Gre1

Front 1

Paradox

Back 1

- A contradiction or dilemma.

e.g.) It is a paradox that those most in need of medical attention are often those least able to obtain it.

Sym: anomaly, irony, contradiction.

Front 2

Malleable

Back 2

- Capable of being shaped.

e.g.) gold is the most malleable of precious metals. It can be formed into almost an shape.

Sym: adaptable, ductile, plastic, pliable, pliant

Front 3

Antipathy

Back 3

-Extreme dislike

e.g.) The antipathy between the French and English regularly erupted into open warfare.

Sym: animosity, animus, antagonism, aversion, enmity, hostility, repellence

Front 4

Eulogy

Back 4

-Speech in praise of someone

e.g.) His best friend gave the eulogy, outlining his many achievements and talents.

Sym: commend, extol, laud

Front 5

Cacophony

Back 5

-Harsh, jarring noise

e.g.) The junior high orchestra created an almost unbearable cacophony as they tried to tune their instruments.

Sym: chaos, clamor, din, discord, disharmony, noise

Front 6

Dissonance

Back 6

- A harsh and disagreeable combination, often of sounds

e.g.) Cognitive dissonance is the inner conflict produced when long-standing beliefs are contradicted by new evidence.

Sym: clash, contention, discord, dissension, dissent, dissidence, friction, strife, variance

Front 7

Ingenuous

Back 7

- Showing innocence or childlike simplicity

e.g.) She was so ingenuous that her friends heard that her innocence and trustfulness would be exploited when she visited the big city.

Sym: artless, guileless, innocent, naive, simple, unaffected

Front 8

Obdurate

Back 8

- Hardened in feeling; resistant to persuasion

(고집쎈)

e.g.) The president was completely obdurate on the issue, and no amount of persuasion would change his mind.

Sym: inflexible, intransigent, recalcitrant, tenacious, unyielding

Front 9

Prevaricate

Back 9

- To lie or deviate from the truth. (얼버부리다)

e.g.) Rather than admit that he had overslept again, the employee

prevaricated and claimed that heavy traffic had prevented him from arriving at work on time.

Sym: equivocate, lie, perjure

Front 10

Bolster

Back 10

- To support; to prop up

e.g.) The presence of giant footprints bolstered the argument that Sasquatch was in the area.

Sym: brace, buttress, prop, support, sustain, underpin, uphold

Front 11

Enervate

Back 11

- To reduce in strength

e.g.) The guerrillas hoped that a series of surprise attacks would enervate the regular army.

Sym: debilitate, enfeeble, sap, weaken

Front 12

Lethargic

Back 12

- Acting in an indifferent or slow, sluggish manner

e.g.) The clerk was so lethargic that, even the store was not busy, he always had a long line in front of him.

Sym: apathetic, lackadaisical, languid, listless, torpid

Front 13

Ostentation

Back 13

- Excessive showiness

e.g.) The ostentation of the Sun King's court is evident in the lavish decoration and luxuriousness of his palace at Versailles.

Sym: conspicuousness, flashiness, pretentiousness, showiness,

Front 14

Venerate

Back 14

- To respect deeply

e.g.) In a traditional Confucian society, the young venerate their elders, deferring to the elders' wisdom and experience.

Sym: adore, honor, idolise, revere

Front 15

Waver

Back 15

- To fluctuate between choices

e.g.) If you waver too long before making a decision about which testing site to register for, you may not get your first choice.

Sym: dither, falter, fluctuate, oscillate, vacillate

Front 16

Anomaly

Back 16

- Deviation from what is normal

e.g.) Albino animals may display too great an anomaly in their colouring to attract normally coloured mates.

Sym: aberrance, aberration, abnormality, deviance, deviation, irregularity, preternaturalness

Front 17

Assauge

Back 17

- to make something unpleasant less severe

(감정을 누그러뜨리다)

e.g.) Like many people, Philip Larkin used alcohol to assuage his sense of meaninglessness and despair.

Sym: allay, comfort, lighten, pacify, propitiate, sweeten, alleviate, conciliate, mitigate, palliate, relieve, appease, ease, mollify, placate, soothe

Front 18

Enigma

Back 18

- A puzzle, a mystery (수수께끼)

e.g) Speaking in riddles and dressed in old robes, the artist gained reputation as something of an enigma.

Sym: conundrum, perplexity

Front 19

Equivocate

Back 19

- to use expressions of double meaning in order to mislead (얼버부리다)

e.g.) When faced with criticism of his policies, the politician equivocated and left all parties thinking he agreed with them.

Equivocal: undecided; trying to deceive

Equivocation: the act or state of equivocating

Sym: ambiguous, evasive, waffling

Front 20

Erudite

Back 20

- learned, scholarly, bookish (학식있는)

e.g.) The annual meeting of philosophy professors was a gathering of the most erudite, well- published individuals in the field.

Erudition: extensive knowledge or learning

Sym: scholastic, learned, wise

Front 21

Fervid

Back 21

- Intensely emotional, feverish (열렬한)

e.g.) The fans of Maria Callas were particularly, fervid doing anything to catch a glimpse of the great opera singer.

Fervent: enthusiastic

Fervor: passion

Sym: burning, impassioned, passionate, vehement, zealous

Front 22

Lucid

Back 22

- Clear and easily understood

e.g.) The explanations were written in a simple and lucid manner so that students were immediately able to apply what they learned.

Sym: clear, coherent, explicit, intelligible, limpid

Front 23

Placate

Back 23

: to soothe or pacify (달래다)

e.g.) The burglar tried to placate snarling dog by saying, "Nice doggy," and offering it a treat.

Placid: tolerant; calmImplacable: unable to be made peaceful

Sym: appease conciliate, mollify

Front 24

Precipitate

Back 24

- To throw violently or bring about abruptly; lacking deliberation (촉발시키다)

e.g.) upon learning that the couple married after knowing each other only two months, friends and family members expected such a precipitate marriage to end in divorce.

precipice: a steep cliff

precipitation: weather phenomena, like rain or snow, that falls from the sky

precipitous: very steep

Front 25

Prodigal

Back 25

- Lavish; wasteful

e.g.) The prodigal son quickly wasted all of his inheritance on a lavish lifestyle devoted to pleasure.

Prodigality: excessive or reckless spending

Sym: extravagant, lavish, profilgate, spendthrift, wasteful

Front 26

Zeal

Back 26

- passion, excitement

e.g.) she brought her typical zeal to the project, sparking enthusiasm in tother team member.

Zealot: a fanatic

Sym: ardency, fervor, fire, passion

Front 27

Abstain

Back 27

- To choose not to do something

e.g.) During Lent, practicing Catholics abstain from eating meat.

Sym: forbear, refrain, withhold

Front 28

Adulterate

Back 28

- To make impure

e.g.) The restaurateur made his ketchup last longer by adulterating it with water.

unadulterated: pure

adultery: an illicit relationship; an affair

Front 29

Apathy

Back 29

- Lack of interest of emotion

e.g.) The apathy of voters is so great that less than half the people who are eligible to vote actually bother to do so.

Sym: coolness, disinterest, disregard, impassivity, indifference, insensibility, lassitude, lethargy, listlessness, phlegm, stolidity, unconcern, unresponsiveness

Front 30

Audacious

Back 30

- Fearless and daring

e.g.) "And you, your majesty, may kiss your bum!" replied the audacious peasant.

audacity: the quality of being audacious

Sym: adventuresome, bold, daring, fearless, heroic, plucky, unafraid, valorous, aggressive, gallant, stout, undaunted, venturesome, assertive, courageous, doughty, game, mettlesome, stouthearted, valiant, venturous, intrepid

Front 31

Capricious

Back 31

- changing one's mind quickly and often

e.g.) Queen Elizabeth I was quite capricious; her courtiers could never be sure which of their number would catch her fancy.

caprice: whim, sudden fancy

Sym: arbitrary, erratic, mercurial, willful, chance, fickle, random, changeable, inconstant, whimsical

Front 32

Corroborate

Back 32

- to provide supporting evidence (뒷받침하다)

e.g.) Fingerprints, corroborated the witness's testimony that he saw the defendant in the victim's apartment.

Sym: authenticate, back, bear out, buttress, confirm, substantiate, validate, verify

Front 33

Desiccate

Back 33

- To dry out throughly (건조시키다)

e.g.) After few weeks of lying on the desert's baking sands, the cow's carcass became completely desiccated.

Desiccant: something that removes water from another substance

Sym: dehydrate, dry, parch

Front 34

Engender

Back 34

- To produce, cause, or bring about (불러 일으키다)

e.g.) His feat and hatred of clowns was engendered when he witnessed the death of his father at the hands of a clown.

Sym: beget, generate, procreate, proliferate, reproduce, spawn

Front 35

Ephemeral

Back 35

- Lasting a short time

e.g.) The lives of mayflies seem ephemeral to us, since the flies' average life span is a matter of hours.

Sym: evanescent, fleeting, momentary transient

Front 36

Gullible

Back 36

- easily deceived

e.g.) The con man pretended to be a bank officer so as to fool gullible bank customers into giving him account information.

gull: a person who is easily tricked.

Sym: credulous, exploitable, naive

Front 37

Guile

Back 37

- deceit or trickery

e.g.) Since he was not fast enough to catch the roadrunner on foot, the coyote resorted to guile in an effort to trap his enemy.

Guileless: innocent, without trickery

Sym: artifice, chicanery, connivery, duplicity

Front 38

Homogeneous

Back 38

- of a similar kind (동질)

e.g.) The class was fairly homogeneous, since almost all of the students were senior journalism majors.

Homogenized: throughly mixed together

Sym: consistent, standardised, uniform, unvarying

Front 39

Laconic

Back 39

-Using few words

e.g.) She was a laconic poet who built her reputation on using words as sparingly as possible.

Sym: concise, curt, pithy, taciturn, terse

Front 40

Laud

Back 40

- To give praise; to glorify

e.g.) Parades and fireworks were staged to laud the success of the rebels.

Laudable: worthy of praise

Laudatory: expressing praise

Sym: acclaim, applaud, commend, compliment, exalt, extol, hail praise

Front 41

Abate

Back 41

:To reduce in amount, degree, severity.

e.g.) As the hurricane's force abated, the winds dropped and the sea became calm.

Sym: ebb, moderate, subside, lapse, relent, wane, let up, slacken

Front 42

Abscond

Back 42

:To leave secretly (무단이탈)

e.g.) The patron absconded from the restaurant by sneaking out the back door without paying his bill.

Sym: Flee, decamp, escape

Front 43

Abyss

Back 43

: An extremely deep hole (깊은구렁이)

e.g.) The submarine dove into the abyss to chart the previously unseen depths.

Abyssal: pertaining to great depth

Abysmal: extremely bad

Sym: chasm, void

Front 44

Advocate

Back 44

: To speak in favour of

e.g.) The vegetarian advocated a diet containing no meat.

Advocacy: active support for

Sym: back, champion, support

Front 45

Aesthetic

Back 45

: Concerning the appreciation of beauty

e.g.) Followers of the aesthetic Movement regarded the pursuit of beauty as the only true purpose of art.

Aesthete: someone unusually sensitive to beauty

Aestheticism: concern with beauty

Sym: Artistic, tasteful

Front 46

Aggrandize

Back 46

: To increase in power, influence and reputation

e.g.) The supervisor sought to aggrandize himself by claiming that the achievements of his staff were actually his own.

Sym: amplify, dignify, ennoble, magnify, wax, apotheosize, elevate, exalt, swell, augment, enlarge, glorify, uplift

Front 47

Alleviate

Back 47

:To make more bearable

e.g.) Taking aspirin helps to alleviate a headache.

Sym: allay, ease, mitigate, assuage, lessen, palliate, comfort, lighten, relieve

Front 48

Amalgamate

Back 48

: To combine, to mix together (연합하다)

Giant industries amalgamated with Mega products to form Giant-Mega products incorporated.

Amalgam: a mixture, especially of two metals.

Sym: Admix, commingle, fuse, merge, blend, commix, intermingle, mingle, combine, compound, intermix, mix

Front 49

Banal

Back 49

: Predictable, cliched, boring

e.g.) He used banal phrases like "Have a nice day" and "another day, another dollar."

banality: the quality of being banal

Sym: bland, bromidic, cliched, commonplace, fatuous, hackneyed, innocuous, insipid, jejune, musty, platitudinous prosaic, quotidian, shopworn, stale, stereotypic, threadbare, timeworn, tired, trite, vapid, worn-out

Front 50

Bombastic

Back 50

:Pompous in speech and manner

e.g.) Mussolini's speeches were mostly bombastic; his boasting and outrageous claims had no basis in fact.

Bombast: pompous speech or writing

Sym: bloated, declamatory, fustian, grandiloquent, grandiose, high-flown, magniloquent, orotund, pretentious, rhetorical, self-important

Front 51

Chauvinist

Back 51

: Someone prejudiced in favour of a group to which he or she belongs. (우월주의자)

e.g.) the attitude that men are inherently superior to women and therefore must be obeyed is common among male chauvinists.

Sym: Partisan

Front 52

Fanatical

Back 52

:Acting excessively enthusiastic, filled with extreme, unquestioned devotion

e.g.) the stormtroopers were fanatical in their devotion to the Emperor, readily sacrificing their lives for him.

Sym: extremist, fiery, frenzied, zealous

Front 53

Iconoclast

Back 53

: One who opposes established beliefs, customs, and institutions

e.g.) His lack of regard for traditional beliefs soon established him as an iconoclast.

Sym: Maverick, nonconformist, rebel, revolutionary

Front 54

Insipid

Back 54

: Lacking interest of flavour

e.g.) The critic claimed that the painting was insipid, containing no interesting qualities at all.

Sym: banal, bland, dull, stale, vapid

Front 55

Lavish

Back 55

: To give unsparingly (v.); extremely generous or extravagant (adj.)

e.g.) She lavished the puppy with so many treats that it soon became overweight and spoiled.

Sym: bestow, exuberant, prodigal, confer, luxuriant, profuse, extravagant, opulent, superabundant

Front 56

Obviate

Back 56

: To prevent; to make unnecessary (필요성을 배제)

E.g.) The river shallow enough to wade across at many points, which obviated the need for a bridge.

Sym: forestall, preclude, prohibit

Front 57

Paragon

Back 57

: model of excellence or perfection

e.g.) She is the paragon of what a judge should be: honest, intelligent, hardworking, and just.

Sym: apotheosis, ideal, quintessence, standard

Front 58

Verbose

Back 58

:wordy

e.g.) The professor's answer was so verbose that his student forgot what the original question had been.

Verbalize: to put into words

Verbatim: suing the exact words; word for word

Verbiage: lots of words that are usually superfluous

Sym: Long-winded, loquacious, prolix, superfluous

Front 59

Vex

Back 59

: To annoy

e.g.) The old man who loved his peace and quiet was vexed by his neighbour's loud music.

Vexation: a feeling of irritation.

Sym: annoy, bother, chafe, exasperate, irk, nettle, peeve, provoke

Front 60

Volatile

Back 60

:Easily aroused or changeable, lively or explosive

e.g.) His volatile personality made it difficult to predict his reaction to anything.

Sym: Capricious, erratic, fickle, inconsistent, inconstant, mercurial, temperamental

Front 61

Implacable

Back 61

:Unable to be calmed down or made peaceful

Placate: to make peaceful

Sym: inexorable, intransigent, irreconcilable, unforgiving, remorseless, relentless, unrelenting,

Front 62

Ambiguous

Back 62

:doubtful or uncertain, able to be interpreted several ways

e.g.) The directions he gave were so ambiguous that we disagreed on which way to turn.

Sym: cloudy, equivocal, obscure, doubtful, indeterminate, unclear, dubious, nebulous, vague

Front 63

Cogent

Back 63

: convincing and well-reasoned

e.g) Swayed by the cogent argument of the defense, the jury had no choice but to acquit the defendant.

Cogitate: to think deeply

Sym: convincing, persuasive, solid, sound, telling, valid

Front 64

Decorum

Back 64

점잖음, 예의

: appropriateness of behaviour or conduct; propriety

e.g.) The countess complained that the vulgar peasants lacked the decorum appropriate for a visit to the palace.

Decorous: Conforming to acceptable standards

Sym: correctness, decency, etiquette, manners, mores, propriety, seemliness

Front 65

Dirge

Back 65

: a funeral hymn or mournful speech

e.g.) Melville wrote the poem "a dirge for James McPherson" for the funeral of a Union general who was skilled in 1864.

Sym: elegy, lament

Front 66

Discern

Back 66

: to perceive; to recognise

e.g.) It is easy to discern the difference between butter and butter-flavoured topping.

Discernment: taste and cultivation

Sym: catch, differentiate, espy, separate, tell, descry, discriminate, glimpse, spot, detect, distinguish, know, spy, tell

Front 67

Dogma

Back 67

: A firmly held opinion, often a religious belief

e.g.) Linus' central dogma was that children who believed in the Great Pumpkin would be rewarded.

Sym: creed, credo, doctrine, teaching, tenet

Front 68

Eloquent

Back 68

: persuasive and moving, especially in speech.

e.g.) The Gettysburg Address is moving out only because of its lofty sentiments but also because of its eloquent words.

Sym: articulate, expressive, fluent, meaningful, significant, smooth-spoken

Front 69

Emulate

Back 69

모방하다, 본보기로 삼다.

: to copy; to try to equal or excel

e.g.) the graduate student sought to emulate his professor in every way, copying not only how she taught, but also how she conducted herself outside of class.

Sym: ape, imitate, simulate

Front 70

Erratic

Back 70

:wandering and unpredictable

e.g.) The plot seemed predictable until it suddenly took a series of erratic turns that surprised the audience.

Errant: straying, mistaken, roving

Sym: capricious, inconstant, irresolute, whimsical

Front 71

Florid

Back 71

:excessively decorated or embellished

e.g.) The palace had been decorated in a florid style; every surface had been carved and gilded.

Sym: baroque, elaborate, flamboyant, ornate, ostentatious, rococo

Front 72

Impervious

Back 72

: Impossible to penetrate; incapable of being affected

e.g.) A good raincoat is impervious to moisture.

Sym: resistant, impregnable

Front 73

Loquacious

Back 73

:talkative

e.g.) She was naturally loquacious, which was a problem in situations in which listening was more important than talking.

Eloquence: powerful, convincing speaking

Loquacity: the quality of being loquacious

Sym: effusive, garrulous, verbose

Front 74

Luminous

Back 74

: bright, brilliant, glowing

e.g.) The park was bathed in luminous sunshine, which warmed the bodies and the souls of the visitors.

Illuminate: to shine light on

Luminary: an inspiring person

Sym: incandescent, lucent, lustrous, radiant, resplendent

Front 75

Malinger

Back 75

: to evade responsibility by pretending to be ill.

e.g.) A common way to avoid the draft was by malingering-pretending to be mentally or physically ill so as to avoid being taken by the Army.

Linger: to be slow in leaving

Sym: Shirk, Slack

Front 76

Obsequious

Back 76

: Overly submissive and eager to please

e.g.) The obsequious new associate made sure to compliment her supervisor's tie and agree with him on every issue.

Obeisance: A physical show of respect or submission, such as a bow

Sym: compliant, differential, servile, subservient

Front 77

Perfidious

Back 77

:Willing to betray one's trust

e.g.) The actress's perfidious companion revealed all of her intimate secrets to the gossip columnist.

Perfidy: deceit, treachery

Sym: disloyal, faithless, traitorous, treacherous

Front 78

Pragmatic

Back 78

: practical as opposed to idealistic (실용적)

e.g.) While daydreaming gamblers think they can get rich by frequenting casinos, pragmatic gamers realize that the odds are heavily stacked against them.

Pragmatism: a practical approach to problem solving.

Sym: rational, realistic

Front 79

propriety

Back 79

: correct behaviour; obedience to rules and customs

e.g.) The aristocracy maintained a high level of propriety, adhering to even the most minor social rules.

Appropriate: suitable for a particular occasion or place.

Sym: decency, decorum, modesty, seemliness

Front 80

Prudence

Back 80

:wisdom, caution or restraint

e.g.) The college student exhibited prudence by obtaining practical experience along with her studies, which greatly strengthened her resume.

Prude: someone who is excessively concerned with propriety.

Prudish: prissy and puritanical.

Sym: astuteness, circumspection, discretion, frugality, judiciousness, providence, thrift

Front 81

Quiescent

Back 81

:motionless

e.g.) Many animals are quiescent over the winter months, minimising activity in order to conserve energy.

Quiescence: state of rest or inactivity.

Sym: dormant, latent

Front 82

Reticent

Back 82

:Silent, reserved

e.g.) Physically small and reticent in her speech, Joan Didion often went unnoticed by those upon whom she was reporting.

Sym: cool, introverted, laconic, standoffish, taciturn, undemonstrative

Front 83

Anachronism

Back 83

: something out of place in time

e.g.) The aged hippie used anachronistic phrases, like "groovy" and "far out," that had not been popular for years.

Sym: archaism, incongruity

Front 84

Ardor

Back 84

: intense and passionate feeling

e.g.) Bishop's ardor for landscape was evident when he passionately described the beauty of the scenic Hudson Valley.

Ardent: expressing ardor, passionate

Sym: devotion, enthusiasm, fervency, fervidity, fervidness, fervor, fire, passion, zeal, zealousness

Front 85

Crescendo

Back 85

: Steadily increasing in volume or force

e.g.) The crescendo of tension became unbearable as Evel Knievel prepared to jump his motorcycle over the school buses.

Sym: escalation, increase, intensification

Front 86

Deference

Back 86

:respect, courtesy

e.g.) The respectful young law clerk treated the Supreme Court justice with the utmost deference.

Defer: to delay; to show someone deference

Deferential: courteous and respectful

Sym: courtesy, homage, honor, obeisance, respect, reverence, veneration

Front 87

Elegy

Back 87

: A sorrowful poem or speech

e.g.) Although Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is about death and loss, it urges its readers to endure this life and trust in spirituality.

Elegiac: like an elegy; mournful

Sym: dirge, lament

Front 88

Dogmatic

Back 88

: dictatorial in one's opinions

e.g.) The dictator was dogmatic- he, and only he, was right.

Sym: authoritarian, bossy, dictatorial, doctrinaire, domineering, imperious, magisterial, masterful, overbearing, peremptory

Front 89

Garrulous

Back 89

:Tending to talk a lot

e.g.) The garrulous parakeet distracted its owner with its continuous talking.

Sym: effusive, loquacious

Front 90

Dupe

Back 90

: to deceive; a person who is easily deceived

e.g.) Bugs Bunny was able to dupe Elmer Fudd by dressing up as a lady rabbit.

Sym: beguile, betray, bluff, cozen, deceive, delude, fool, hoodwink, humbug, mislead, take in, trick

Front 91

Enumerate

Back 91

: to count, list, or itemize

e.g) Moses returned from the mountain with tablets on which the commandments were enumerated.

Sym: catalog, index, tabulate

Front 92

Esoteric

Back 92

: known or understood by only a few

e.g) Only a handful of experts are knowledgable about the esoteric world of article physics.

Sym: abstruse, arcane, obscure

Front 93

Inundate

Back 93

: To overwhelm; to cover with water (범람시키다, 충만시키다)

e.g.) The tidal wave inundated Atlantis, which was lost beneath the water.

Sym: deluge, drown, engulf, flood, submerge

Front 94

Permeate

Back 94

: To penetrate

e.g.) This miraculous new cleaning fluid is able to permeate stains and dissolve them in minutes!

Impermeable: unable to be permeated

Sym: imbue, infuse, suffuse

Front 95

Plethora

Back 95

: excess

e.g.) Assuming that more was better the defendant offered the judge a plethora of excuses.

Sym: glut, overabundance, superfluity, surfeit

Front 96

Stigma

Back 96

치욕, 오점

: a mark of shame or discredit

e.g.) In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne was required to wear the letter "A" on her clothes as a public stigma for her adultery.

Sym: blemish, blot, opprobrium, stain, taint

Front 97

Taciturn

Back 97

: silent, not talkative

e.g.) The clerk's taciturn nature earned him the nickname "Silent Bob."

Sym: laconic, reticent

Front 98

Exigent

Back 98

: urgent; requiring immediate action

e.g.) The patient was losing blood so rapidly that it was exigent to stop the source of the bleeding.

Sym: critical, imperative, needed, urgent

Front 99

Fawn

Back 99

: To grovel (비위를 맞추다)

e.g.) The understudy fawned over the director in hope of being cast in the part on a permanent basis.

Sym: bootlick, grovel, pander toady

Front 100

Exculpate

Back 100

: to clear from blame; prove innocent

e.g.) The adversarial legal system is intended to convict those who are guilty and to exculpate those who are innocent.

Sym: Absolve, Acquit, clear, exonerate, vindicate

Front 101

Lament

Back 101

: to express sorrow; to grieve (슬퍼하다, 비탄하다)

e.g.) The children continued to lament the death of the goldfish weeks after its demise.

Sym: bewail, deplore, grieve, mourn

Front 102

Meticulous

Back 102

: extremely careful about details

e.g.) To find all the clues at the crime scene, the investigators meticulously examined every inch of the era.

Sym: conscientious, precious, scrupulous

Front 103

Whimsical

Back 103

: acting in a fanciful or capricious manner; unpredictable.

e.g.) the ballet was whimsical, delighting the children with its imaginative characters and unpredictable sets.

Whim: a fancy or sudden notion

Sym: capricious, erratic, flippant, frivolous

Front 104

Onerous

Back 104

: troublesome and oppressive; burdensome

e.g.) The assignment was so extensive and difficult to manage that it proved onerous to the team in charge of it.

Sym: arduous, backbreaking, burdensome, cumbersome, difficult, exacting, formidable, hard, laborious, oppressive, rigorous, taxing, trying

Front 105

Soporific

Back 105

: causing sleep of lethargy

e.g.) The movie proved to be so soporific that soon loud snores were heard throughout the theatre.

Sopor: deep sleep

Sym: hypnotic, narcotic, slumberous, somnolent

Front 106

Stolid

Back 106

: unemotional; lacking sensitivity

e.g.) The prisoner appeared stolid and unaffected by the judge's harsh sentence.

Sym: apathetic, impassive, indifferent, phlegmatic, stoical, unconcerned

Front 107

Transitory

Back 107

: temporary, lasting a brief time

e.g.) The reporter lived a transitory life, staying in one place only long enough to cover the current story.

Transit: to pass through; to change or make a transition

transient: passing quickly in and out of existence; one who stays a short time

Sym: ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, impermanent, momentary

Front 108

Occlude

Back 108

: to stop up; to prevent the passage of

e.g.) A shadow is thrown across the Earth's surface during a solar eclipse, when the light from the sun is occluded by the moon.

Sym: barricade, block, close, obstruct

Front 109

Perfunctory

Back 109

: done in a routine way; indifferent

e.g.) The machinelike bank teller processed the transaction and gave the waiting customer a perfunctory smile.

Sym: apathetic, automatic, mechanical

Front 110

Mitigate

Back 110

: to soften; to lessen

e.g.) A judge may mitigate a sentence if she decides that a person committed a crime out of need.

Sym: allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, lighten, moderate, mollify, palliate, temper

Front 111

Diffident

Back 111

: lacking self-confidence

e.g.) Steve's diffident manner during the job interview stemmed from his nervous nature and lack of experience in the field.

Sym: backward, bashful, coy, demure, modest, retiring, self-effacing, shy, timid

Front 112

Castigate

Back 112

: to punish or criticise harshly

e.g.) Many Americans are amazed at how harshly the authorities in Singapore castigate perpetrators of what would be considered minor times in the United States.

Sym: admonish, chastise, chide, rebuke, reprimand reproach, reprove, scold, tax, upbraid

Front 113

Analogous

Back 113

: similar or alike in some way; equivalent to

e.g.) In a famous argument for the existence of God, the universe is analogous to a mechanical timepiece, the creation of a divinely intelligent "clockmaker."

Sym: alike, comparable, corresponding, equivalent, homogeneous, parallel, similar

Front 114

Convoluted

Back 114

: intricate and complicated

e.g.) Although many people bought A Brief History of Time, few could follow its convoluted ideas and theories.

Sym: byzantine, complex, elaborate, intricate, knotty, labyrinthine, perplexing, tangled

Front 115

Condone

Back 115

용서하다, 용납하다

: forgive, pardon, or disregard

e.g.) Some theorists believe that failing to prosecute minor crimes is the same as condoning an air of lawlessness.

Sym: exculpate, excuse, pardon, remit

Front 116

Monotony

Back 116

: lack of variation

e.g.) The monotony of the sound of the dripping faucet almost drove the research assistant crazy.

Monotone: a sound that is made at the same tone or pitch.

Sym: Drone, tedium

Front 117

Impetuous

Back 117

: quick to act without thinking

e.g.) It is not good for an investment broker to be impetuous, because much thought should be given to all the possible options.

Impetus: impulse

Sym: impulsive, precipitate, rash, reckless, spontaneous

Front 118

Exacerbate

Back 118

: to make worse

e.g.) It is unwise to take aspirin to try to relieve heartburn; instead of providing relief, the drug will only exacerbate the problem.

Sym: annoy, aggravate, intensify, irritate, provoke

Front 119

Attenuate

Back 119

: to reduce in force or degree; to weaken

e.g.) The Bill of Rights attenuated the traditional power of government to change laws at will.

Sym: debilitate, devitalise, dilute, enervate, enfeeble,

Front 120

Diatribe

Back 120

: an abusive, condemnatory speech

e.g.) The trucker bellowed a diatribe at the driver who had cut him off.

Sym: fulmination, harangue, invective, jeremiad, malediction, obloquy, tirade

Front 121

Efficacy

Back 121

:effectiveness

e.g.) The efficacy of penicillin was unsurpassed when it was first introduced; the drug completely eliminated almost all bacterial infections for which it was administered.

Efficacious: effective; productive

Sym: dynamism, effectiveness, efficiency, force, power, productiveness, proficiency, strength, vigor

Front 122

Inchoate

Back 122

: not fully formed; disorganised.

e.g.) The ideas expressed in Nietzsche's mature work also appear in an inchoate form in his earlier writing.

Sym: amorphous, incoherent, incomplete, unorganised

Front 123

dilate

Back 123

: to make larger, to expand

e.g.) When you enter a darkened room, the pupils of your eyes dilate to let in more light.

Sym: amplify, develop, elaborate, enlarge, expand, expatiate

Front 124

ameliorate

Back 124

: To make better; to improve

e.g.) The doctor was able to ameliorate the patient's suffering using painkillers.

Sym: amend, better, improve, pacify

Front 125

Dilatory

Back 125

: intended to delay

e.g.) The congressman used dilatory measures to delay the passage of the bill.

Sym: dragging, flagging, laggard, lagging, slow, slow-footed, slow-going, slow-paced, tardy

Front 126

Opprobrium

Back 126

: public disgrace

e.g.) After the scheme embezzle from the elderly was made public, the treasurer resigned in utter opprobrium.

Sym: discredit, disgrace, dishonour, disrepute, ignominy, infamy, obloquy, shame

Front 127

Disparate

Back 127

: fundamentally different; entirely unlike

e.g.) Although the twins appear to be identical physically, their personalities are disparate.

Sym: different, dissimilar, divergent, diverse, variant, various

Front 128

Exonerate

Back 128

무죄임을 입증하다, 면제하다

: to clear of blame

e.g.) The fugitive was exonerated when another criminal confessed to committing the crime.

Sym: absolve, acquit, clear, exculpate, vindicate

Front 129

Intransigent

Back 129

비타협적인

: uncompromising; refusing to be reconciled

e.g.) The professor was intransigent ton the deadline, insisting that everyone turn the assignment in at the same time.

Sym: implacable, inexorable, irreconcilable, obdurate, obstinate, remorseless, rigid, unbending, unrelenting, unyielding

Front 130

Mollify

Back 130

: to calm or make less severe

e.g.) Their argument was so intense that it was difficult to believe any compromise would mollify them.

Sym: appease, assuage, concilaite, pacify

Front 131

philanthropy

Back 131

: charity; desire or effort to promote goodness

e.g.) New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art owes much of its collection to the philanthropy of private collectors who willed their estates to the museum.

Philanthropist: someone who is generous and desires to promote goodness

Sym: altruism, humanitarianism

Front 132

Plastic

Back 132

: able to be molded, altered or bent

e.g.) The new material very plastic and could be formed into products of vastly different shapes.

Sym: adaptable, ductile, malleable, pliant

Front 133

Rarefy

Back 133

: 희박하게하다, 순회하다

to make thinner or sparser

e.g.) Since the atmosphere rarefies as altitudes increase, the air at the top of very tall mountains is too thin to breathe.

Sym: attenuate, thin

Front 134

satiate

Back 134

: to satisfy fully or overindulge

e.g.) His desire for power was so great that nothing less than complete control of the country could satiate it.

Sate: to fully satisfy or overindulge

Insatiable: incapable of being satisfied

Sym: cloy, glut, gorge, surfeit

Front 135

torpor

Back 135

: extreme mental and physical sluggishness

e.g.) After surgery, the patient experienced torpor until the anesthesias wore off.

Torpid: sluggish, lacking movement

Sym: apathy languor

Front 136

Metaphor

Back 136

: a figure of speech comparing two different things; a symbol

e.g.) The metaphor "a sea of troubles" suggests a lot of troubles by comparing their number to the vastness of the era.

Metaphorical: standing as a symbol for something else

Sym: analogy, comparison

Front 137

Pungent

Back 137

: Sharp and irritating to the senses

e.g.) The smoke from the burning tires was extremely pungent.

Sym: acrid, caustic, piquant, poignant, stinging

Front 138

repudiate

Back 138

거절하다, 부인하다, 이혼하다, 연을 끊다

: to reject the validity of

e.g.) The old woman's claim that she was Russian royalty was repudiated when DNA tests showed she was of no relation to them.

Sym: Deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, renounce

Front 139

Naive

Back 139

: Lacking sophistication or experience

e.g.) Having never traveled before, the hillbillies were more naive than the people they met in Beverly Hills.

Sym: artless, credulous, guileless, unaffected, simple, ingenuous

Front 140

Pedant

Back 140

:Someone who shows off learning

e.g.) the graduate instructor's tedious and excessive commentary on the subject soon gained her a reputation as a pedant.

Pedantic: making an excessive display of learning

Front 141

antagonize

Back 141

: to annoy or provoke to anger

e.g.) the child discovered that he could antagonize that the cat by pulling its tail.

Antagonistic: tending to provoke conflict

Antagonist: someone who fights another

Front 142

Disabuse

Back 142

[오해, 틀린생각등을] 바로잡아주다

: to set right; to free from error

e.g.) Galileo's observations disabused scholars of the notion that the sun revolved around the Earth.

Sym: correct, undeceive

Front 143

Eclectic

Back 143

: selecting from or made up from a variety of sources.

e.g.) Budapest's architecture is an eclectic mix of Eastern and Western styles.

Sym: broad, catholic, diverse

Front 144

Estimable

Back 144

:admirable

e.g.) Most people consider it estimable that mother Teresa spent her life helping the poor of India.

Esteem: high regard

Sym: admirable, commendable, creditable, honorable, laudable, meritorious, praiseworthy, respectable, venerate, worthy

Front 145

Imperturbable

Back 145

: 냉정한, 쉽게 동요되지 않는

not capable of being disturbed

e.g.) The counselor had so much experience dealing with distraught children that she seemed imperturbable, even when faced with the wildest tantrums.

Perturb: to disturb greatly

Sym: composed, dispassionate, impassive, serene, stoical

Front 146

Gregarious

Back 146

: outgoing, sociable

e.g.) She was so gregarious that when she found herself alone she felt quite sad.

Sym: affable, communicative, congenial, sociable

Front 147

Implacable

Back 147

:unable to be calmed down or made peaceful

e.g.) His rage at the betrayal was so great that he remained implacable for weeks.

placate: to make peaceful

Sym: inexorable, intransigent irreconcilable, relentless, remorseless, unforgiving, unrelenting

Front 148

Propitiate

Back 148

: ton conciliate; to appease (달래다, 비위맞추다)

e.g.) The management propitiated the irate union by agreeing to raise wages for its members.

Propitious: advantageous, favorable

Sym: appease, conciliate, mollify, pacify, placate

Front 149

Archaic

Back 149

:ancient, old-fashioned

e.g.) Her archaic Commodore computer could not run the latest software.

Archaism: an outdated word or phrase

Sym: ancient, bygone, fusty, outdated, prehistoric, superseded, antediluvian, dated, obsolete, outmoded, stale, vintage, antique, dowdy, old-fashioned, passe, superannuated

Front 150

Caustic

.

Back 150

:biting in wit

e.g.) Dorothy Parker gained her reputation for caustic wit from her cutting, yet clever, insults.

Sym: acerbic, biting, mordant, trenchant

Front 151

deride

Back 151

: to speak of or treat with contempt; to mock

e.g.) The awkward child was often derided by his "cooler" peers.

Derision: mockery and taunts

Derisive: in a mocking manner

Sym: gibe, jeer, mock, ridicule, scoff, sneer, taunt

Front 152

dilettante

Back 152

: someone with an amateurish and superficial interest in a topic

e.g.) Jerry's friends were such dilettantes that they seemed to have new jobs and hobbies every week.

Sym: amateur, dabbler, superficial, tyro

Front 153

Explicit

Back 153

: clearly stated or shown; forthright in expression

e.g.) The owners of the house left a list of explicit instructions detailing their house sitter's duties, including a schedule for watering the house plants.

Explicable: capable of being explained

Explicate: to give a detailed explanation

Sym: clear-cut, definitive, precise, straightforward, unequivocal

Front 154

Foment

Back 154

: to arouse or incite (촉진하다)

e.g.) the protesters tried to foment feeling against the war through their speeches and demonstrations.

Sym: agitate, impassion, inflame, instigate, kinIdle

Front 155

Inimical

Back 155

: hostile, unfriendly

e.g.) Even though a cease-fire had been in place for months, the two sides were still inimical to each other.

Sym: adverse, antagonistic, dissident, recalcitrant

Front 156

Misanthrope

Back 156

: a person who dislikes others

e.g.) The character Scrooge in A Christmas Carol is such a misanthrope that even the sight of children singing makes him angry.

Sym: curmudgeon, recluse

Front 157

Pristine

Back 157

: fresh and clean; uncorrupted

e.g.) Since concerted measures had been taken to prevent looting, the archeological site was still pristine when researchers arrived.

Sym: innocent, undamaged

Front 158

Rhetoric

Back 158

: effective writing or speaking

e.g.) Lincoln's talent for rhetoric was evident in his beautifully expressed Gettysburg Address.

Sym: Eloquence, oratory

Front 159

Arbitrate

Back 159

: to judge a dispute between two opposing parties (중재하다)

e.g.) Since the could could not come to an agreement, a judge was forced to arbitrate their divorce proceedings.

Arbitration: a process by which a conflict is resolved

Arbitrator: a judge

Sym: adjudge, adjudicate, decide, determine, judge, moderate, referee, rule

Front 160

Austere

Back 160

: severe or stern in appearance; undecorated

e.g.) The lack of decoration makes Zen temples seem austere to the untrained eye.

Austerity: severity, especially poverty

Sym: bleak, dour, grim, hard, harsh, severe

Front 161

Catalyst

Back 161

:something that bring about a change in something else (촉진제)

e.g.) The imposition of harsh taxes was the catalyst that finally brought on the revolution.

Catalyze: to bring about a change in something else

Front 162

Dissemble

Back 162

: To present a false appearance; to disguise one's real intentions or character.

e.g.) The villain could dissemble to the police no longer- he admitted the deed and tore up the floor to reveal the body of the old man.

Sym: act, affect, assume, cloak, cover up, fake, masquerade, put on, affect, counterfeit, disguise, feign, pose, sham, assume, camouflage, dissimulate, mask, pretend, simulate

Front 163

Euphemism

Back 163

:use of an inoffensive word or phrase in place of a more distasteful one.

e.g.) The funeral director preferred to use the euphemism "sleeping" instead of the world "dead."

Sym: circumlocution, whitewash

Front 164

Proliferate

Back 164

: to increase in number quickly

e.g.) Although he only kept two guinea pigs initially, they proliferated to such an extent that he soon had dozens.

Prolific: very productive or highly to produce rapidly.

Sym: breed, multiply, procreate, propagate, reproduce spawn

Front 165

Candid

Back 165

: impartial and honest in speech

e.g.) The observations of a child can be charming since they are candid and unpretentious.

Sym: direct forthright, frank, honest, open, sincere straight, straightforward, undisguised

Front 166

desultory

Back 166

: jumping from one thing to another; disconnected (산만한, 일관성없는)

e.g.) Diane had a desultory academic record; she had changed majors twelve times in three years.

Sym: aimless, haphazard, purposeless, unconsidered, disconnected, indiscriminate, random, unplanned, erratic, objectless, stray

Front 167

Frugality

Back 167

: a tendency to be thrifty or cheap

e.g.) Scrooge McDuck's frugality was so great that he accumulated enough wealth to fill a giant storehouse with money.

Sym: economical, parsimony, prudence, sparing, scrimping, thrift

Front 168

Chaos

Back 168

:great disorder or confusion

e.g.) In most religious traditions, god created an ordered universe from chaos.

Chaotic: jumbled, confused

Sym: clutter, confusion, disarrangement, disarray, disorder, disorderliness, disorganisation, jumble, scramble, turmoil, mess, snarl, muddle, topsy-turviness

Front 169

chicanery

Back 169

: deception by means of craft or guile (발뺌, 속임수)

e.g.) Dishonest used car salespeople often use chicanery to sell their beat-up old cars.

Sym: artifice, conniving, craftiness, deception, deviousness, misrepresentation, pettifoggery shadiness, sneakiness, sophistry, subterfuge, underhandedness

Front 170

Credulous

Back 170

: too trusting; gullible

e.g.) Although some four-year-olds believe in the Easter Bunny, only the most credulous nine-year-olds still believe in him.

Credulity: the quality of being credulous

Sym: naive susceptible, trusting

Front 171

Irascible

Back 171

: easily made angry

e.g.) Attila the Hun's irascible and violent nature made all who dealt with him fear for their lives.

Irate: angry

Sym: cantankerous, irritable, ornery, testy

Front 172

Veracity

Back 172

: truthfulness; accuracy

e.g.) She had a reputation for veracity, so everyone trusted her description of events.

Verity: truth

Veracious: filled with truth accuracy

Sym: Candor, exactitude, fidelity, probity

Front 173

Vacillate

Back 173

: to sway physically, to be indecisive

e.g.) The customer held up the line as he vacillated between ordering chocolate chip or rocky road ice cream.

Sym: dither, falter, fluctuate, oscillate, waver

Front 174

Tirade

Back 174

: long, harsh speech or verbal attack

e.g.) Observer were shocked at manager's tirade over such a minor mistake.

Sym: diatribe fulmination, harangue, obloquy,

revilement, vilification

Front 175

Tacit

Back 175

: done without using words

e.g.) Although not a word had been said, everyone in the room knew that a tacit agreement had been made about which course of action to take.

Taciturn: silent, not talkative

Sym: implicit, implied, undeclared, unsaid, unuttered

Front 176

Sublime

Back 176

:lofty or grand ( 장엄한, 최고의)

e.g.) The music was so sublime that it transformed the rude surroundings into a special place.

Sublimate: to elevate or convert into something of higher worth.

Subliminal: existing outside conscious awareness.

Sym: august, exalted, glorious, grand, magnificent, majestic, noble, regal, resplendent, superb

Front 177

specious

Back 177

: deceptively attractive; seemingly plausible but fallacious

e.g.) the student's specious excuse for being late sounded legitimate, but was proved otherwise when his teacher called his home.

Sym: illusory, ostensible, plausible, spurious, sophistical

Front 178

Opaque

Back 178

: impossible to see through; preventing the passage of light.

e.g.) the heavy buildup of dirt and grime on the window almost made them opaque.

Opacity: The quality of being obscure and indecipherable

Sym: obscure

Front 179

Obstinate

Back 179

: stubborn, unyielding

e.g.) The obstinate child could not be made to eat any food that he disliked.

Sym: intransigent, mulish, persistent, pertinacious, stubborn, tenacious

Front 180

Innocuous

Back 180

: harmless

e.g.) Some snakes are poisonous, but most species are innocuous and pose no danger to humans.

Sym: begin, harmless, inoffensive