Grade 9 Geography Unit 1

Front 1

Convection currents

Back 1

A current that results from convection. Moves the plates.

Front 2

Erosion

Back 2

Material that have been moved by wind, water or ice

Front 3

Weathering

Back 3

Materials that have been broken down

Front 4

Sediments

Back 4

Small particles of rock and other materials (sand, silt, clay)

Front 5

Folding

Back 5

Horizontal layering of rocks

Front 6

Core

Back 6

The centre layer of the earth

Front 7

Mantle

Back 7

The melted rock layer below the surface of the earth

Front 8

Crust

Back 8

The surface layer of the earth

Front 9

The Rock Cycle: Heat and Pressure

Back 9

Rocks (igneous rock and sedimentary rock) become metamorphic rock under heat and pressure.

Front 10

The Rock Cycle: Weathering/Erosion

Back 10

Rocks (igneous rock, metamorphic rock, sedimentary rock) become sediments after weathering/erosion.

Front 11

The Rock Cycle: Compaction

Back 11

Sediments become sedimentary rock after compaction.

Front 12

The Rock Cycle: Melting

Back 12

Metamorphic rock melts into magma.

Front 13

The Rock Cycle: Cooling

Back 13

Magma cools into igneous rock.

Front 14

Glaciation Terms: Drumlin

Back 14

Egg-shaped hills created by glacial deposition; has a steep and gentle side.

Front 15

Glaciation Terms: Striation

Back 15

Grooves scraped in rock by rocks frozen in the glacial ice (erosion).

Front 16

Glaciation Terms: Moraine

Back 16

Ridges of sediments and rocks that are pushed along by a glacier (like a bull dozer) and then deposited (left behind).

Front 17

Glaciation Terms: Erratic

Back 17

A rock or boulder which is believed to have been moved by a glacier. It differs from surrounding rocks.

Front 18

Glaciation Terms: Till

Back 18

Sediments and rocks deposited by melting glaciers.

Front 19

Glaciation Terms: Esker

Back 19

A long ridge of sediments (in a winding course) deposited by a glacier

Front 20

Alpine Glacier

Size, Movement, Location, Effect on landscape

Back 20

-Alpine glaciers are smaller glaciers

-They move down valleys because of gravity

-Found on mountains: Arctic and West Coast mountains

-Alpine glaciers scrape away (erode) the mountain valleys making more jagged. Creating landforms like cirques, aretes and horns

-Leave deposit materials in ridges of gravel and rock called moraines

Front 21

Continental Glacier

Size, Movement, Location, Effect on landscape

Back 21

-Much bigger than alpine glaciers- can cover entire continents

-Move because of their own weight; can move up and over (like pancake batter spreading)

-Only two continental glaciers; over Greenland & Antarctic

-Continental glaciers make land smoother; erode and deposit sediments in other places.

Front 22

Difference between material moved by water and ice

Back 22

Ice= Unsorted, jagged

Water= Sorted, smooth

Front 23

Theory of Continental Drift

Back 23

The continents were drifting apart; used to be one mass called 'Pangea'.

Evidence #1: Continents fit like a jigsaw puzzle (ex. Africa & South America)

Evidence #2: The same fossils found on different continents

Evidence #3: Warm continents have signs of ice; which indicates one large glacier

Front 24

Modern Update of the Theory of Continental Drift

Back 24

J. Tuzo Wilson's theory: The earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates. The movement of magma underneath the plates (convection currents), move the plates.

Front 25

Where do most earthquakes and volcanos occur and why?

Back 25

Earthquakes: Japan, Indonesia, Peru and Chile

Volcanos: Japanese islands, Indonesian islands, Islands of Hawaii

They are close to tectonic plate boundaries

Front 26

Where do most earthquakes happen in Canada and why?

Back 26

British Colombia but mostly Vancouver Island. The only place near/on tectonic plate boundary.

Front 27

Maritime Climate

Back 27

-Near the ocean

-More than 1000mm/100cm of rainfall

-Wetter winters, drier summers (u shaped bar graph)

-Small temperature range (less than 25 degrees)

Front 28

Continental Climate

Back 28

-Far from ocean

-Less than 1000mm/100cm of rainfall

-Wetter summers, drier winter (hill shaped bar graph)

-Big temperature range (more then 25 degrees)

Front 29

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): L

Back 29

Latitude (distance from the equator): Close to the equator=hotter, far from the equator=colder

Front 30

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): O

Back 30

Ocean Currents: Carries the temperature; from warmer or colder places. Both warm & cold ocean currents. Warm+cold=fog

Front 31

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): W

Back 31

Wind: Works like ocean currents; wind carries temperature and level of humidity.

Front 32

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): E

Back 32

Elevation (mountains): Higher up you go= colder the climate; higher up, the air expands and loses heat. Influence the climate the same as latitude.

Front 33

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): R

Back 33

Relief (mountains): Affects rainfall. Air forced up the mountains= cools and moisture condenses; rain falls on the windward side of mountain. The leeward side=dry=rain shadow. This rain is called orographic precipitation.

Front 34

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE (LOWERN): N

Back 34

Nearness to Water: Large bodies of water (oceans) have 2 effects on climate

1. Moisture= Wind carry moisture from the ocean, making climates wetter.

2. Moderation= Water bodies make the climate more moderate. Water takes more time to cool and heat (cooler in the summer, warmer in the winter).

Front 35

Permafrost

Back 35

A subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year.

Front 36

Tundra

Back 36

Flat, treeless arctic region where there is permafrost.

Front 37

Transition Zone

Back 37

A place where the type of vegetation is changing gradually over a regional boundary.

Front 38

Calcification

Back 38

Due to very little rain, minerals evaporate onto the surface of the soil. Resulting in, infertile soil.

Front 39

Coniferous

Back 39

Trees like white spruce, black spruce, balsam fir, red pine, white pine.

-Flexible branches and needles that shed snow which prevents tree damage

-Preserve moisture during dry conditions

-Sap works like antifreeze

Front 40

Deciduous

Back 40

Trees like sugar maple, beech, hickory, poplar, red oak.

-No leaves in winter; less snow load on branches

-At least 5 months with average temp. above 10 degrees

-When spring comes, sap starts to flow

Front 41

Boreal

Back 41

Of the north or northern regions, forests with coniferous trees.

Front 42

How Vegetation Changes: Warm to Cold areas

Back 42

COOLER CLIMATES

-Grass, moss, shrubs Tundra

-Spruce, pines, hemlocks, cedar, etc... Taiga/Boreal Forest (coniferous trees)

-Both deciduous and coniferous trees Mixed Forest

-Maple, oak, beech, elm, etc... Deciduous Forest

WARMER CLIMATES

Front 43

How Vegetation Changes: Drier to Wetter areas

Back 43

DRIER CLIMATES

-Small shrubs, cacti Semi-desert

-Short grass, tall grass Grassland

-Long grass with scattered trees Parkland

-Both deciduous and coniferous trees CHECK IN TEXTBOOK

WETTER CLIMATES