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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ecosystem
a place where living and non-living things interact. For example, a temperate forest, a pond, a desert, or your body
Biotic
Something that is living
Abiotic
Something that is non-living and never has been living.
Population
a group of individuals of the same species living together in the same place at the same time.
Community
a population of different species living and interacting in the same place
Species
living things that are able to reproduce together and create fertile offspring. Closely related in terms of their genetic makeup. Basic unit of classification for living things.
Niche
role/place/job in ecosystem
ex. Beaver builds dam, finds a mate, raises kits, etc
Habitat
Place where biotic things live
that meets their needs
ie, shelter, food, water, etc.
Scavenger
Eats whatever it wants (rats)
Omnivoire
Eats meat and plants (people, bears)
Herbivoire
Eats plants (deer)
Carnivoire
Eats meat (shark, cougar)
Producers
Produce their own food (trees)
Primary Consumers
Eat producers (insects, mice)
Secondary Consumers
Eat Primary Consumers (owls, bats)
Tertiary Consumer
Eats Primary Consumers (lions, tigers, bears, etc)
Decomposer
Decomposes remains of Biotic organisms (worms, bacteria, fungi)
Process of Evolution
-Overproduction of offspring
-Genetic Variation
-Struggle for existence/struggle to survive
-Limited Resources
-Most successful tend to survive
And reproduce and pass on those traits

“Survival of the fittest”
Natural Selection
-When? 1800s or 19th Century
-Persons involved-who came up with this? -Charles Darwin, Alfred Wallace
After spending time on the islands (Galapagos) researching Charles Darwin implied that all species derived from common ancestors. Natural selection is thought to be one of the biggest factors resulting in the diversity of species.
One of the prime motives of a species is to reproduce and survive therefore passing on the genetic info. Sometimes what happens is they produce more offspring then the environment can support. The lack of resources puts pressure on the size of the species population. This competition means some organisms may not survive
Darwin found that species more adapted or suited to their environment had a better chance of surviving

example: Moths during the Industrial Revolution
Pioneer Species
1st species to move into an environment (grass, moss)
Climax Community
When certain species have too many to be replaced and become dominant (elm or fir trees)
Primary Succession
species die or are replaced- occurs where there was no previous life
Secondary Succession
habitat previously supported life- disturbed by natural or human distrurbence (forest fire, housing)
Prey
What is being hunted by the predator for food.
Predator
A biotic life form that hunts and kills for its food, it is usually carnivorous. Its prey is biotic as well.
Mutualism
When both of the species in the relationship benefit (big fish getting their teeth cleaned by the shrimp)
Commensalism
When 1 of the 2 species benefits and the other is not affected (clownfish in a sea anenome)
Parasitism
When 1 of the species in the relationship benefits and the other is harmed. (the greenland shark and the copepod eating its cornea)
The Fate of Easter Island
On Easter Island, things started out fine, but because the Polynesians were so isolated, their food was becoming scarce. They had eaten all of the fish, killed the palm trees to make canoes and burn fires, they had no boats to fish, and everything they could have eaten was gone. They resorted to chicken and cannibalism. I think the moral of the story is that you should plan out what you are eating. Don’t overuse everything you have! Don’t finish off the rats, the trees, and the dolphins! You should plan for your future. The islanders wasted their energy on making the Moai and this would make them hungry. You should take care of your resources when you are isolated like they were.
Endangered
A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its range.
Threatened
A species likely to become endangered if it is not protected
Extirpated
elimination of a species or subspecies from a particular area, but not from its entire range
Species At Risk
General term for species that are endangered, threatened or vulnerable.
Species of Special Concern
A species of special concern because of characteristics that make it particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events
Chorophyll
The chemical that gives plants their green colour
Glucose
Sugar
Respiration
When plants burn sugar with oxygen to make energy
Stoma
The opening where air comes into the leaf
Sunlight
The source of energy for making food
Carbon Dioxide
The gas needed by the plant to make food
Oxygen
The gas is given off as the product of photosynthesis
Stem
Holds everything together and transports everything around the plant
Cellular Respiration
The process of photosynthesis reversed
Soil Horizons- R
Bedrock, very large
Soil Horizons-C
unweathered rock, lumps or large shelves of rock
Soil Horizons- B / Subsoil
Concentration of minerals and clay
Soil Horizons- A / topsoil
Lots of biological activity and organic matter (decomposing, ...)
Soil Horizons- O / Humus
Stands for Organic, large amounts of organic material- ie, dead leaves. the surface soil
Soil
45% Minerals
25% Air
25% Water
1-5% Decaying Matter
Seed Dispersal
The act of moving seeds from one place to another
Techniques for plants in seed dispersal
-Wind (Dandelion)
-Attach to an animal or insect (burs)
-Human impact (plant seeds)
-Digestion (fox/bears eat berries then excrete seeds somewhere else)
-Water (coconut gets carried away by current)
-Pods split and pop out seeds (pods from peas)
-Bursting (Poppies)
-Gravity (cones fall and roll down hill)
-Forest fire or extreme hot temperature (Pine)
-Creeping plants
The Particle Theory of Matter
1. Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms & Molecules)
2. Particles of Matter are in constant motion.
3. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electric forces
4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves.
5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances
6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles.
Concentration
the number of particles of one substance in a certain volume of another substance.
Diffusion
-takes place when there is a difference in the concentration of a substance inside and outside of the cell.
-particles move from an area where they are highly concentrated to an area where they are in low concentration, until the particles are evenly distributed.
Osmosis
-movement of water particles through a membrane.
-if water concentration is lower inside a cell than it is outside the cell, then water particles will move in; however, if the concentration of water particles is higher inside the cell than outside the cell, the water will move out.
-Water usually moves from the cells in the roots, up through the cells in the stem, and out through pores in the leaves (stomata).
Celsius
Temperature system from the metric system in which water boils at 100 degrees Celsius and freezes at 0.
Kelvin Scale
another temperature scale used for measuring temperature in scientific experiments and defines absolute zero at 0K
Fahrenheit
Temperature scale mostly in use in the USA for non-scientific purposes. The freezing point is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and 212° is the boiling point.
Thermometer
measures temperature by using a temperature sensor in Celsius and Fahrenheit or the Kelvin scale
Passive Solar Heating System
A simple way to heat your home- means insulating the building as much as possible and putting windows on the south side. You can also add extra panes to windows and special coatings on them as well to let energy from the sun in and prevents it from going back out.
How a Thermostat works
it works by using a bimetallic coil inside that is made of two different metals joined together and when heated, one expands faster than the other. That makes it bend. As it bends and unbends, it opens and closes a circuit that controls a heat-regulating device.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is using the sun’s energy to power or heat someone’s home or car. People are choosing solar energy nowadays because it does not cost money like electricity does. It is also better for the environment and it is an easy access. It also will not run out like fossil fuels will.
Bose Einstein Condensate
Not moving only possible at absolute zero or -273.15 degrees C
Solid
Vibrating, space between particles
Liquid
Spaced out, flowing, moving faster
Gas
Moves faster, goes all over the place
Plasma
Even faster, spaced out and spreads out
Convection
Flow of heat energy through liquids and gases- how pasta cooks
Conduction
Flow of heat energy through contact- how your spoon gets hot when left in hot chocolate
Radiation
The flow of energy through invisible waves- how your car gets hot in the summer when you leave it parked in the sun
Geothermal
Heat produced within the earth
Anthropogenic
human generated heat (rubbing your hands together is an example)
Natural Structure
An object that provides support made by nature
Manufactured
to make from raw materials by hand or by machinery, to produce according to an organized plan and with division of labor
Frame Structure
A type of structure in which a skeleton of materials supports the weight of the other parts
Mass Structure
A natural or manufactured structure that is made up by piling up materials
Shell Structure
A type of structure that obtains its strength from a thin, carefully shaped outer layer of material that requires no internal frame
Arch Structure
An arch structure is made from wedge-shaped pieces that lean against each other. The middle piece, the keystone, keeps it all together. The keystone is added last.
Force
the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity
Mass
the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field
Weight
the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
Gravitational Force
the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface
Force Meter / Spring Scale
Spring scales are used to calculate the force acting on an object in Newton’s
Balance
a state of equilibrium (both sides are equal)
Newton (N)
a unit of force equal to the force that impacts on acceleration of 1m/sec/sec to a mass of one kilogram
Kilogram
one thousand grams, the basic unit of mass
Force Diagrams
to show direction and relative intensity of a force acting on an object. The arrow indicates the direction of force and the size of the arrow indicates its strength. When stating a force, we need to indicate both the direction and the amount (Ex. 10N downward or 55N upward).
Bracing
Bracing increases the strength of a structure by forming a triangle, or triangles, within the structure. Generally, the bracing member forms one side of a triangle. The formation of a triangle within a structural frame is sometimes referred to as triangulation.
Squeezing/
Compression
Compression is a force that squeezes a material together. When a material is in compression, it tends to become shorter.
Stretching/
Tension
Tension is a force that stretches a material apart. When this happens it tends to become longer.
Bending
When a straight material becomes curved, one side squeezes together and the other side stretches apart.
Sliding/
Shear
Shear is a force that causes parts of material to slide past one another in opposite directions.
Twisting/
Torsion
Torsion is a force that twists material
Forces
any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure
Loads
weight distribution throughout a structure; loads caused by wind, earthquakes, and gravity, for example, affect how weight is distributed throughout a structure
Alfred Wegener
German Scientist, developed the theory of Continental Drift
Pangea
supercontinent, original landmass of all the continents we know today put together
Boundarys
The border between two tectonic plates
Convergent Boundary
Two plates pushing towards each other
Divergent Boundary
Two plates spreading apart from each other
Transfrom Boundary
Two plates sliding past one another
Oceanic Crust
The crust under the oceans- thicker then continental
Continental Crust
Continental Plates, crust thinner then Oceanic
Subduction Zone
At some convergent boundaries, the continental crust gets pulled underneath the Oceanic crust, creating a subduction zone.
Trench
formed at the edge of the continent. The crust continues to be forced deeper into the earth
Tsunami
A giant wave, caused by a sudden shift on the ocean floor
Collision Zones and Mountains
a collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rock at the boundary, lifting it up and leading to the formation of mountains and mountain ranges
Rift
a dropped zone where the plates are pulling apart.
Mid ocean ridge
plates made of oceanic crust pull apart, a crack in the ocean floor appears. Magma then oozes up from the mantle to fill in the space between the plates, forming a raised ridge called a mid-ocean ridge.
Earthquake/Faults
edges of tectonic plates are jagged rather than smooth. As the plates grind past each other, the jagged edges strike each other, catch, and stick, "locking" the plates in place for a time. Because the plates are locked together without moving, a lot of stress builds up at the fault line. This stress is released in quick bursts when the plates suddenly slip into new positions, creating an earthquake
Lustre
a rock's shininess
Moh's Hardness Scale
The scale used to check how hard a rock or mineral is
Streak test
Running a mineral or rock along an unglazed porcelain tile to see if it leaves a streak.
Cleavage
Breaks smoothly (ie, mica)
Fracture
Breaks jagged (ie, quartz)
Metamorphic Rock
Different rocks put under pressure and heat, turning into one rock
Igneous Rock
Formed by lava/magma.
Sedimentary Rock
Layers of sediment piled together to form a rock- possibly sand, shells, bones, etc.
Fossils
Bones or remains of an animal or evidence of one, inside layers of soil or rock. The deeper down they are, the older they are.
Food Chain
Can show toxic transfers
Food Web
Shows all the connections between species and how they connect
4 R's
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink
Water Cycle (basic idea)
Evaportation, Condensation, Precipitation, run off.
Carbon Cycle (basic idea)
Car fumes to air, trees take the air, the tree dies, turns into fossil fuels which goes into car gas
Nitrogen Cycle (basic idea)
plant takes in nitrogen, plant dies,new plant takes in nitrogen.