Grammar Class

Front 1

GRAMMAR

Back 1

how language manipulates/combines words or bits of words in order to form longer units of meaning

Front 2

PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Back 2

--grammar that specifies what is correct and not correct.
--rule driven
--prescribe how language should be used

Front 3

DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Back 3

--avoids judgements about correct grammar, instead describing and explaining language is actually used by people

Front 4

TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

Back 4

--see language as psychological process
--describe language as mental rules we follow to be understood

Front 5

SYSTEMATIC-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

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--emphasize social nature of langauge
want to show how language is reflected in communication and functions of language

Front 6

THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO GRAMMAR

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focus on 8 word classes of English, and roles of each

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7 TYPES OF CLAUSES:

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1. S + V
2. S + V + O
3. S + V + Complement
4. S + V + Adverbial
5. S + V + IO + DO
6. S + V + O + Completent
7. S + V + O + Adverbial

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PROBLEMS WITH OUR GRAMMAR SYSTEM

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we inherited grammar forms/rules/etc from Latin and Greek which dont carry over to English

Front 9

ENGLISH WORDS HAVE:
FORM, FUNCTION, AND USAGE

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makes it challenging to teach all aspects of English without confusing others.

Front 10

NOAM CHOMSKY

Back 10

--famous linguistic
--develped transformational-generative grammar

Front 11

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Back 11

--reject separation of form and function like chomsky proposes
--instead they try to see how form, function, and meaning are interrelated.

Front 12

LARSON-FREEMAN

Back 12

--functional grammarian
--why do we choose the sentences we do when other types answer the same question?

Front 13

LARSON-FREEMAN

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--why do we put the indirect object before the direct object, when both ways convey same meaning?

Front 14

PASSIVE VOICE VS ACTIVE VOICE

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--shifts attention from event to person.
weak case vs strong case

Front 15

DEFINITE ARTICLE VS INDEFINITE ARTICLE

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the vs a
use of definite "the" specifies exactly who/what we are speaking about
indefinite "a" is general and can be subtle putdown

Front 16

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARIANS BELIEVE FIRST ELEMENT IN SENTENCE

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---is the THEME

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YOU MUST REMEMBER THAT IN AUTHENTIC LANGUAGE

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speakers and writers don not always make the most appropriate choices.

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TENSES----

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--communicative choices

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GOING TO-

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--future form
--planned future action

Front 20

WILL

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--future form
--unplanned future action

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Meaning of sentence changes when:

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--if main info is placed in main clause or subordinate clause
--use of negative or positive tag questions to show speakers attitude
--intonation of speaker's voice

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GRAMMAR SEEN AS A RESOURCE THAT :

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--makes choices about word choice
--intonation
--active vs passive voice
--positive/negative tag questions

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CELCE-MURICA, OLSHTAIN

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--if s advanced and sophisticated, show them ex of will and going to and see if they can figure out when to use each.
discovery approach to learning

Front 24

HISTORICALLY-
GRAMMAR TAUGHT AND STUDIED BY

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looking at written work and applying it to spoken word.

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CURRENTLY, SPOKEN GRAMMAR STUDIED SINGULARLY AND FOUND TO:

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--be differnet than written grammar, with different rules and regularities.

Front 26

SPOKEN LANGUAGE VS WRITTEN LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES:

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SPOKEN:
has more clauses
not as dense
more grammatically complex
WRITTEN:
fewer clauses
shorter, dense with information

Front 27

WHY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN?

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WRITTEN:
--convey info thru time/space
--needs to be self-contained, without context to explain its meaning
--action (signs)
information (books)
--entertainment (comics)


SPOKEN:

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GENRE

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--differnent types of literature/media

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SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARIANS BELIEVE:

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--all spoken/written language fallls into specific genre that cna be analyized in terms of grammatical items commonly used in them
--hammond, derewianka

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EXAMPLES OF LANGUAGE GENRE:

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1. count
2. narrative
3. procedure
4. information report
5. explanation
6. exposition
7. discussion

Front 31

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Back 31

--reject separation of form and function like chomsky proposes
--instead they try to see how form, function, and meaning are interrelated.

Front 32

LARSON-FREEMAN

Back 32

--functional grammarian
--why do we choose the sentences we do when other types answer the same question?

Front 33

LARSON-FREEMAN

Back 33

--why do we put the indirect object before the direct object, when both ways convey same meaning?

Front 34

PASSIVE VOICE VS ACTIVE VOICE

Back 34

--shifts attention from event to person.
weak case vs strong case

Front 35

DEFINITE ARTICLE VS INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Back 35

the vs a
use of definite "the" specifies exactly who/what we are speaking about
indefinite "a" is general and can be subtle putdown

Front 36

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARIANS BELIEVE FIRST ELEMENT IN SENTENCE

Back 36

---is the THEME

Front 37

YOU MUST REMEMBER THAT IN AUTHENTIC LANGUAGE

Back 37

speakers and writers don not always make the most appropriate choices.

Front 38

TENSES----

Back 38

--communicative choices

Front 39

GOING TO-

Back 39

--future form
--planned future action

Front 40

WILL

Back 40

--future form
--unplanned future action