Grammar Packet

Front 1

Present Active Participle

Back 1

2ndpp - re+ -ns, -ntis

ING

Front 2

Perfect Passive Participle (PPP)

Back 2

4thpp - um + us, a, um

HAVING BEEN

Front 3

Future Active Participle

Back 3

4thpp - um + urus, a, um

ABOUT TO

Front 4

Future Passive Participle

Back 4

4thpp - um + ndus, nda, ndum

ABOUT TO BE

Front 5

participles are what type of word

Back 5

adjective

Front 6

How is the Present Active participle declined?

Back 6

Like the 3rd conjugation, but is i-stem in the plural (amantum -> amantium)

Front 7

How do particlples have to agree?

Back 7

In gender, number, and case

Front 8

Present Active Infinitive

Back 8

2ndpp

Front 9

Present Passive Infinitive

Back 9

1st, 2nd and 4th = 2ndpp - e + i
3rd and 3rd io = 2ndpp - ere + i

Front 10

Perfect Active Infinitive

Back 10

3rdpp - i + isse

Front 11

Perfect Passive Infinitive

Back 11

4thpp - um + us + esse

Front 12

Future Active Infinitive

Back 12

4thpp - us + urus + esse

Front 13

How can an Ablative Absolute be translated?

Back 13

when, since, although, after

Front 14

What makes an Ablative Absolute?

Back 14

a noun or a pronoun plus a participle in the Ablative case

Front 15

Ablative Absolute with Perfect Passive Participle

Back 15

oppido capto, with the town having been captured

Front 16

What is the difference in translation betweeen Oppido capto, Caesar vicit and Oppido capto, Caesar vincit?

Back 16

If the main verb is present then the Ablative Absolute can be translated as anything before the present. If the main verb is imperfect then it can be translated as Perfect or Pluperfect. If the main verb is perfect it can only be translated as pluperfect. So:

When the town had been captured, Caesar overcame.

When the town was captured, Caesar overcame.

Front 17

What is the most important thing to remember in respect to timing and Ablative Absolutes?

Back 17

Participles never express exact time, because TIME IS RELATIVE

Front 18

Ablative Absolute with the Present Active Participle

Back 18

with _____ ____ing
omnibus clamantibus
with everyone shouting

when/since/after everyone is/was/had been shouting

Front 19

Time Relation of Ablative Absolutes

Back 19

PPP = Participle happens BEFORE (PAST) main verb

Present Active Participle = participle happens at the same time (PRESENT) as main verb

Noun + Noun or Noun + Adjective (no participle) = same time

Front 20

What is the difference in translation between
Hostibus venientibus, terrentur.
Hostibus venientibus, terrebantur.
and Hostibus venientibus, territi sunt?

Back 20

Since the enemies are coming, they are scared.
Since the enemies were coming, they were scared.
When the enemies had come they had been scared.

Front 21

Ablative Absolute with Two Nouns

Back 21

Caesare duce
When caesar is the leader

Front 22

When does the perfect active participle occur?

Back 22

deponent verbs

Front 23

what's the first word to use with an Ablative Absolute

Back 23

WITH

Front 24

What are the steps for identifying/making indirect statements?

Back 24

1. Caput Verb
2. "THAT"
3. accusative subject
4. verb in the infinitive

Front 25

What types of verbs are accompanied by an Indirect Statement?

Back 25

saying, thinking, knowing, percieving

Front 26

What is important about the tense (time) of the infinitive?

Back 26

Present Infinitive = SAME time as main verb
Perfect Infinitive = BEFORE main verb
Future Infinitive = AFTER main verb

Front 27

What is the sequence of tenses chart?

Back 27

Look at packet.

Front 28

Which two types of clauses use ony the first column of the sequence of tenses chart?

Back 28

Purpose and Result Clauses

Front 29

What is the rule of thumb phrase for the Present Subjunctive?

Back 29

frEd EAts A chIA chIA
1st 2nd 3rd 3io 4th

Front 30

How do you conjugate sum in the present subjunctive?

Back 30

sim simus
sis sitis
sit sint

Front 31

Imperfect Subjunctive

Back 31

2ndpp + endings

eg portarem (active), portarer (passive)

Front 32

Perfect Subjunctive

Back 32

3rdpp-re+erim, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint

(future perfect except I's stay)

Front 33

Perfect Passive Subjunctive

Back 33

4thpp + sim sis sit simus sitis sint (present subjunctive of sum)

Front 34

Pluperfect Subjunctive

Back 34

3rdpp + isse + endings

Front 35

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive

Back 35

4thpp + essem esses esset essemus essetis essent (imperfect subjunctive of sum)

Front 36

Hortatory Subjunctive

Back 36

Only form of subjunctive as main verb, most are in subordinate clauses.

LET!
negative = NE

ONLY IN PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (FRED EATS A CHIA CHIA)

Front 37

Optative

Back 37

expresses a wish, usually in 2nd person

hint: UTINAM

Front 38

Purpose (UT)

Back 38

in order to

only uses first column of sequence of tenses, so if Main Verb is Present+, Subjunctive is Present. If Main Verb is Imperfect-, then subjunctive is in the Imperfect

Front 39

Purpose (Relative)

Back 39

same as UT except a relative pronoun is used instead of UT. In other words...

Relative Pronoun + Present/Imperfect Subjunctive = IN ORDER TO

Front 40

Result

Back 40

...SO/SUCH with the result THAT
UT + SO word
only first column of SOT chart used (only Present and Imperfect Subjunctive)

SO word + ut/ut non + subjunctive
SO word + rel. pronoun/rel. pronoun + non + subjunctive

(relative pronoun can act as UT)

Front 41

What words are used to translate Cum Clauses?

Back 41

when (indicative)
since (subjunctive)
although (ONLY with TAMEN)

Front 42

Cum Temporal

Back 42

cum = when
establishes time when main verb took place
uses NO SUBJUNCTIVE
Cum Caesar in Galliam venit...
When Caesar came into Gaul...

Front 43

Cum primum

Back 43

when first, as soon as
perfect indicative (translates as had)
Cum primum in urbem pervenit...
As soon as he had arrived in the city

Front 44

Temporal (Postquam)

Back 44

Indicative Perfect, translates pluperfect

Front 45

Cum Circumstantial

Back 45

cum = when
establishes circumstances under which the action of the main verb takes place

if happened in PAST, use SUBJUNCTIVE
if happened in PRESENT+, use INDICATIVE

Front 46

Cum Causal

Back 46

cum=since
verb in clause is in subjunctive following sequence of tenses

Cum tu non addesses, pecuniam Marco dedi.

Since you were not there, I gave the money to Marco.

dedi = main verb = perfect = secondary sequence
subjunctive = same time = imperfect

Front 47

Cum Concessive

Back 47

cum=although
tamen in main clause
Although...nevertheless

Front 48

When does the subject go before the cum in the Cum clause?

Back 48

When the subject of the main verb and the Cum Clause are the same.

Front 49

When is cum translated as when?

Back 49

When BOTH verbs are in the indicative

Front 50

What are the steps of an Indirect Question?

Back 50

1. Main verb (usually a caput verb)
2. Question word
3. Subjunctive

Front 51

How are Indirecct Questions translated?

Back 51

Rogat quid faciamus. - He asks what we are doing.
Rogat quid fecerimus. - He asks what we have done.
Rogavit quid faceremus. - He asked what we were doing.
Rogavit quid fecissemus. - He asked what we had done.

Front 52

Conditional Statements

Back 52

IF_____THEN_______ = Si _____ [then] ____

negative = nisi

Front 53

Factual

Back 53

only uses primary sequence indicative verbs (present, future, and fut. perf, with no subjunctives)

FUTURE FUTURE TRANSLATES AS PRESENT FUTURE
so...
Si eris bona, laeta eris.
If you are good, you will be happy.

Front 54

Should/Would

Back 54

present subjunctive in both verbs

Si Caesar veniat, laeti simus.
If Caesar should come we would be happy.

Front 55

Present Contrary to Fact

Back 55

imperfect subjunctive in both verbs

Si essem tu erim...
If I were you

Front 56

Perfect (Past) Contrary to Fact

Back 56

pluperfect subjunctive in both verbs

Si non interfectus esset, vidisset...
If he had not been killed, he would have seen...

Front 57

How are gerunds translated?

Back 57

-ing NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH Present Active Participle

participle = adjective
gerund = noun

Front 58

How are gerunds made?

Back 58

Nom: 2ndpp amare
Gen: 2ndpp - re + ndi amandi
Dat: 2ndpp - re + ndo amando
Acc: 2ndpp - re + ndum amandum
Abl: 2ndpp - re + ndo amando

Front 59

Gerunds of Purpose

Back 59

ad + gerund = gerund is accusative
gerund + causa = genitive*
gerund + gratia = genitive *

*translated as 'for the sake of'

Front 60

How are gerundives made?

Back 60

2ndpp-re + ndus, a, um

Front 61

Gerundive of Necessity

Back 61

Gerundive + "to be" = MUST

1. noun/pronoun in nominative
2. form of sum
3. gerundive agreeing with noun in nominative
4. 'do-er' in the dative

Carthago delenda est Romanis
The Romans must destroy Carthage.

Carthago = nominative, f
delenda = nominative, f
est = agrees with Carthago
Romanis = dative, do-er

Front 62

What is the difference in translation between the following:

Carthago delenda est Romanis.
Carthago delenda fuit Romanis.
Carthago delenda erit Romanis.

Back 62

The Romans must destroy Carthage.
The Romans had to destroy Carthage.
The Romans will have to destroy Carthage.