Grammar

Front 1

antecedent

Back 1

any thing that precedes another thing, especially the cause of the second thing

ex: one's ancestors

Front 2

reciprocal prounoun

Back 2

refers to an antecedent in the plural, and expressing a mutual relation

ex: each other and one another

Front 3

reflexive pronoun

Back 3

A personal pronoun, having a form of "self" as a suffix to show that the subject's action affects the subject

ex: itself

Front 4

relative pronoun

Back 4

refers to an antecedent.

ex: what, which, who, whom, and whose.

Front 5

demonstrative pronoun

Back 5

a pronoun which replaces a noun whose identity can be understood from the context; it indicates whether the noun is singular or plural, and whether it is near or far from the speaker or writer

Note: In the English language they are the same as the demonstrative adjectives - this, that, these and those

Front 6

indefinite pronoun

Back 6

refers to one or more unspecified beings, objects, or places
ex: all, anyone, few, much, most

Front 7

intensive pronoun

Back 7

Intensive pronouns come directly after their antecedent.

For instance: I myself believe in U.F.O.

Front 8

participle

Back 8

a non-finite verb

can be present or past

ex: talking, talked

Front 9

participial phrase

Back 9

modifies a noun or a pronoun

It may contain a direct object and an adverb that modifies the participle.

ex:Sitting in his office, he rereads the instructions. ("Sitting in his office" is the _____.)
Thomas Edison, experimenting with different materials in his laboratory, eventually improved the light bulb. ("Experimenting with different materials in his laboratory" is the _____.)

Front 10

prepositional phrase

Back 10

begin with a ______ and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

Front 11

appositive phrase

Back 11

a noun or pronoun -- often with modifiers -- set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it

Your friend BILL is in trouble.

A BEAUTIFUL COLLIE, Skip was my favorite dog.

John Kennedy THE POPULAR U.S. PRESIDENT was quite different from John Kennedy THE UNFAITHFUL HUSBAND.

Front 12

present perfect tense

Back 12

to express action that has been completed with respect to the present.

(The word ____ in its name refers to the idea of completion.)

I have finished.

The man has seen the car.

Front 13

past perfect tense (pluperfect)

Back 13

used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action

In the sentence "The blind man, who knew that he had risen, motioned him to sit down again"
"he had risen" is an example of the _____ tense.
It refers to an event (someone rises from his seat), which takes place before another event (the blind man notices the fact that the other has risen).
Because that second event (the blind man's taking notice) is itself a past event and the past tense is used to refer to it ("the blind man knew"), the _____ is needed to make it clear that the first event (someone rises) has taken place even earlier in the past.

Front 14

future perfect tense

Back 14

used to describe an event that has not yet happened but which is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence.

subject + shall or will have + past participle of verb

"I shall have gone to the store by the time you come."

Front 15

active verb

Back 15

The subject of an active sentence performs the action of the verb: "I throw the ball."

Front 16

passive verb

Back 16

The subject of a passive sentence is still the main character of the sentence, but something else performs the action: "The ball is thrown by me."

Front 17

infinitive

Back 17

to + verb

Front 18

complex sentence

Back 18

a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (which can also be called subordinate clause)

The cat lived in the backyard, but the dog, who knew he was superior, lived inside the house.

Independent clauses: The cat lived in the backyard. The dog lived inside the house.

Dependent clause: who knew he was superior

Front 19

compound sentence

Back 19

composed of at least two independent clauses (does not require a dependent clause)

The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a conjunction. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses in a sentence is accepted as part of the English language.

Example: My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go.

Front 20

compound-complex sentence

Back 20

a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (which can also be called subordinate clause)

Front 21

modifier

Back 21

a word or sentence element that limits or qualifies another word, a phrase, or a clause

There are two kinds:

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Front 22

dangling modifier

Back 22

a word or clause that modifies another word or clause ambiguously, possibly causing confusion with regard to the speaker's intended meaning