tender years; Ex. tender wound
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defrock
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strip a priest or minister of church authority; unfrock
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transcribe
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copy; write a copy of; N. transcription
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metallurgical
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pertaining to the art of removing metals from ores; N. metallurgy: science that deals with extracting metals from ores
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glow
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shine brightly without a flame (as of eyes or metals); show redness and heat (in the face) after hard work or because of strong feelings; N: light produced by a heated body; brilliance of a color
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insensible
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unconscious; unresponsive; insensitive; unaware; imperceptible; Ex. insensible of his danger/to pain; Ex. insensible change; CF. not the opposite of sensible
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favoritism
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display of partiality toward a favored person
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disavowal
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denial; disclaiming; repudiating; disowning; V. disavow; CF. disclaim
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deducible
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derived by reasoning; V. deduce: infer; derive by reasoning
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speechless
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unable for the moment to speak (because of strong feeling); Ex. speechless with anger
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eschew
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avoid habitually; Ex. eschew alcoholic drinks
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juxtapose
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place side by side; CF. next
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overture
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musical introduction to a long musical piece; first offer or proposal (to begin talks in the hope of reaching an agreement); Ex. overtures for peace
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bolt
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door bar; fastening pin or screw; length of fabric; large roll of cloth; V: dash or dart off; fasten (a | door); gobble down
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adapt
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make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel.
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grudging
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unwilling; reluctant; stingy(giving reluctantly)
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disparity
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difference; condition of inequality; OP. parity
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stodgy
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dull; stuffy; boringly conservative; Ex. stodgy book
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embroil
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throw into confusion; involve in strife, dispute, or quarrel; entangle; CF. imbroglio
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pith
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core or marrow; spongelike substance in the center of stems; essence; substance
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blighted
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suffering from a disease; destroyed
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disabuse
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correct a false impression; undeceive; free from a wrong belief
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microcosm
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small representative world; world in miniature; Ex. microcosm of English society
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febrile
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feverish
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awful
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terrible; very bad
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quash
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crush; suppress; squash; subdue; annul; Ex. quash a rebellion/the decision of the low court
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equitable
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fair; impartial; OP. inequitable
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adept
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expert at; very skilled
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accessible
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easy to approach; obtainable
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effulgent
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shining brightly; brilliant
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reverent
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respectful; worshipful; V. revere: regard with reverence; N. reverence: profound respect
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cosmic
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pertaining to the universe; vast
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significant
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expressing a meaning; important; Ex. significant smile; N. significance: importance; meaning; V. signify: denote; mean; signal; make known; matter; be significant
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marital
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pertaining to marriage
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reverie
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daydream; abstracted musing
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fraudulent
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cheating; deceitful; Ex. fraudulent means; N. fraud: deception; swindle
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homage
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honor; tribute; great respect; Ex. pay/do homage to
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residue
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remainder; balance
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meddlesome
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interfering; V. meddle: interfere
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squander
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waste; spend foolishly
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expiate
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make amends for (a sin)
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plume
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feather, esp. large or showy one; something that rises into the air (like the shape of a feather); Ex. plume of smoke: 滚几 备抚
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abrogate
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abolish
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seminary
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school for training future ministers; secondary school, especially for young women
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mutter
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utter (complaining words) indistinctly in low tones
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stumble
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trip and almost fall; proceed unsteadily; act falteringly; N.
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endorse
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approve; support; write one's signature on the back of; N. endorsement; CF. dorsal
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inflated
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exaggerated; pompous; enlarged (with air or gas)
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writ
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written command issued by a court (telling someone to do or not to do something)
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blandishment
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flattery
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malady
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illness
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supererogatory
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superfluous; more than needed or demanded
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indigent
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poor; destitute
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shear
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remove (fleece or hair) by cutting; remove the hair or fleece from; cut with or as if with shears; N: shears; pair of scissors
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snivel
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complain or whine tearfully; run at the nose; snuffle; Ex. Don't come back sniveling to me.
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surge
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powerful movement of or like a wave; V.
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smear
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spread or cover with a sticky substance; N: mark made by smearing
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buffet
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strike forcefully; slap; batter; knock out; N: table with food set out for people to server themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that's been set
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sheer
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pure; thin and transparent; very steep
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qualified
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limited; restricted; V. qualify: limit the meaning of; modify
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assail
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assault
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impunity
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freedom from punishment or harm; CF. punish
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Machiavellian
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crafty; double-dealing; of the political doctrine of Machiavelli, which holds that craft and deceit are justified in pursuing political power
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jaunty
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cheerful and pleased with life; lighthearted; animated; easy and carefree; dapper in appearance; Ex. jaunty person/hat
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fallow
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(of land) plowed but not sowed (to improve the quality); uncultivated
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embitter
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make bitter; fill with painful or bitter feelings; make sad and angry; Ex. He was embittered by many disappointments.
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unerringly
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infallibly; ADJ. unerring: making no mistakes
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enfranchise
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admit to the rights of citizenship (especially the right to vote); CF. franchise
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amorphous
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formless; lacking shape or definition
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transpire
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(of a fact) become known; be revealed; happen; give off (watery waste matter) through pores
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deposition
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testimony under oath; deposing; dethroning
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pathos
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tender sorrow; pity; quality in art or literature that produces these feelings; Ex. pathos that runs through the novel
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peddle
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travel about selling (wares); CF. foot
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menial
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suitable for servants; lowly; mean; N: someone who does menial work (esp. servant in a house)
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touchstone
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stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys; criterion; standard
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titillate
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tickle; excite pleasantly; Ex. not to titillate the audience but to enlighten it
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rapacious
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voracious; ravenous; taking everything one can; excessively grasping; plundering; subsisting on live prey; Ex. rapacious birds
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mingle
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mix together in close association
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impervious
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impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed; incapable of being affected (in one's opinions); Ex. impervious to water/criticism
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ineffectual
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not effective; not having a desired effect; weak
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offensive
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attacking; insulting; distasteful; V. offend: violate; hurt the feelings of; N. offense: offending; violating of a moral or social code; crime; attack; Ex. first offense
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zest
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outer skin of an orange used for giving a special taste to food; spice; interest; flavor; spirited enjoyment; Ex. add a certain zest to the affair; Ex. zest for life
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reprove
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censure; rebuke; N. reproof
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ceremonious
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marked by formality; extremely formal and polite; CF. ceremony: conventional social courtesy
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tautological
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needlessly repetitious; Ex. ``It was visible to the eye''; N. tautology: needless repetition of the same sense; statement that is always true
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veto
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vested power to reject a bill; exercise of this right; V: prevent or forbid by exercising the power of veto
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apostate
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one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy
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rationalize
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make rational; devise false reasons for (one's behavior); offer an excuse; give a plausible reason for an action in place of a true, less admirable ones; N. rationalization
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ungainly
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(of someone) awkward in movement; clumsy; (of something) unwieldy; Ex. ungainly dancer/instrument
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gourmand
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epicure; person who takes excessive pleasure in food and drink
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languid
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lacking energy or vitality; weary; sluggish; listless
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loft
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room or space under the roof; attic
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ovoid
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egg-shaped; CF. ovum; CF. ovulate
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chafe
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warm by rubbing; make sore by rubbing; N.
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wistful
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sadly thoughtful (because of desires or memories); sadly pensive; vaguely longing
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jabber
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chatter rapidly or unintelligibly
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portend
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foretell; presage; be a sign or warning of; N. portent: sign; omen; forewarning
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onerous
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burdensome
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marked
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noticeable; targeted for vengeance or attack; Ex. marked improvement/man
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stoke
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stir up a fire or furnace; feed plentifully
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pensive
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dreamily or deeply thoughtful; sadly thoughtful; thoughtful with a hint of sadness; contemplative; CF. think over
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unfetter
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liberate; free from chains; V. unfetter
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pious
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devout; religious; N. piety
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pontifical
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pertaining to a bishop or pope; pompous or pretentious; CF. pontiff: pope; bishop
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nib
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beak(bill); pen point
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stint
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supply; allotted amount of work; assigned portion of work; limitation; Ex. two-year stint in the army; Ex. without stint
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serenity
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calmness; placidity; ADJ. serene
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conducive
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helpful; contributive; V. conduce; Ex. conduce to/towards
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emblazon
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ornament richly (a shield or flag); N. emblazonment
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indefatigable
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tireless; untiring; showing no sign of getting tired
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wheedle
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deceive, persuade, or obtain by flattery; cajole; coax; Ex. wheedle a promise out of her
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collateral
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security given for loan; ADJ: secondary; descended from the same person but through different sons or daughters
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cavalier
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casual and offhand; arrogant; N: knight
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allay
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calm; pacify
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stupefy
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stun; make numb (as with a drug); amaze
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woe
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great sorrow; deep inconsolable grief; affliction; suffering; Ex. financial woes
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daub
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smear (as with paint); cover with something sticky; Ex. daub one's clothes with mud/paint; N: small bit of sticky substance; Ex. a daub of paint
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monetary
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pertaining to money
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transient
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staying for a short time; momentary; temporary; N: one that is transient
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bestow
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confer
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prelude
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introduction; introductory performance or event; forerunner
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burgeon
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grow rapidly; grow forth; send out buds; Ex. burgeoning computer industry; CF. bludgeon
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untenable
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(of a position, esp. in an argument) indefensible; not able to be maintained
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prank
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mischievous trick
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pariah
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social outcast; Ex. Mariah the pariah
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mediate
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settle a dispute through the services of an outsider; act as an intermediary; produce by mediating; Ex. mediate a cease-fire
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debut
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d\'ebut; first public appearance; formal presentation of a young woman to society
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thrifty
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careful about money; economical; N. thrift
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fickle
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changeable (in affections or friendship); faithless
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brazen
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insolent; without shame; bold; Ex. brazen lie; V: face with bold self-assurance or with unshamed confidence
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nonentity
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person of no importance; nonexistence
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dehydrate
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remove water from; dry out
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insatiable
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not easily satisfied; unquenchable; Ex. insatiable appetite
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severity
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harshness; intensity; sternness; austerity; ADJ. severe: harsh; strict; extremely violent or intense
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disheveled
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untidy (of hair or clothing); V. dishevel
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flotsam
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drifting wreckage
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rational
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(of a person) having reason; (of ideas) based on reason; logical
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wispy
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thin; slight; barely discernible
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esoteric
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hard to understand; known only to the chosen few, esp. initiates; N. esoterica
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gentle
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kindly; soft; mild; of good family
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whiff
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puff or gust (of air, scent, etc.); short-lasting smell; hint; Ex. whiff of perfume/scandal
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expertise
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specialized knowledge (in a particular field); expert skill
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smug
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self-satisfied; complacent
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predicament
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difficult situation; tricky or dangerous situation; dilemma
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catapult
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slingshot; hurling machine; V: fire from catapult
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tribune
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official of ancient Rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights; protector of the people
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derision
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ridicule; ADJ. derisive; CF. derisory
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rebuke
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scold harshly; criticize severely
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imbue
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saturate(soak thoroughly); fill; Ex. imbue someone with feelings
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grueling
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exhausting; Ex. grueling marathon race
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glitter
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shine brightly with flashing points of light; Ex. glittering diamond ring; N: sparkling light; attractiveness; glamor; Ex. glitter of the sun on the waves
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monochrome
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painting in only one color; ADJ.
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gnarl
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protruding knot on a tree; V.
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recast
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reconstruct (a sentence, story, statue, etc.); fashion again
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catcall
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shout of disapproval or displeasure (made at the theater or a sports match); boo; V.
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obsidian
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black volcanic rock
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papyrus
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ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant
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poise
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good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position
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libertine
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debauched person; dissolute or licentious person; rou\'e; CF. free
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psychosis
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mental disorder; ADJ. N. psychotic
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condescend
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(derog.) bestow courtesies with a superior air; descend to the level of one considered inferior
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distinction
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honor; excellence; difference; contrast; discrimination; Ex. graduated with distinction; Ex. a writer of real distinction
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incline
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slope; slant; Ex. steep incline
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hale
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healthy
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extort
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wring from; get money by threats, etc.; obtain by force or threats; CF. extortionate: exorbitant
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facet
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small plane surface (of a gem(precious stone)); a side
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parquet
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floor made of wood strips inlaid in a mosaic like matter; CF. strip: long narrow piece
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acidulous
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slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic
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lampoon
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ridicule; N: written attack ridiculing or satirizing a person, group, or institution
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spatial
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relating to space
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plumage
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feathers of a bird;
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equivocate
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use equivocal language to deceive people; lie; mislead; attempt to conceal the truth; N. equivocation
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refurbish
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renovate; make clean, bright, or fresh (make new) again; make bright by polishing; Ex. refurbish an old theater; CF. furbish: polish
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rally
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come or bring together; call up or summon (forces, vital powers, etc.); revive or recuperate (after illness or difficulty); N: act of rallying; mass gathering
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mandatory
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obligatory; compulsory; of a mandate
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forensic
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suitable to debate or courts of law; of or used in legal proceedings and the tracking of criminals; Ex. forensic science/medicine
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axiom
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self-evident truth requiring no proof
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tantrum
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fit of bad temper; fit of petulance; caprice; Ex. The child went into tantrums.
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deviate
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turn away from (a principle, norm); move away from an accepted standard; swerve; depart; diverge; N. deviation; Ex. deviation of the path of light by a prism
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composure
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mental calmness
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phalanx
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formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense)
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irascible
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irritable; easily angered
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maneuver(manoeuver)
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strategic military or naval movement (done for training purposes); carefully planned process; stratagem; V: carry out a military maneuver; use maneuvers in gaining an end
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quisling
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traitor who aids invaders; CF. Vidkun Quisling
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domineer
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rule over tyrannically
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verbiage
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pompous array of words; too many unnecessary words; wordiness
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confluence
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flowing together; the place where two rivers flow together; crowd; gathering together
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bout
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match; short period of great activity; Ex. wrestling bout; bout of drinking/flu
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cursive
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(of writing) flowing; running; having the successive letters joined
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salvage
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rescue (goods or property) from loss; N: saving; property saved
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nauseous
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causing nausea; feeling nausea
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canto
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division of a long poem
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mute
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silent; without speech; not pronounced; unable to speak; N: one who is incapable of speech; V: soften the sound, color, shade of
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maul
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handle roughly; batter; injure by beating; Ex. mauled by his overexcited fans; N: heavy long-handled hammer
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tremulous
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trembling; wavering
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excoriate
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scold with biting harshness; censure strongly; strip the skin off
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clasp
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hold firmly within arms
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corrugated
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wrinkled; ridged
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finicky
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too particular; fussy; difficult to please; too concerned with unimportant details or quality; Ex. finicky about her food
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lucrative
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profitable; producing wealth
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confidence
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self-assurance; calm unworried feeling based on a strong belief in one's abilities; strong belief in the ability of a person or plan; trust or faith in a person or thing; something confided; secret; Ex. confidence in your ability; Ex. I'm telling yo
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impenetrable
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not able to be pierced or entered; beyond understanding; impossible to understand; Ex. impenetrable mystery
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deterrent
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something that discourages or deters
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abut
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border upon; adjoin
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ineffable
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unutterable; not to be uttered; taboo; that cannot be expressed in speech; indescribable; unspeakable; inexpressible; Ex. ineffable name/joy
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founder
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person who establishes (an organization or business)
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cognate
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having a common origin; related linguistically; allied by blood; similar or akin in nature; Ex. cognate languages; N.
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politic
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prudent; judicious; well judged; expedient; well devised
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pertinacious
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holding tenaciously to an action; stubborn; persistent
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accoutre
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equip; N. accoutrement
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annex
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attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one
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advert
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refer
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aghast
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filled with great surprise or fear; horrified
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swamp
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wetland; marsh; V: flood; overwhelm; drench in with liquid
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codicil
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supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will
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regale
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entertain
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unsavory
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distasteful; disagreeable; morally offensive; Ex. unsavory activity/reputation
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jurisprudence
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science of law
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pharisaical
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pertaining to the Pharisees, who paid scrupulous attention to tradition; self-righteous; hypocritical
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emend
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correct (usually a text); N. emendation: correction of errors; improvement
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die
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metal block used for shaping metal or plastic; device for stamping or impressing; mold; CF. dice
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withstand
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stand up against; resist successfully
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lancet
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small surgical tool for making incisions
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disinter
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dig up; unearth; OP. inter
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foul
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very bad or disagreeable; very dirty; Ex. foul smell/flavor/temper/language/air/deed/weather/means; N. act against the rules; V. make or become foul; commit a foul
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foist
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insert improperly; impose upon another by coercion; palm off; pass off as genuine or worthy; CF. fist
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ingratiate
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become popular with; bring (oneself) in favor of another; Ex. ingratiate himself with the boss
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base
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contemptible; morally bad; inferior in value or quality; Ex. base motives/conduct; Ex. base metal such as iron
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caldron(cauldron)
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large kettle
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maxim
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proverb; truth pithily stated
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nether
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lower; Ex. nether garments/regions
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recalcitrant
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disobedient or resisting authority even after being punished; obstinately stubborn; determined to resist authority; unruly; Ex. recalcitrant child
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gouge
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overcharge (with high price); extort from; Ex. gouge the public; CF. usury
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martial
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warlike; of war; Ex. martial art/law
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rag
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scrap of cloth; ADJ. ragged: old and torn; seeming unfinished and imperfect; Ex. ragged debut/performance
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stout
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rather fat; strong in body; sturdy; resolute; determined; strong in determination; Ex. stout stick/supporter
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regime
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method of system or government
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flag
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droop; grow feeble; decline in vigor or strength; ADJ. flagging; CF. unflagging
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subsume
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include (as a member of a group); encompass
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lectern
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reading desk or stand for a public speaker
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ramify
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branch out; divide into branches or subdivisions
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antagonism
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hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in oppostion to the protagonist
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ultimatum
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last demand; last warning; last statement of conditions that must be met; Ex. They have ignored our ultimatum.
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singular
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being only one; individual; unique; extraordinary; odd; Ex. singular beauty/behavior
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genre
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particular variety of art or literature
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gossamer
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sheer; very light; like cobwebs; N: soft and sheer fabric; cobweb
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exalt
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raise in rank or dignity; praise highly; inspire; Ex. exalt the imagination; ADJ. exalted; N. exaltation
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commiserate
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feel or express pity or sympathy for
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adjacent
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adjoining; neighboring; close by
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orient
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get one's bearings; adjust; make familiar with a situation; orientate
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omnipotent
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all-powerful; having unlimited power
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fusillade
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simultaneous firing or outburst (of missiles, questions, etc.)
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banal
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hackneyed; commonplace; trite; lacking originality; clich\'ed
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clientele
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body of customers
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malapropos
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inappropriate; ADV.
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constitution
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constituting; system of laws; composition of something; physical makeup or structure of a person; Ex. men with strong constitutions
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infidel
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unbeliever (with respect to a particular religion)
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sour
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having a sharp or acid taste; acid; tart; bad-tempered; V.
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bourgeois
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middle class; selfishly materialistic; too interested in material possessions
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anemia
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condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic
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evenhanded
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impartial; fair
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geniality
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cheerfulness; kindliness; sympathy; ADJ. genial: cheerful and good-tempered
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scad
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a great quantity; Ex. scads of clothes
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halcyon
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calm; peaceful; Ex. halcyon days
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trifling
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trivial; unimportant
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remorse
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deep regret for wrongdoing; guilt; self-reproach
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bliss
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complete happiness; ADJ. blissful
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hireling
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one who serves for hire (usually used contemptuously); one who works solely for compensation; Ex. hireling politician
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lassitude
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languor; weariness; listlessness
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specious
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seemingly reasonable but incorrect; misleading (often intentionally)
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antipathy
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aversion; dislike or opposition
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feint
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trick; shift; sham blow; feigned attack to draw away defensive action; V.
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blemish
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mar; spoil the beauty or perfection of; N: flaw or defect (that spoils perfection); Ex. blemishes in the crystal; CF. unblemished
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regatta
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boat or yacht race
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nebulous
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vague; hazy; cloudy; of a nebula; Ex. nebulous proposal
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alms
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money or goods given to the poor
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application
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diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself
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tempestuous
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stormy; violent; impassioned; N. tempest: violent storm
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flicker
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burn unsteadily or fitfully; move waveringly; N: flickering movement or light; brief sensation; Ex. flicker of excitement
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scabbard
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case for a sword blade; sheath
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enamored
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in love; Ex. enamored of his own beauty; V. enamor: inspire with love
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wrest
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obtain by pulling violently; pull away; take by violence; Ex. wrest victory from their grasp
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wring
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twist (to extract liquid); extract by twisting; wrench painfully (necks or hands)
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spoof
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parody - to make fun immatation
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patois
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local or provincial dialect
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musky
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having the odor of musk; N. musk: odorous substance secreted by an Asian deer
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condign
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adequate; (of punishment) severe and well deserved
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giddy
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light-hearted; not serious; frivolous; dizzy; causing dizziness; Ex. giddy youth; Ex. giddy climb/height
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ensconce
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settle comfortably; place comfortably (in a secure place)
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underhand(underhanded)
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done slyly and secretly (being dishonest)
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flighty
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(esp. of a woman's behavior) capricious; often changing, esp. from one lover to another; impulsive
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pending
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not yet decided or settled; impending; Ex. pending decision; PREP. while awaiting; until; Ex. delay the decision pending his return
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ligneous
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like wood
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confidential
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spoken or written in secret; trusted with private matters; Ex. confidential secretary
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intransigence
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refusal of any compromise; stubbornness; ADJ. intransigent: uncompromising
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mangy
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shabby; wretched; suffering from mange; of bad appearance
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flout
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reject; mock; show contempt for; scorn; Ex. flout the rules
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deplore
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regret; express sorrow and severe disapproval for something bad; Ex. deplore their violent behavior; ADJ. deplorable: very bad; deserving severe disapproval; Ex. deplorable living condition
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affliction
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state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on
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ruthless
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pitiless; merciless; cruel
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ecosystem
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ecological community together with its environment
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maritime
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bordering on(adjacent to) the sea; nautical; of the ships or the sea; Ex. Maritime Provinces
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determination
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resolve; firmness of purpose; measurement or calculation; decision
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spendthrift
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someone who wastes money; CF. thrift: accumulated wealth
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wisp
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small bunch (of hair); faint streak (of smoke)
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transitory
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transient; impermanent; fleeting; N. transitoriness
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mealymouthed
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indirect in speech (when something unpleasant must be said); hypocritical; evasive
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regent
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a person who governs in place of a ruler who is ill, absent, or still a child; ADJ. Ex. the Prince regent
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philanthropist
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lover of mankind; doer of good; N. philanthropy
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attrition
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rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition
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maternal
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motherly; N. maternity: motherhood
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fulcrum
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support on which a lever rests or pivots
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catastrophe
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calamity ; disaster
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paradigm
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model; example that serves as a model; pattern; list of all the inflectional forms of a word
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rumble
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make or move with a deep rolling sound (as thunder or stomach)
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befuddle
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confuse thoroughly
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opaque
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dark; not transparent; N. opacity
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hibernal
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wintry; wintery; of or like winter
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annuity
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yearly allowance
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irate
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angry; CF. ire: anger; wrath
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usage
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act or manner of using; accepted practice; way in which words are actually used
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forward
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presumptuous or bold
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chisel
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swindle or cheat; N: wedgelike tool for cutting
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sear
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burn the surface of; char or burn; brand; parch; cause (a plant) to wither
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Shangri-la
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imaginary remote paradise on earth; CF. Lost Horizon
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vicar
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parish priest; representative
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