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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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water freezes inside cracks in a rock, and expands - making the crack larger |
ICE WEDGING
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break down of rocks/minerls into new substances
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CHEMICAL WEATHERING
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acid rain, oxidation, lichens
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AGENTS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING
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oxidation of iron
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RUST
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rocks and sediments grinding against each other
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ABRASION
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wind blown sand wearing away rocks; rocks broken as they roll down hill, rocks wearing down as they move in water
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EXAMPLES OF ABRASION
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physically breaking down of rocks/minerals (abrasion, erosion)
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MECHANICAL WEATHERING
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how do plants erode rocks?
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WITH THEIR ROOTS
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weak acids in rainwater break down limestone which help form_____
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CAVES OR CAVERNS
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when does mechanical weathering of a rock occur most quickly?
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WHEN IT IS ROLLING DOWN A SLOPE
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sediment/material that has been moved from one place to another
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DEPOSITION
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how do lichens erode rocks?
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PRODUCING ACIDS
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how does keeping crops on land year round effect soil erosion?
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IT REDUCES IT
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what can acid rain harm?
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PLANTS, ANIMALS, ROCKS, AND STATUES
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what causes dust storms?
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WIND EROSION, DROUGHT, LACK OF PLANTS
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forces of nature moving sediment from one place to another
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EROSION
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peeling of rock into layers due to weathering
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FOLIATION
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erosion caused by a living organism (worm burrowing into a rock)
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BIOEROSION
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Earthquake, forest fire, tsunami, hurricane, tornado
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CATASTROPHIC NATURAL EVENTS
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eruption of a volcano is caused by
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EARTH'S INTENSE HEAT AND PRESSURE
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most influential force in erosion
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WATER
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7th Grade Science
Weathering and Erosion |
STUDY STUDY STUDY
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WAVELENGTH
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distance between any two adjacent crests or compressions
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COMPRESSION
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part of longitudinal wave where particles are crowded together
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REFRACTION
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wave bends when passed, at an angle, from one medium to another
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WAVE SPEED
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the speed a wave travels
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REFLECTION
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wave bounces back after hitting a barrier
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MECHANICAL WAVES
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waves that require a medium
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DIFFRACTION
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waves bend around a barrier or through an opening
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RAREFACTION
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part of a longitudinal wave where particles are far apart
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
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waves that do not require a medium
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TRANSVERSE WAVES
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waves where particles vibrate in and up-and-down motion
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SURFACE WAVES
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waves that occur at the boundary between two media
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CREST
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highest point of a transverse wave
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TROUGH
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lowest point of a transverse wave
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AMPLITUDE
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maximum distance particles of a medium vibrate, from the at rest position
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FREQUENCY
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number of waves made in a given amount of time
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MEDIUM
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substance through which a wave can travel
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WAVE
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any disturbance that transmits energy
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LONGITUDINAL WAVE
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particles vibrate back and forth along the wave path
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INTERFERANCE
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two or more waves overlapping
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Skeletal and Integumentary
Systems Test |
study, study, study!!
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The Skeletal and Muscular systems work together to do what?
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provide a structural framework for movement
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How many bones does an average human adult have?
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208
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The lungs and heart are protected by which bones?
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ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
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Which bones make up the forearm?
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radius and ulna
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What part of the bone provides most of its strength?
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spongey bone
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Where are red blood cells made?
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in bone marrow
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Skull Sutures are what type of joint?
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immoveable
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The place where two bones meet
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a joint
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contains blood vessels that provide nourishment for bones
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periosteum
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what allows you to feel the sensation of touch on your skin?
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your skin has nerve endings in it
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Your shoulder is an example of what type of joint?
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ball and socket
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your elbow is an example of what type of joint?
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hinge joint
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your wrist is an example of what type of joint?
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sliding joint
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Provides a cushion between bones where they meet
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cartilage
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Attaches bone to bone
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Ligaments
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Ataches bone to muscle
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Tendons
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The outer layer of skin
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epidermis
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The thicker, deep layer of skin
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dermis
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Parts of the Integumentary System
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skin, hair, and nails
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The largest organ in the body
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skin
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POLLINATION
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happens before fertilization
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MALE PARTS OF FLOWER
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anther and filament
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STAMEN
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collective name for male parts of the flower
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OVULES
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female sex cells in a flower
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SEED
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what the embryo turns into after cell division (mitosis)
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FEMALE FLOWER PARTS
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stigma, style, ovary and ovule
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PISTIL
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collective name for female parts of the flower
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EGG
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female sex cell in animals
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SPERM
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male sex cell in animals
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STIGMA
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male sex cell travels from the stigma to the pollen tuble
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GAMETES
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another name for sex cells
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MITOSIS
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4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophases
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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requires only one parent
offspring are clones of parent over crowding no fusion of sex cells |
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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genetic information from TWO parents combined
depends on pollination genetic variety |
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FERTILIZATION
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fusion of female and male sex cells/gametes
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AGENTS OF POLLINATION
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wind and insects
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INTERPHASE
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the stage in the cell cycle/mitosis where a cells spends most of its time
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NUCLEOLUS
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dark round structure inside the nucleus
produces ribosomes |
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RIBOSOMES
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very small organelles
site of protien synthesis |
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MITOCHONDRIA
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site of cellular respiration
where energy is released cell's "power plant" |
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GOLGI BODY
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flat stack of tubes that "packages" protiens and lipids
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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system of tubes involved in transporting protiens
"highway, UPS" |
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NUCLEUS
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controls the cell's function
contains chromosomes/DNA "Brain" |
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CENTROSOME
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contains Centrioles
involved in mitosis |
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7th grade
Skeletal System Test |
Study Hard!
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THE TWO SYSTEMS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURE AND FRAME FOR MOVEMENT
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the skeletal and muscular system
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WHAT IS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM MADE OF?
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bones, cartilage and connective tissue
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BABIES ARE BORN WITH HOW MANY BONES?
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about 300
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HOW MANY BONES DOES AN ADULT HUMAN HAVE?
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206
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WHAT BONES PROTECT THE LUNDS AND HEART?
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the ribs, sternum and vertebral column
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WHAT IS MADE IN THE BONES?
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red and white blood cells, and platelets.
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WHAT IS STORED IN BONES?
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calcium
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WHAT DOES THE AXIAL SKELETON PROTECT?
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brain, heart, lungs
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WHAT DOES THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON DO?
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provides structure for limbs (arms and legs)
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ANOTHER NAME FOR THE BREAT BONE
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sternum
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WHAT BONES MAKE UP THE FOREARM?
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radius and ulna
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ANOTHER NAME FOR THE SKULL
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cranium
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PATELLA
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knee cap
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WHAT DOES THE PERIOSTEUM CONTAIN?
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blood vessels that provide nourishment for bones and nerves
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WHAT TYPE OF BONE PROVIDES MOST OF THE STRENGTH OF A BONE?
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compact bone
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WHAT IS STORED IN YELLOW BONE MARROW?
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fats
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SUTURES ARE AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF JOINT?
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immoveable
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THE PLACE WHERE TWO BONES MEET
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joint
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THE KNEE IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF JOINT?
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hinge joint
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THE SHOULDER IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF JOINT?
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ball-and-socket
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THE WRIST IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF JOINT?
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sliding joint
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PROVIDES A CUSHION FOR JOINTS
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cartilage
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LIGAMENTS
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connect bone to bone
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TENDONS
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connect bone to muscle
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Precipitation
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Rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls from the clouds to the earth's surface //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/8/4/13248562_m.jpg
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Water shed
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the region of land drained by a river system //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/8/4/13248663_m.jpg
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condensation
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the change of state from a gas to a liquid //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/8/4/13248954_m.jpg
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surface water
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watter collected on the ground: stream, lake, river, wetland or ocean //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/8/4/13248972_m.jpg
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transpiration
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thr process by which green plants give off water vapor through their leaves //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249119_m.jpg
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transpiration
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thr process by which green plants give off water vapor through their leaves //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249159_m.jpg
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transpiration
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thr process by which green plants give off water vapor through their leaves //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249199_m.jpg
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ground water
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water beneath the earth's surface //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249201_m.jpg
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evaporation
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vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid, below the liquid's boiling point //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249217_m.jpg
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heat energy
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transfer of energy between objects at different temperatures //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249263_m.jpg
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porosity
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the amunt of space between the particles that make up a rock //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249267_m.jpg
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permeability
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the ability to let water pass through it //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249288_m.jpg
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recharge zone
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ground surface where water enters an aquifer //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249298_m.jpg
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aquifer
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a rock layer that stores ground water and allows it to flow //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249304_m.jpg
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water table
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an undergrounf boundary where the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation meet //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249310_m.jpg
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bed load
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large materials such as pebbles and boulders that are carried along by a stream or river //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249340_m.jpg
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dissolved load
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materials such as salt and calcium that are carried by streams in a solution //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249341_m.jpg
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suspended load
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small rocks and soil carried by a stream //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249342_m.jpg
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thermometer
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measures temperature //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249343_m.jpg
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stopwatch
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measures time //fce-study.netdna-ssl.com/images/upload-flashcards/back/9/4/13249354_m.jpg
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THE PART OF THE EARTH THAT IS LIQUID
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outer core
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THE PART OF THE EARTH ON WHICH TECTONIC PLATES ARE ABLE TO MOVE
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asthenosphere
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THE ANCIENCT CONTINTENT THAT CONTAINED ALL LAND MASSES
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pangea
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THE TYPE OF TECTONIC PLATE THAT CAN HAVE A SUBDUCTION ZONE
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convergent
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THE PHYSICAL LAYERS OF EARTH ARE DETECTED BY______
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seismic waves
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TYPE OF TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDRY WHERE TWO PLATES COLLIDE
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convergent
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TYPE OF TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDRY WHERE MID-OCEANIC RIDGES OCCUR
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divergent
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TYPE OF TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDRY THAT FORMS CONTINENTAL MOUNTAIN RANGES
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convergent
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MAN WHO THOUGHT ALL CONTINENTS WERE ONCE JOINED INTO THE HUGE CONTINENT OF PANGEA
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Alfred Wegener
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TECTONIC PLATES
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large pieces of the lithosphere
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EARTH'S THIN, OUTERMOST LAYER
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crust
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LAYER COMPOSED OF IRON-RICH MINERALS
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mantle
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LAYER MADE OF SOLID IRON AND NICKEL
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inner core
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INNER CORE
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solid dense center of our planet
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SEISMIC WAVES
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*are vibrations caused by earthquakes
*can change speed *properties change as they travel through layers of the earth * most of what we know about the Earth comes from studying them |
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TYPE OF BOUNDRY WHERE TWO TECTONIC PLATES SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER
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transform boundry
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TYPE OF BOUNDRY WHERE TECTONIC PLATES MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER
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divergent boundry
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VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
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forms from magma that is created by sea-floor spreading
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THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
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support by -
*simiar fossils found on coasts *close fit of continental coast lines * similar rock types on different continents |
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LONGEST MOUNTAIN CHAIN THAT IS UNDER WATER
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mid-Atlantic ridge
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8th grade Plate Tectonics
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Property of GCS
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Rocket
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vehicle that uses gas escaping from burning fuel to move
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NASA
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Robert Goddard
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Father of modern rocketry
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Thrust
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the force that accelerates a rocket
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payload
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the amount of material a rocket can carry into space
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Orbital Velocity
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the speed and direction a Rocket needs to orbit the Earth
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Escape Velocity
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the speed and direction a Rocket must have to break away from Earth's gravity
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Artificial Satellite
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any man-made object put into orbit around a planet
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Sputnik I
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first man-made object to orbit the Earth; Launched by Russia
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Sputnik II
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2nd Russian satellite; carried a dog named Laika
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Explorer I
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First U.S. satellite to orbit the Earth
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low Earth Orbit
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a few 100kms above the earth's surface; where early satellites were placed
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Geosynchronous Orbit
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orbiting satellite moves at exactly the same speed as the rotational speed of Earth
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Space Probe
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vehicle that carries scientific instruments to planets or other bodies in space; Luna I (Russian) was the first
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Friendship 7
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the first NASA spacecraft to orbit the Earth, carried Astronaut John Glenn
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Apollo 11
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U.S. spacecraft that launched the Eagle
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The Eagle
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landing module that landed on the moon in 1969
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Space Shuttle
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reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket, but lands like a plane
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Salyut 1
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first manned space station, by Russia
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Skylab
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first U.S. space station
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International Space Station (ISS)
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collaboration of 14 diferent countries to conduct experiments and test new technologies in space
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Space Station
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a long-term orbitting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or research can be carried out.
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PRODUCERS
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organisms that use sunlight to make food (PLANTS)
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ENERGY PYRAMID
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represents the loss of energy along a food chain
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CONSUMER
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organism that consumes other organisms to get energy (GRASSHOPPER). Herbivores, Carnivores and Ominivores are all consumers
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DECOMPOSER
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abosrbls nutrients from dead plants or animals and returns the nutrients to the environment (BACTERIA, FUNGI)
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FOOD CHAIN
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describes teh flow of energy from one organism to another
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GLUCOSE
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food source that is produced by plants during photosynthesis
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PRIMARY CONSUMER
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consumers on the second level (just above producers) in a food chain, food web, or energy pyramid. Usually Herbivores
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SECONDARY CONSUMER
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consumers on the third level of a food chain or web. Eat other consumers, and can be eaten by other consumers. Usually carnivores or omnivores
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SUNLIGHT
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source of all energy in any food chain/web containing producers (plants)
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SYMBIOSIS
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when organisms develop close relationships with one another
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COMMENSALISM
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close relationship between 2 organisms where one benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed (a crab using a shell)
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MUTUALISM
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relationship where both organisms benefit ( birds feeding on bugs from another animal)
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PARASITISM
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relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed ( a fungus growing on, and killing a plant)
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8th Grade
Science 4th six weeks Six weeks test review |
Study hard!
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What causes moon phases?
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The revolution of the Earth around the sun.
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Length of time it takes takes the moon to orbit the Earth.
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1 month
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What can lead to more hurricanes?
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Warm water ocean currents
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What creates a colder climate in California than in Arizona?
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Cold California Current
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What is the moon phase when the lit part of the moon is getting larger?
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Waxing Phase
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How do Ocean Currents affect humans?
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by determining weather patterns, travel and trade
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Without the cold current what would happen to California's climate?
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It would become warmer.
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What happens during the Spring Tide?
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Sun, moon and the Earth are in a straight line
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What happens during the Neap tide?
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Sun, moon and the Earth are in a 90 degree angle
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Where do Warm Ocean Currents originate?
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Near the equator
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What occurs during an El Nino?
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There are periodic changes in the location of warm and cool Pacific water: they change places.
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What happens during a cold front?
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It forms over polar regions, moves quickly and rises.
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What happens during a warm front?
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It forms over tropical regions, sinks, and moves slowly.
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What is a stationary front?
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It has both cold and warm air.
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What causes the change of seasons?
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The Earth's tilt on its axis as it revolves around the sun.
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What is rotation?
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It is the spinning of the Earth on its axis.
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What is revolution?
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It is the movement of the Earth around the sun.
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Which ocean is most affected by El Nino?
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Pacific Ocean
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Why do we always see the same side of the moon?
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The moon rotates and revolves at the same rate.
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What occurs during the waxing phase of the moon?
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The lit part of the moon gets larger.
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What would happen if the Earth's axis tilt increased?
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The differences between the seasons would be greater.
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What occurs during the waning phase of the moon?
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The lit part of the moon gets smaller.
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What is the length of a lunar cycle?
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28 days or 1 month
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What is the length of the Earth's year; one revolution?
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365 days
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ACCELERATION
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rate at which velocity changes
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VELOCITY
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speed of an object in a particular direction
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SPEED OF GRAVITY
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9.8 meters per second
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GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
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Energy an object possesses because if its position where gavity can act on it.
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INERTIA
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The resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest.
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SPEED
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the rate an object moves
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Energy an object possesses because of its position.
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
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The energy of movement.
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KINETIC ENERGY
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Friction between an object trying to move and the air
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AIR RESISTANCE
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8th grade Science
Laws of Motion |
study!
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Objects MOVING remain moving; Objects NOT MOVING remain at rest until an unbalanced force acts on them
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NEWTON'S 1ST LAW
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________ increases when force increases, AND, decreases when mass increases
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ACCELLERATION
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Proved that the rate at which an object falls in not affected by the mass
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GALILEO
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For every second an objects falls toward earth (gravity) its downward velocity ________ 9.8 m/s
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INCREASES
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The size and shape of a moving object determines the amount of __________
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AIR RESISTANCE
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Mass is a measure of
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INERTIA
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Acceleration increases when Mass decreases and/or when the force acting on it increases
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NEWTON'S 2ND LAW
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Every force has an equal but opposite force
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NEWTON'S 3RD LAW
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Which of Newton's Laws is also called the Inertia Law?
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NEWTON'S 1ST LAW
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Philosopher that said,
"the rate at which an object falls depends on its mass" |
ARISTOTLE
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The formula associated with Newton's 2nd Law
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F = MASS X ACCELERATION
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Resistance of an object to change its state of motion
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INERTIA
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8th grade 2nd six weeks
6 weeks test |
study hard!!!
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example of an ENDOTHERMIC reaction
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baking a cake
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on a distance/time graph, what represents no movement?
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a flat line
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substances listed after the arrow in a chemical reaction
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products
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substances listed before the arrow in a chemical reaction
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reactants
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solid that forms in a solution during a chemical reaction
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precipitate
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when electricity is used to break apart water molecules - what shows that a chemical reaction is taking place?
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gas bubbles are formed
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what two properties are needed to show motion of an object on a line graph?
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distance and time
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on a distance/time graph an exact diagonal line represents ________
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constant speed
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an object that travels 20 meters in 10 seconds, has an average speed of ______
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2 meters per second
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Examples of chemical change
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meat spoiling and changing color; formation of gas bubbles
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movement only occurs when________
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force in one direction is greater than the force in another (unbalanced forces)
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a balanced chemical equation demonstrates the __________
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law of conservation of mass
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the law of conservation of mass says:
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matter can be neither created nor destroyed in a normal chemical reaction
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what is required to change the direction of a moving object?
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an unbalanced net force on the object
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a balanced chemical equation has________
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the same number of atoms in the reactants as in the products
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in a chemical formula, a _______ indicates how many molecules of a compound are present
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coefficient
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in a chemical formula, a ______ indicates how many atoms of an element are present
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subscript
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physical changes during the digestive process
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change in shape of food as it is chewed
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chemical changes in the digestive process
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reactions of saliva, stomach acid, bile and pancreatic juices with food
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a change in position
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motion
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existing electron bonds breat and reattach to other atoms
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a chemical reaction
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8th Grade Science
1st six weeks 6 weeks test |
study hard!
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tool that measures the mass needed to PULL and object
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SPRING SCALE (a force is a "push or pull" - spring scales measure force)
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tool that measures the volume of irregularly shaped objects
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GRADUATED CYLINDER
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a representation of an object
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MODEL
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particles located inside the nucleus of an atom, and have no charge
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NEUTRONS
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particles located outside the nucleus and have a negative charge
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ELECTRONS
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number of protons in an atom ( also the number of electrons)
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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small particle of matter named by Democritus
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ATOM
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protons + neutrons =
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ATOMIC MASS
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element that is liquid at room temperature
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MERCURY AND BROMINE
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within each square on a periodic table, where is the atomic number located?
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AT THE TOP, ABOVE THE SYMBOL
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within each square on the periodic table, where is the atomic mass located?
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AT THE BOTTOM, BELOW THE NAME
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how are elements in the periodic table arranged?
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FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, TOP TO BOTTOM, BY INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBERS
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rows on the periodic table
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PERIODS
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columns on the periodic table
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GROUPS OR FAMILIES
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elements on the right side of the periodic table
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METALS
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elements on the left side of the table
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NON-METALS
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elements next to the zig-zag line
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METALLOIDS
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what type of elements easily conduct electricity, are malleable and ductile
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METALS
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another name for Group 18
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NOBLE GASSES
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8th grade Science
1st six weeks periodic table test |
study hard!!
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There are ________ metals than nonmetals on the periodic table
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MORE
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Elements on the LEFT side of the periodic table
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METALS
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Total number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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Each square on the periodic table contains________
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NAME, SYMBOL, ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS
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The three classifications of elements on the periodic table are:
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METALS, NONMETALS, METALLOIDS
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Columns on the periodic table are called
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GROUPS
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Rows on the Periodic Table are called:
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PERIODS
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Elements on the RIGHT side of the periodic table
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NON-METALS
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What divides the metals from nonmetals?
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ZIG ZAG LINE
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What does the zig-zag line help you identify?
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WHERE THE METALLOIDS, METALS AND NONMETALS ARE
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Why are lathanides and actinides at the bottom of the periodic table?
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TO KEEP THE TABLE FROM BEING TOO WIDE
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What is Mercury's state, at room temperature?
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LIQUID
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What are Valence Electrons?
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ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST ENERGY SHELL
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How many valence electrons do elements in Group 2 have?
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2
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How many valence electrons do elements in Group 13 have?
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3
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Helium (Atomic Number: 2) is in which Group? Which Period?
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GROUP 18 - Noble Gasses
PERIOD 1 |
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Elements right next to the zig-zag line are called_______
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METALLOIDS
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8th Grade Science
1st Six Weeks 6 Weeks Test |
Study Hard!
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BALANCE
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tools used to measure mass
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METER STICK
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tool used to measure length
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GRADUATED CYLINDER
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volume of liquid or irregular shaped objects
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MODEL
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a representation of an object or system
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MEASURES THE VOLUME OF MERCURY
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graduated cylinder
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GROUP 18 ON PERIODIC TABLE
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all elements are gasses at room temperature
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SPACES ON PERIODIC TABLE FILLED BY:
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scientists discovering new elements
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PROTONS
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positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
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ELECTRONS
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negative charge, outside nucleus, very little mass
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NEUTRON
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particle in the nucleus of an atom with NO charge
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ATOMIC NUMBER
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idetifies element; how many protons/electrons; top number
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ATOMIC MASS
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weight of atom; protons + neutrons; bottom number
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ATOM
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smallest particle of matter; Democritus named "atomos"
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TOOL USED TO MEASURE MERCURY
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graduated cylinder
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AMU
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atomic mass unit
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PERIOD
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rows on the periodic table
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GROUP
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column on the periodic table
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FAMILY
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another name for groups/columns
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METALS
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left side of periodic table
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NONMETALS
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right side of periodic table
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LIMITATION OF BOHR MODEL
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shows electrons in a fixed position
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ELEMENTS ARRANGED BY:
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increasing atomic number
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NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
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atomic mass minus number of protons Mass - Protons
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NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
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equals number of protons; atomic number |
