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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asch
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-Studied conformity and the length of lines
-social psych |
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Bem
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-Self-perception theory, an alternative to cog dissonance.
-social psych |
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K&M Clark
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-doll preference
--social psych |
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Aronson & Linder
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-gain loss principle= an evaluation that changes will have more of an effect than an eval that remains constant
-social psych |
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Darley & Lante
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-two factors lead to not helping:
1. social influence 2. Diffusion of responsibility --social psych |
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Eagly
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-gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but to differing social roles
-social psych |
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Festinger
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-cog disonance theory, social comparison theory
-social psych |
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Hall
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-interpersonal distance
-social psych |
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Heider
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-balance theory explains why attitudes change
-attribution theory establishes dispositional and situational attributions -social psych |
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Hovland
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-attitude change
--social psych |
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Eagly
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-gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but to differing social roles
-social psych |
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Festinger
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-cog disonance theory, social comparison theory
-social psych |
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Hall
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-interpersonal distance
-social psych |
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Heider
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-balance theory explains why attitudes change
-attribution theory establishes dispositional and situational attributions -social psych |
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Hovland
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-attitude change
--social psych |
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Janis
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-groupthink
-social psych |
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Lerner
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-just world
--social psych |
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Lewin
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-3 categories of leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez faire
--social psych |
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McGuire
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-psychological innoculation helps resist persuasion
-social psych |
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Milgram
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-obediance studies w/shock
-stimulus overload (city vs. country) |
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Newcomb
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political norms
-social psych |
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Petty and Cacioppo
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-elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central vs peripheral)
--social psych |
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Schachter
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-relationship betw anxiety and need for afiliation
--social psych |
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Sherif
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-used autokinetic effect to study conformity
-used Robers cave to dem that superordinate goals incr intergroup cooperation --social psych |
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Zajonc
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-mere exposure effect
-social facilitation effect - presence of others causes dominant response -social psych |
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Zimbardo
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-performed prison simulation and used deindividuation to explain results
-social psych |
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Ainsworth
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-used strange situation to study attachment
-developmental |
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Baumrid
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-3 distinct parenting styles:
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive -developmental |
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Bowlby
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-phases of attachment (studied kids in orphanages)
-coined term separation anxiety --developmental |
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Chomsky
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-linguist who said kids learn language using an LAD
--developmental |
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Erikson
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-his eight stages of psychosocial dev cover whole lifespan
-developmental |
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Freud
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-psychosocial dev that emphasized Oedipal conflict (which is resolved by id w/ same sex parent in what is known as the phallic stage).
-developmental |
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Gesell
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-development primarily due to maturation
-developmental |
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Gilligan
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-males and females have diff orientations towards morality, criticized Kohlberg
-developmental |
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Hall
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-founder of dev psych
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Harlow
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-used monkeys to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
-developmental |
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Kohlberg
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-studied moral dev using moral dilemas
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Locke
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-said infants had no predetermined tendencies aka "tabula rasa"
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Lorenz
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-imprinting in birds
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Piaget
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-4 stages cog dev
1. sensorimotor- circ rxn, obj permenance dev 2. preoperational-have centration (fixate on one aspect of phenom) and egocentrism, do not have conservation 3. concrete operational- can conserve but can't think abstractly 4. formal operational |
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Rousseau
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said dev could happen w/out help from society
-developmental |
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Terman
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study on gifted kids
-developmental |
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Tyron
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maze running abilities in rats
-developmental |
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Vygotsky
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-studied cognitive dev, zone of proximal dev
--developmental |
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Tichener
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-STRUCTURALISM=breaking consciousness into its elements
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James, Dewey
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-FUNCTIONALISM= stream of consciousness, studies how mind functions to help people adapt to enviro
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Watson, Skinner
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-BEHAVIORISM= objective study of behavior
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Wertheimer, Kohler, Kofka
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-GESTALT= whole is something other than the sum of its parts (so didn't like structuralism or functionalism)
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Chomsky
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-COGNITIVE= study of thinking, processing reasoning
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Freud, Jung, Adler
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PSYCHOANALYSIS= behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression, and defense mechansims
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Maslow, Rogers
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HUMANISM= people are wholes, humans have free will, we should study healthy people not just mentally ill
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Adler
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inferiority complex
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Allport
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- trait theorist who came up with idea of FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
- distinguished between idiographic and nomethic approaches to personality, preferred the idio. |
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Bandura
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-social learning theory w/ Bobo doll
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Bem
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-androgeny
-male/female are two separate dimensions |
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Cattel
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trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
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Bandura
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vicarious reinforcement
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Dollard & Miller
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-studied psychoanalysis from behaviorist viewpt
-approach/avoidance conflicts |
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Eysenck
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-trait theorist who id 2 ways personalities are diff:
1. introversion-extroversion 2. stability-neuroticism -criticized effectiveness of therapy |
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Anna Freud
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-did ego psych, also applied freud's ideas to child psych and dev
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Horney
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-emphasized culture and society over instinct
-thought neuroticism could be expressed as moving towards, against, or away from |
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Jung
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-personal unconscious, collective unconscious (archetypes)
Jung came up with the idea of introversion/extroverion and eysneck tested it. |
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Kelly
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-individual as scientist
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Kernberg, Klein
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-object relations theorists
look for symbolic representations of a child's personality |
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Lewin
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phenomological personality theorist that developed field theory. Involved the notion that personality is dynamic and ever changing.
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Mahler, Kernberg, Klein
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obj relations theorists
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Maslow
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phenomological hiearchy of needs, self actualization
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phenomological
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-empasize internal processes rather than overt behavior
-aka humanists |
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McClelland
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need for Achievement
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Winnicot, Mahler, kernberg, and klein
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obj relations theorists
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mischel
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critical of trait theories of personality
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rogers
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phenomological personality theorist
-client centered, person centered, or non-directive therapy -uncondit pos regard |
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Rotter
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locus of control
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Sheldon
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related somatotype to body type
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Selligman
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learned helplessness theory of depression
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Witkin
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studied field dependence and field independence using the rod and frame test
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Beck
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-used CBT for depression
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Bleuler
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-came up with term "schiz"
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Dix
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advocated asylum reform
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Kraepelin
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dev system for classifying mental disorders, the dsm 4 ultimately evolved from this
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Pinel
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reformed french asylums
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Rosenhan
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studied effect of being labeled mentally ill by putting sane people mental hospitals
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Selingman
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learned helplessness theory of depression
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Szasz
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wrote "Myth of mental illness
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Broca
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id area of brain involved in PRODUCING spoken language
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Wernicke
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id area of brain involved in UNDERSTANDING spoken language
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Cannon
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-studied ans and fight or flight rxns, as well as homeostasis
-proposed the Canon-Bard theory of emotions, which stated that awareness of emotions reflects our physiological arousal and aour cognitive experience of emotion |
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Kandel
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demonstrated that simple learning behavior is assoc w/ changes in neurotransmission (used aplysia)
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James & Lange
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-Proposed James-Lange theory of emotion, which stated that people become aware of their emotions after noting their physiological response to an event
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Kluver and Bucy
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studied loss of normal fear and rage rxns in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes, also studied amygdala's role in emotions
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Luria
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studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and lang functions
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Milner
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studied anterograde amnesia in HM, who had had damage to his hippocampus
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Olds & Milner
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-found pleasure center of the brain
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Penfield
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used electodes and electrical stim to map the brain
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Schatner and Singer
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-argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending upon mental response to environmental stimulation
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Sherrington
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came up with idea of the synapse
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Sperry and Gazzaniga
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investigated functional differences between left and rt cerebral hemispheres using split brain studies
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Schatner-Singer theory of emotion
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when physiological arousal occurs without any obvious cause, we will search the environment for something to explain the arousal and thus give it emotional meaning
ie, eating spoiled food and feeling lightheaded. The lightheadedness could be attributed to being in love. |
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James- Lange theory of emotion
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we become aware of our emotions only after we notice our physiological rxns to some external event
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
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subjective experience of emotion must involve specific neural circuits in the brain (ie, emotion is based on how our body reacts and our neural circuits)
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Bekesy
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traveling wave theory of pitch perception
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Berkeley
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-depth cues help us percieve depth
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Broadbent
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filter theory of attenuation
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Fechner
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relationship between intensity of stimulus and intensity of sensation
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Gibson & Walk
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developed visual cliff, which is used to study depth perception
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Gibson
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depth cues (like texture gradients) that help us perceive depth
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Helmholtz
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developed young-helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision. Helmholtz also came up with the place-resonance theory of pitch perception
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Hering
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opponent process theory of color vision
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Hubel & Wiesel
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studying feature detection in visual cortex led them to discover simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
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Kohler
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developed theory of isomorphism=1 to 1 correspondence betw obj in perceptual field and pattern of stimulation in the brain
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Melzack & Wall
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gate theory of pain
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Stevens
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developed Stevens law as an alternative to Fechner's law
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Swets
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definted ROC curves in signal detection theory
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Wever and Bray
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proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
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Yerkes and Dodson
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developed Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
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Bandura
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-studied observational learning
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Breland &Breland
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-studied instinctual drift=instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning
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Darwin
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-theory of evolution, natural selection
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Garcia
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-studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn conncections between certain stimuli
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Kohler
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studied insight in problem solving
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Lorenz
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studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural enviro
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Pavlov
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Discovered classical conditioning
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Premack
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-a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-prefered activity
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Rescorla
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-contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning
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Skinner
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-developed operant conditioning
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Thorndike
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-used the puzzle box to study problem solving in cats
-law of effect=reponses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to recur in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to reccur in that situation. |
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Tinbergen
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-introduced experimental methods in field situation
-did experiment on aggression in male stickle backs |
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Tolman
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-showed that behavior isn't a matter of stimulus response reinforcement learning, it is COGNITIVE MAP
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von Frisch
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-communication in honey bees
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Watson
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-performed experiment on little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning
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Wilson
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developed sociobiology
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Wolpe
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systematic desensitization
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Bartlett
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-investigated role of schemata in memory, concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process
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Cattell
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-divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan
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Chomsky
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-distinguished between the surface structure and the deep structure of a sentence, studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another
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Collins & Loftus
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devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory = semanitc memory is organized into a map of interconnected concepts; the key is the distance between the concepts
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Craik and Lockhart
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-developed the levels of processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory
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Ebbinghaus
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-studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings
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Gardner
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-proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divide intelligence into seven different types
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Guiliford
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-devised divergent thinking to measure creativity
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Kahneman and Tversy
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investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representiveness heuristic
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Loftus
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-studied eyewitness memory
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Luchins
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used water-jar prob to study the effect of mental sets on prob solving
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Macoby and Jacklin
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-gender differences in verbal ability exist
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McClelland and Rummelhart
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suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)
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Miller
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-capacity of short term memory is seven plus or minus two items
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Paivio
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proposed dual code hypothesis
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Smith, Shoben, and Rips
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devised semantic feature comparison model of semantic memory=semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts
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Spearman
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suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in the amount of a general factor called g
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Sperling
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-studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial report method
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Sternberg
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triarchic theory that divides intelligence into 3 types: componential(performance on tests), experiential (creativity), and contextual(business and street smarts)
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Thurstone
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used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities that were more specific than g but more general than s
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Whorf
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hypothesized that language determines how reality is percieved
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Binet and Simon
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developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age
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Holland
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developed RAISEC of occupational themes
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Jensen
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suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ
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Morgan and Murray
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developed the projective test TAT, which is used to measure personality
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Rorschach
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developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test used to measure personality
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Rotter
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developed the sentance completion test, a projective test used to measure personality
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Stern
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developed concept of ratio IQ
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Strong and Campbell
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developed Strong-Campbell interest inventory used to asses diff lines of work
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Terman
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revised the Binet -simon intelligence test, the revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
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Weschsler
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developed intelligence tests for use at diff ages, like WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS. These yield a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full scale IQ.
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mean
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sum of observations/number of observations
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median
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the number that divides the data in half
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mode
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the number with the highest frequency
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range
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highest score-lower score
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strd dev
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sq root of variance
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variance
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strd dev * strd dev
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z score
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your score minus the mean/strd dev
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Allport
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-trait theorist: cardinal, central, secondary
-functional autonomy = a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of the original reason for existance |
