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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William Sheldon |
devised an early theory of personality, in which he defined physical/biological variables related to human behaviors - endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy |
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endomorphy |
body types that are soft and spherical |
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mesomorphy |
body types that are hard, muscular, and rectangular |
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ectomorphy |
body types that are thin, fragile and lightly muscled |
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E. G. Boring |
historian of psychology, suggested that the development of psychology is due to zeitgeist |
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structuralism |
devised by Titchener, a method of introspection as a means of ascertaining the structure of the mind |
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Humanism |
response to psychodynamism and behaviorism, believe in the notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered whole rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (bahviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis) important humanists: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
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Phillippe Pinel |
reformed asylums to treat patients more humanely |
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Dorothea Dix |
important reformer in the US in the mid-19th century, advocated humane treatment of the mentally ill in asylums |
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etiology |
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition |
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general paresis |
a disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death. discovered to be a symptom of syphilis, which contributed to the idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders |
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Cerletti and Bini |
introduced the use of electroshock for the artificial production of convulsive seizures in psychiatric patients with the hopes of curing schizophrenia, in 1938 |
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Emil Kraepelin |
published the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
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4 theories of personality |
psychodynamic, behaviorist, phenomenological, and type and trait |
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psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory |
a theory of personality that postulates the existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality |
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id |
the reservoir of all psychic energy and consists of everything psychological that's present at birth, functions by the pleasure principle |
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pleasure principle |
the aim is to immediately discharge any energy build-up, i.e., relieve tension |
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primary process |
the id's response to frustration operating under the dictum, "obtain satisfaction now, not later" |
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secondary process |
mode of functioning by which the ego operates |
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reality principle |
takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle, postpones the pleasure principle until the actual object that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced |
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relationship of id and ego |
the ego is never really independent from the id, ego organizes id the mutual give and take of ego and secondary process with reality promotes the growth and elaboration of the psychological processes of perception, memory, problem-solving, thinking and reality testing |
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superego |
similar to the id in that it is not necessarily limited by reality, reflects the moral branch of personality through the striving for perfection two subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal |
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conscience and ego-ideal |
conscience is developed by what the child is punished for and told to be improper, while the ego-ideal is what it is rewarded for |
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instinct |
innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need), propelling aspect of Freud's dynamic theory of personality two types: Eros (life) and Thanatos (death) |
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Eros (life) instinct |
serves the purpose of individual survival (hunger, thirst, and sex) |
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Thanatos (death) instinct |
represents an unconscious wish for the ultimate absolute state of quiescence |
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defense mechanism |
the ego's recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety 1) deny, falsify or distort reality 2) operate unconsciously 8 main: repression, suppression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, sublimation, displacement |
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repression |
unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories |
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suppression |
a more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting anxiety-producing memories |
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projection |
when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others |
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reaction formation |
a repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite |
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rationalization |
the process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts |
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regression |
when a person reverts to an earlier stage of development in response to a traumatic event |
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sublimation |
transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors |
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displacement |
pent-up feelings are discharged on objects or people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings |
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collective unconscious |
a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors, including images (archetypes) that are a record of common experiences |
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archetypes |
thoughts or images that have an emotional element, the building blocks for the collective unconscious major examples: persona, anima and animus, the shadow, and the self |
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persona |
one of the Jungian archetypes, a mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention, originates from social interactions in which the assumption of a social role has served a useful purpose to humankind throughout history |
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anima and animus |
archetypes of feminine and masculine, helps to understand gender, the feminine behaviors in males and the masculine behavior in females |
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shadow archetype |
one of the Jungian archetypes, consists of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life, responsible for the appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions |
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self archetype |
one of the Jungian archetypes, is the person's striving for unity, and is the point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious, symbolized as the mandala (reconciler of opposites and the promoter of harmony) |
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Jung's typology of personality |
two types: extroversion and introversion |
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Jung's four psychological functions |
thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting
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Alfred Adler |
theory that it is striving toward superiority that drives the personality, enhances the personality when it is socially oriented, emphasizes the immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors came up with inferiority complex |
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creative self |
devised by Adler, the force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality |
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style of life |
devised by Adler, represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority, family environment is crucial in molding this |
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fictional finalism |
devised by Adler, the notion that an individual is motivated more by his or her expectations of the future rather than past experiences |
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Karen Horney |
postulated that the neurotic personality is governed by one of ten needs, each directed toward making life and interactions bearable |
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4 ways neurotic needs differ from healthy ones |
devised by Karen Horney: 1) disproportionate in intensity 2) indiscriminate in application 3) partially disregard reality 4) tendency to provoke intense anxiety |
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3 strategies for overcoming basic anxiety |
Karen Horney, a child's perception of the self is important as a sense of helplessness confuses the child and makes it feel insecure, causing anxiety. to overcome it, child will either: 1) moves toward people to obtain good will of people who provide security 2) moving against people, fighting them to gain upper hand 3) moving away, withdrawing from people a healthy child will use all three strategies, while a neurotic child will use one rigidly and exclusively into adulthood |
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Anna Freud |
founder of ego psychology, directed investigation to the conscious ego and its relation to the world, to the unconscious and to the superego |
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Object relations theory |
study of the creation and development of internalized objects (the symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child's personality) in young children important object-relations theorists: Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg |
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resistance |
an unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences, e.g., blocking associations, missing a therapy session |
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transference |
attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient's relations with significant others in the past, can be used as a tool to uncover, acknowledge and understand a patient's relationships with others |
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John Dollard and Neal Miller |
blended some psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach |
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B.F. Skinner |
considered personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist, and thus is the result of behavioral development |
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Albert Bandura |
contends that learning principles are sufficient to account for personality development, developed social learning theory |
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vicarious reinforcement (vicarious learning) |
Albert Bandura, stresses that learning occurs not only by having one's own behavior reinforced (as Skinner believed) but also by observing other people's behavior reinforced |
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Martin Seligman |
devised "learned helplessness theory of depression", applied shocks to dogs who learned to be helpless after being unable to avoid shocks |
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learned helplessness theory of depression |
individuals who consistently face difficult situations from which they cannot escape learn to feel powerless to overcome their problems, resulting in learned helplessness, an external locus of control, and depression |
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Beck's cognitive therapy for depression |
the client might be asked to write down negative thoughts, figure out why they are unjustified, and come up with more realistic and less destructive cognitions |
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Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET) |
basic assumption is that people develop irrational ways of thinking, so therapist guides patient to recognize these beliefs and change them to more rational ones |
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symptom substitution |
the idea that new symptoms will develop to replace the old one argument of psychoanalysts against cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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phenomenological therapy |
part of Humanism, emphasizes internal processes rather than overt behavior |
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Kurt Lewin's field theory |
based in gestalt psychology, understands personality to be dynamic and constantly changing, comprised on ever-changing systems - under optimal conditions, are integrated and cooperate; under tension, articulation between regions is diffuse |
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Abraham Maslow |
hierarchy of needs: physiological and safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization |
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self-actualization |
the need to reach one's full potential. Maslow developed this by observing so-called self-actualized people, who are more likely to have peak experiences |
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peak experiences |
profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual |
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George Kelly |
hypothesized the notion of the individual as scientist, a person who devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in his/her life the anxious person has difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in their environment |
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Humanist-Existential Therapy |
emphasize the process of finding meaning in one's life by making one's own choices; believes mental disorders tend to stem from problems of alienation, etc.; use empathy, understanding, affirmation, and positive regard |
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Carl Rogers |
developed client-centered therapy (nondirective therapy), believe that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to the unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning the therapy seeks to create greater congruence between what the person thinks they should be and what they actually are |
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Victor Frankl |
survivor of the Holocaust, mental illness and maladjustment stems from a life of meaninglessness |
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Type theorists |
attempt to characterize people according to specific types of personality |
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Trait theorists |
attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality |
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Raymond Cattell |
a trait theorist, used factor analysis to measure personality, identified 16 basic traits that constitute the building blocks of personality |
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Hans Eysenck |
used factor analysis to develop theory of personality, broad dimensions of personality are types (extroversion/introversion, emotional stability/neuroticism, psychoticism), using scientific methodology to test Jung's division of extroversion/introversion |
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Gordon Allport |
a trait theorist three types: cardinal: traits around which a person organizes their life (e.g., Mother Theresa - self-sacrifice), not everyone has cardinal traits central: major characteristics that are easy to infer secondary: personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence |
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functional autonomy |
Allport, a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence allows for many types of motives, as well as the uniqueness of motives in any individual |
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idiographic approach to personality |
Allport, focuses on individual case studies, considered preferable to the nomothetic approach, later became morphogenic |
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nomothetic approach to personality |
Allport, focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find the commonalities between individuals, should be avoided in exchange for the idiographic approach, later became dimensional |
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the need for achievement (nAch) |
David McClelland, rates achievement levels, those with high nAch scores tend to be concerned with achievement and take pride in their accomplishments and avoid high (to avoid failure) and low (won't generate sense of accomplishment) risk situations |
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field-dependence |
Herman Witkin, at one pole is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (field-independence), while at the other pole is a more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (field dependence) |
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Herman Witkin |
endeavored to draw a relationship between an individual's personality and his/her perception of the world, developed field dependence theory |
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Julian Rotter |
developed idea of external/internal loci of control |
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internal/external locus of control |
whether outside/inside forces control an individual's destiny regarding self-esteem, people with higher esteem attribute failure to an external locus of control, while those with low self-esteem blame their own lack of ability |
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Machiavellianism |
personality trait that refers to someone who is manipulative and deceitful |
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Androgyny |
Sandra Bem, the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine |
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Walter Mischel |
contends that human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of a situation rather than by those of the person |
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multiaxial assessment |
characteristic of the DSM, clients are assessed on several different domains of information to help the clinician plan treatment, 5 axes of the Global Assessment Functioning (GAF) |
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Global Assessment Functioning (GAF) |
Axis I: clinician is to list the client's clinical disorders w/ exception of personality disorders and mental retardationAxis II: personality disorders/mental retardationAxis III: recording any medical conditions that are potentially relevantAxis IV: list any psychosocial or environmental stresses that may influence progression, treatment, or outcomeAxis V: the clinician's judgment of the client's overall functioning level |
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autistic disorder |
symptoms: - lack of responsiveness to others (impairment of social skills) - gross impairment in communication skills - repetitive behaviors affects 2-5 out of 10K, chronic |
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Tourette's disorder |
characterized by multiple motor tics and vocal tics that are sudden, recurrent, and stereotyped occurs in 4 to 5 individuals out of 10K |
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schizophrenia |
coined by Eugen Bleuler, formerly called dementia praecox, means "split mind" positive symptoms: psychotic dimension (delusions, hallucinations) and disorganized dimension (disorganized thought and behavior) negative symptoms: the absence of normal/desired behavior, such as catatonic behavior |
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delusions |
false beliefs, discordant with reality, that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary, such as delusions of reference (belief others are talking about you), persecution and grandeur, and thought broadcasting/thought insertion
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hallucinations |
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality, occur in all sensory modalities, most common is auditory |
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disorganized thought |
characterized by the loosening of associations, such as in speech with word salads or neologisms (invented new words) |
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disturbances of affect |
blunting: severe reduction in intensity of affect expression flat affect: virtually no signs of affective expression inappropriate affect: when the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual's speech or ideation |
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catatonic motor behavior |
the patient's spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced or the patient may maintain a rigid posture, refusing to be moved, or be useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli |
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prodromal phase |
the phase exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences, followed by active phase |
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process schizophrenia |
when development of schizophrenia is slow and insidious, and prognosis for recovery is especially poor |
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reactive schizophrenia |
when the onset of symptoms of schizophrenia is sudden and intense, prognosis for recovery is better |
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5 subtypes of schizophrenia |
1. catatonic: disturbance in motor behavior 2. paranoid: preoccupation with one or more delusions/frequent auditory hallucinations 3. disorganized (formerly known as hebephrenic schizophrenia): flat or inappropriate affect/disorganized speech and behavior 4. undifferentiated: diagnosed when the general criteria for other categories are not met 5. residual: past schizophrenic episode, yet no positive symptoms are currently displayed, though disturbances/negative symptoms may still be present |
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dopamine hypothesis |
leading biochemical explanation for schizophrenia, suggests the delusions, hallucinations and agitation arise from excess dopamine activity at certain sites of the brain, or there may be an oversensitivity to regularly normal levels of dopamine evidence is the effectiveness of antipsychotics |
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double-bind hypothesis |
theory of schizophrenia in which the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from their primary caregiver as a child, causing anxiety and the internalization of disorganized messages |
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major depressive disorder |
mood disorder, one major depressive episode (at least 2 weeks) other symptoms: appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, thoughts of suicide all of these must cause significant distress and/or impairment in functioning |
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bipolar disorder |
both depression and mania Bipolar I: has manic episodes Bipolar II: hypomania (does not impair functioning or have psychotic features) |
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dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders |
like major depressive and bipolar disorders, respectively, with less severe symptoms |
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catecholamine theory of depression |
hold that too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, while too little leads to depression |
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specific phobia |
a phobia in which anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation |
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OCD |
repeated obsessions --> tension and/or compulsions that cause impairment in a person's life |
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somatoform disorders |
the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition, not faking but really believes he/she has a medical condition e.g., conversion disorders, hypochondriasis |
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conversion disorder |
formerly hysteria, unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions, e.g., paralysis with no neurological damage or blindness with no evidence of damage to visual system |
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hypochondriasis |
person is preoccupied with fears that he/she has a serious disease, based on a misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs or symptoms despite contrary diagnoses |
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dissociative disorders |
person avoids stress by dissociating, though otherwise still has an intact sense of reality e.g., dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder |
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dissociative amnesia |
inability to recall past experiences (not caused by neurological disorder) |
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dissociative fugue |
amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from one's home or location of usual daily activities, may be confused about identity or even assume a new identity |
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dissociative identity disorder |
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person's behavior, results when two components fail to integrate famous cases: Sybil (15 separate personalities) and Truddi Chase (92 separate personalities) most cases patients have suffered severe pysical and/or sexual abuse |
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depersonalization disorder |
person feels detached like an outside observer of his or her mental processes and/or behavior while still maintaining an intact sense of reality |
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anorexia nervosa |
a refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight, believes oneself to be overweight though emaciated symptom: amenorrhea |
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bulimia nervosa |
binge-eating accompanied by excessive attempts to purge, fast, or excessively exercise |
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personality disorder |
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control e.g., schizoid, narcissism, borderline, antisocial |
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schizoid personality disorder |
pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression |
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narcissistic personality disorder |
a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, an exhibitionistic need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships fragile self-esteem and feelings of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation or emptiness when these individuals are not viewed favorably |
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borderline personality disorder |
previously psychopathic or sociopathic disorder, essential feature is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others |
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diathesis-stress model |
a framework that can be used to examine the causes of mental disorders, whether genetic, biochemical, or psychological |
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primary prevention |
efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness and to establish the conditions that foster mental health, e.g., prenatal and postnatal care |
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David Rosenhan |
demonstrated the danger of being labeled mentally ill, conducted an experiment and was admitted into a hospital, even sane behavior was used as evidence of insanity |
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Thomas Szasz |
wrote The Myth of Mental Illness, no mental illness just traits/behaviors that differ from cultural norms |
