Gre Psychology: Developmental Psych Chaper

Front 1

Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill

Who invented Tabula Rasa?

Back 1

Formed the British empiricist school of thought: All knowledge is gained through experience.

Locke: Tabula Rasa= all kids' minds are a blank slate at birth, development is %100 nurture.

Front 2

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 2

"Society is not necessary, and impeded optimal development." Wrote "Emile," a comprehensive guide to pedagogy (being a teacher)

Front 3

Charles Darwin

Back 3

Kept a baby biography. Also, came up with Evolutionary Theory (studying the mind as it functions to help a person adapt to the environment), one root of FUNCTIONALISM.

Darwin: Also re: study of individual differences.

Front 4

G. Stanley Hall

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G. Stanley Hall: The father of developmental Psychology. Did empirical research on children.

Front 5

John Watson

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John Watson (1878-1958): Thought psychology was too mentalistic. He's the one with "give me healthy infants and I'll make them into whatever career."

It's Behaviorism. Watson believed goal should be to predict behavioral responses given certain stimuli.

Front 6

Arnold Gesell

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Developmental is a maturational (biological) process, regardless of training. A "nativist" (development is biologically based)

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Psychodynamic Orientation

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From Freud (1856-1939). Stress role of subcounscoious conflicts.

Front 8

Cognitive Theories of Development

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Cog. Theories of Development: Stress thinking ability of people.

Cognitive Structuralists: You're actively involved in your environment, constructing knowledge through your experiences (ex. Piaget)

Front 9

Cross-Sectional Study

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Cross-Sectional: Compares groups of subjects at different ages.

Time:1, Groups: 1,2,3

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Longitudinal Study

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Longitudinal: Compares a specific group of people over an extended period of time.

Time 1: Group 1, Time 2: Group 1, Time 3: Group 1

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Sequential Cohort

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Sequential Cohort: Several groups of different ages are studies over time.

Time 1: Group 1,2,3. Time 2: Group 1,2,3. Time 3: Group 1,2,3

Front 12

Gregory Mendell

Back 12

Genetics (yay!)

1. Gene: Basic unit of heredity.
2. Allele: An alternate form of a gene, controls a specific trait.
3. RULES: If both parents give a DOMINANT allele, or there's a Dom. and a Recessive, the Dominant's expressed.
4. If both parents give a recessive allele, the recessive allele will be expressed.

ex. With mom: BRbl and dad: BRbl, there's a one in four chance of blue eyes.

Front 13

Genetics
(genotype, phenotype, chromosome)

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Chromosomes: Genes are located on chromosomes. The 23rd pair determines sex. Mom only has XX, dad has XY.

Genotype: The genetic makeup of a person.
Phenotype: The total collection of expressed traits.

Nucleus of our cells: 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total), all DIPLOID.
Only gametes are HAPLOID (no pairs of chromosomes).

Front 14

R. C. Tyron

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R. C. Tyron: Maze running in rats.

1."Maze-bright" and "maze dull" rats. Over time and over breeding, the differences between this ability increased. So: Learning has a genetic basis.
But: Differences ONLY showed up on that one maze, it's not general intelligence.

Front 15

Research methods in Developmental Psychology (3 types)

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1. Family studies: to compare genetically related individuals (vs. unrelated ones).
ex. Schizophrenia: you're 13x more likely to get it if your parents have it.

2. Twin studies: Comparing monozygotic twins (MZ) to dizygotic twins (DZ). Assumes both types share the same environment, so differences between them must be hereditary.
ex. MZ twins are more similar re: cog, social, emotional traits vs. DZ twins.
(BUT: Maybe MZ twins are treated more similarly. So sometimes they do studies of twins reared apart, still find same stuff, but family does make a difference).

3. Adoption Studies: Compare differences between biological parent and adopted child vs. the adopted parent and child.

SO: Adopted kids' IQ is closer to biological parent's, same with criminal behavior.

Front 16

Lewis Terman

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First study focusing on "gifted" children

Front 17

Down's Syndrome

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Down's Syndrome: When there's an extra 21st chromosome. Causes mental retardation. Higher risk with older parents.

Front 18

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

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PKU: When the enzyme to digest phenylalanine (amino acid in, like, milk) is lacking. It's a regenerative disease of the nervous system. Now we test for it @ infancy.

PKU: the first genetic disease that could be tested in large populations.

Front 19

Klinefelter's syndrome

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Klinefelter's syndrome: An extra X in males (XXXX). Sterile and often mentally retarded.

Front 20

Turner's Syndrome

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Turner's Syndrome: Females with only one X chromosome.

Turner's Syndrome: Results in undeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and physical stuff: short fingers, weird-shaped mouths.

Front 21

Stages of Development
(Zygote, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period)

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1. Conception: Either immaculate, or happens in the fallopian tubes where the ovum (egg) is fertilized by sperm cell. These gametes (sex cells) combine to form a...

2. Zygote: A fertilized egg.

3. Germinal Period: It travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, gets implanted into uterine wall. Lasts 2 weeks from conception.

4. Embryonic Stage: The 8 weeks after the germinal prd. Embryo increases in size 2 million percent. Limbs appear, tail recedes, fingers, genitals, androgen in males, first behaviors.

5. Fetal Period: Begins in third month, measurable electrical activity in fetus' brain.

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Fetus

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Fetus: from 3 months post-conception till birth.

Fetus: Attached to uterine wall and placenta with the uterine cod. Placenta: Gives nutrients, returns waste-laden blood to mother's blood.
Maternal blood: Proteins, amino acids for growth (fetus makes em, too).

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External Threats to Prenatal Development

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1. Rubella (German measles): Can cause cataracts, deafness, heart defects, retardation.

2. Viral infections: measles, hepatitis, flu, chicken pox, herpes.

3. Thalidomide: In UK 1950s's, moms took it (tranquilizer), but it caused missing limbs, defects of heart, eye, digestive tracts, ears...

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External Threats to Prenatal Development

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1. Rubella (German measles): from end of second month. Risk of cataracts, deafness, heart defects, mental retardation.

2. Thalidomide: Caused missing limbs, defect of heart, eyes, digestive tract, ears, kidneys.

3. Malnutrition: Number one cause of abnormal development.

4. Protein deficiency: Retard growth, mental retardation, less immunity.

5. Cigarettes: Slowed growth, increased heart rate, greater chance of premature death.

6. Alcohol: Slowed growth, slowed psychological development.

7. X-Rays: Retardation, defects of skull, eyes, cleft palate, limbs.

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Reflexes:
Rooting, Moro, Babinsky, Grasping

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Reflexes: Behavior that occurs automatically in response to a given stimulus.

1. Rooting: Babies automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimulus applied to cheek.

2. Moro: React to abrupt movements of heads by flinging arms, extending fingers, bringing arms back, and hugging themselves. Usually disappears after 4 months.

3. Babinski: Infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated.

4. Grasping: Infant automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands.

Front 26

Jean Piaget (schema, adaptation, accomodation, assimilation, 4 stages)

And: Piaget re: language

Problems with Piaget

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Jean Piaget: There's qualitative differences between adult and childhood thought.

Schema: organized patterns of behavior/ thought learned from interacting with the environment.
Infants: Get behavioral schemata (action tendencies), Older kids: Operational schemata (abstract representations of cognition).

Adaptation: Takes place through
Assimilation: Interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata.
Accommodation: Process of modifying existing schemata

4 Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operations

Piaget re: language: Belived development of thought directed the development of language.

Problems with Piaget: People couldn't find evidence of formal operations in adolescents and nontechnical cultures. Also, IS thinking like a scientist a true end point?

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Piaget: Sensorimotor

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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage (b.-2yo). Primary Circular Reactions: Infants coordinate aspects of movement. Repetitive, goal-oriented behavior. Primary CR= motions concerned with the body.

Secondary CR: Directed toward manipulations of objects in the environment.

Object Permanence: Child knows objects continue to exist when we can't see them

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Piaget: Preoperational

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Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7yo): Egocentricism begins strongly and then weakens. Children cannot conserve or use logical thinking.

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Piaget: Concrete Operational

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Piaget's Concrete Operations: (7-11yo) Mastery of conservation: Physical properties of matter do not change just because matter's appearance does.

But: Kids in this stage can only work with concrete objects/information that's readily available. No abstract thought.

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Piaget: Formal Operations

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Piaget's Formal Operations: You can "think like a scientist."

Do abstract thought and can easily conserve and think logically in their mind.

Front 31

Development of Language
(Phonology and categorical perception, semantics, syntax, pragmatics)

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1. Phonology: The actual sound stem of a language. Categorical Perception: Being able to distinguish between difference in sound that do and don't denote differences in meaning.

2. Semantics: Word meanings.

3. Syntax: How words are put together, word order

4. Pragmatics: The actual efficient use of language. Like, tone, inflections.

Front 32

Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols (1965)

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Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols (1965): Showed that age babbling begins around the same age for hearing and deaf children. But it continues for hearing children (most at 9-12m).

Pettitto and Marentette: Deaf kids babble with parents who use ASL babble with their hands.

Front 33

Language Acquisition (18m, 2.5-3yo,5 yo)

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18m: words uttered one at a time. Words can mean more than one thing.

2.5-3yo: Longer sentences. More vocab, errors of growth (overregulation).

5: Language is largely mastered.

Front 34

Chomsky

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1. Transformational Grammar: Changes in word order that differ with meaning. Kids learn this easily @ early age.

2. LAD: Innate capacity for language.

3. Nativists (like Chomsky): Believe in a critical prd bet. 2 and puberty for lang. acqusition.

Front 35

Genie

Back 35

Learned some syntax, not others.
Suggests a Sensitive Period: When environmental input has maximal effect.

Front 36

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

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1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital

Freud: libidinal energy, reducing it is the force behind the psychodynamic forces. In his stages, there's a conflict bet. societal demands and libidinal tension.

Fixation: when you're overindluged or frustrated.during a stage of development.

Front 37

Oral

Anal

Phallic

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Oral Stage (0-1): Libidinal energy centered on the mouth. Fixation leads to dependency.

Anal Stage (1-3): Toilet training occurs during this time. fixation leads to excessive orderliness or messiness.

Phallic (3-6): Oedipal conflict is resolved during during this stage. IDs with father, established sexual ID, and internalizing moral values.

Front 38

Latency

Genital

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Latency: One the libido is subliminated (till puberty).

Genital Stage (puberty- adulthood): If previous stages were resolved,you get normal, heterosexual relationships. If not, you may have fetishes.

Front 39

Erik Erikson

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Psychsocial Theory. Development= sequence of life crises. Emphasises emotional development and interactions with social environment. Conflicts: between needs and social demands.

Front 40

Erikson's Conflicts

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1. Trust v. Mistrust (year 1)
2. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs).
3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)
5. ID v. Role Confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy v. Isolation (young adult)
7. Generativity v. Stagnation (older life)

Front 41

Temperament is...

Back 41

Temperament is.. somewhat heritable, emerges early in life, stable over time, pervasive across situations.

Front 42

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess re: temperment

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Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess: longitudinal study re: temperament. 3 catergoies of infant behavior: "easy," "slow to warm up," "difficult."

Easy: Positive mood, regular body functions, easily adapted to new situations.
Difficult: Negative emotions, irregular body functions, withdrawn.
Slow to Warm Up: Initially withdrawn, then apapts

Front 43

Research Methods in Temperment

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Temperment is measured in 3 ways:
1. Parental rewards of child behavior: Someone knowledgable, but could be biased.

2. Observations in natural settings: Objective, time-consuming

3. Labs: Controlled, but may not be generalizable.

Front 44

Wolff

Back 44

Wolff and crying: Three patterns of crying. Basic (hunger), Anger (frustration), pain cry (even nonparents react to it). Infants learn that people listen to cry as early as month 2.

Front 45

Social Smiling

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First smiling is undifferentiated. Then social smiling (associated with facelike patterns), 5 months: Only familiar faces elicit smiles.

Front 46

Fear

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Fear response: Goes from undifferentiated to specific. First any change in stimulus triggers it.

Year 1: Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.

Context-dependent emotional response: get different reactions in a familiar vs. unfamiliar situation.

Front 47

Harrry Harlow

Back 47

Found that early relationship between caregivers and their infants is important.

Monkey prefer cloth mothers (wood cylinder with terry cloth.. didn't provide food). It's "contact comfort."

Monkeys without any mom were super dysfunctional, if isolated over one year. Less than one year, get help from "Therapist monkeys."

Front 48

Jonh Bowlby

Back 48

Studies orphanages. Found phases of the attachment process:

1. Pre-attachment (several weeks): Kid loves everyone
2. Three months: Infant knows familiar faces.
3. Six months: Infant wants mother
4. Nine-12 months: Bonding gets stronger, stranger anxiety starts.
5. Year 2: Kid protests mom's absence (separation anxiety)
6. Year 3: Less separation anxiety.

Front 49

Mary Ainsworth

Back 49

Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation Procedure:" Mom, kid, stranger. Meet stranger, left alone with him, mom comes back...

Found attachment types:
1. Insecure/ Avoidant (Type A): Not distressed when left alone with stranger, avoids contact with mom upon return.

2. Secure Attachment (Type B): Mild distress at separation, happy upon return.

3. Insecure/ Resistant (Type C):
Distressed during separation. Resist physical contact with mom upon return.

Front 50

Konrad Lorenz

Back 50

Konrad Lorenz: Ethology and imprinting (rapid formation of attachment bond between an organism and object in the environment).

Lorenz: All imprinting takes place during critical periods.

Front 51

Lawrence Kolberg's Stages

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Lawrence Kolberg's Stages of Moral Development. Three phases (each w/ 2 stages)

1. Preconventional Morality: right and wrong= hedonistic consequences. a. Punishment and Obedience b. Orientation toward reciprocity.

2. Conventional Morality: Based on social rules. a. "Good girl, nice boy:" Looking for others' approval. b. "law and order" orientation.

3. Post-Conventional Morality: a. Social Contract Orientation: moral rules to help the greater good. b. Universal Ethic Principle

Front 52

The Heinz Dilemma

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Kolberg: To determine moral level, he came up with moral dilemmas. Was Heinz right to steal, and why?

Front 53

Carol Gilligan's Criticism

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Carol Gilligan's Criticism of Kolberg: Said that his research was done with only males, doesn't represent female moral development.

Women: Interpersonal orientation.
Men: Rule-bound.

Front 54

Gender Differences: Found in...
Theories that explain...

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Gender differences found in
1. Personality and Social Behavior
2. Cognitive Abilities

Sociobiologists: explain with evolutionary perspective- survival function.

Social Learning Theorists: Social environment and modeling.

Cognitive Developmental Theorists: Importance of cognitions that kids have re: gender.

Front 55

Kohlberg's Gender Stages

Back 55

Kohlberg's Gender Stages: A cognitive developmental theory. Three stages to self-socialization.
1. Gender Labeling (2-3 yo): Kids achieve gender ID- realize, accept, self-label as their gender.
2. Gender stability (3-4): Kids know they'll stay their gender (based on physical stuff).
3. Gender Consistency (4-7yo): Permanency of gender.

Front 56

Martin and Halverson's Theory re: gender

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Martin and Halverson's Gender Schematic Processing Theory: A soon as kids self-label they concentrate on behaviors re: their gender.

Front 57

Diane Baumrind

Back 57

Studied parental style: 3 parenting styles

1. Authoritarian: Puitive control methods, no emotional warmth

2. Authoritative: High demands for child compliance, not punitive, give positive reinforcement, high emotional warmth. Kids with these parents get more social and academic success.

3. Permissive: Low on demand/control measures.

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Dads and their kids (vs. moms)

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Dads: Play more vigorously with their kids.

Moms: Stress verbal over physical interactions.

Front 59

Erikson's theoretical background

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Neo-Freudian

Front 60

Genetics

Back 60

2 recessive gene parents ONLY make recessive genes.

But parents could have a recessive gene even with a dominant phenotype

Front 61

Telegraphic speech

Back 61

Telegraphic speech: Describe early sentences that consist of only CONTENT words (without, like, articles, prepositions, whatever the fuck that means).

Front 62

Tertiary Circular Reactions

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Tertiary Circular Reactions: Related to Piaget. It's trial and error, the child uses to investigate the environment.