Grade 12 Kinesiology Exam

Front 1

Define Lateral

Back 1

Away from the mid line of the body

Front 2

"Further from a specified region"

Back 2

Distal

Front 3

Posterior

Back 3

Back of the body

Front 4

Inferior

Back 4

Lower to a specified region

Front 5

What are the three planes?

Back 5

median, Frontal (Coronal) and Transverse

Front 6

"A vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves"

Back 6

Median planes

Front 7

The axis of rotation is always ____________ to the plane of movement

Back 7

Perpendicular

Front 8

"Increases the angle between two bones at a joint"

Back 8

Flexion

Front 9

Define Dorsiflexion

Back 9

Bringing the top of the foot towards the lower leg or shin

Front 10

Abduction is

Back 10

moving segment away from the midline

Front 11

" A cone movement that does not include any rotation. It occurs when flexion, extension is combined with abduction and adduction"

Back 11

Circumduction

Front 12

Describe the four (4) steps within primary ossification

Back 12

1. Osteoblasts use avaliable calcium to lay down bony plates (spongy bone)

2. Osteoclasts become active and break down new bone to clear space for marrow activity

3. Osteoblsts from a ring of bone around the waist of bone model

4. Osteoblasts activity continues and the collar thickens forming the peristeum

Front 13

How many bones are in the human body?

Back 13

206

Front 14

The longest bone is the ____ and the smallest is the _____

Back 14

Femur, Stirrup

Front 15

This type of bone is served as a good shock abssorber

Back 15

short bones. ex, wrists

Front 16

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Back 16

Pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pelvis, thighs and legs, feet and ankles

Front 17

Turning your feet outward while remaining in contact with floor is known as

Back 17

Eversion

Front 18

"The systematic study of the physiological, psychological and the sociological aspects of human movement and how it can be optimized"

Back 18

Kinesiology

Front 19

A spinning figure skater will spin on the ______ axis and the ____ plane

Back 19

Longitudinal, Horizontal

Front 20

"Outer connective tissue, covering the entire bone. Fibers, ligaments and tendons connect tissues to bone, muscle or bone "

Back 20

Periosteum

Front 21

"Inside the shaft is red or yellow bone marrow"

Back 21

Medullary Cavity

Front 22

What are the seven (7) types of bone projections

Back 22

Condyle, epicondyle, process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, spine

Front 23

What are the four (4) types of depressions?

Back 23

Facets, fossa, fovea and groove

Front 24

How many bones are in the human skull?

Back 24

22

Front 25

" A seam like immovable junction which is only found between skull bones and consists of a small amount of tight connective tissues between bones, which protects the brain and form the face by uniting the adjacent skull bones"

Back 25

A Suture

Front 26

Which and how many bones are in the cranial region of the skull?

Back 26

Occcipital (1), parietal (2), Frontal (1), Temporal (2), Ethmoid (1) and Sphenoid (1)

Front 27

Which and how many bones are in the facial region of the skull?

Back 27

Vomer (1), Lacrimal (2), Zygomatic (2), Palatine (2), Maxilla (2), Mandible (1) and Inferior nasal concha (2)

Front 28

Importance of the occipital bone?

Back 28

the bone that forms that back and base of the skull, and where the spinal cord passes

Front 29

What is the importance of the mastoid process

Back 29

a conical prominence of the temporal bone behind the ear, to which neck muscles are attached and which has air spaces linked to the middle ear

Front 30

What is the importance of the styloid process?

Back 30

a slender projection of bone, such as that from the lower surface of the temporal bone of the skull, or those at the lower ends of the ulna and radius

Front 31

"Superiorly divides the parietal bones"

Back 31

Sagittal suture

Front 32

What is the functional advantage of the shape of the sutures of the skull

Back 32

The sutures help keep the skull from shifting. It has two formations, thus acting like a lock and if there was a hit to the skull, it is more likely not to move.

Front 33

How many bones make up the vertebrae column? name the regions

Back 33

24 bones; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar and ccoccygeal

Front 34

Describe the importance of the atlas and the axis

Back 34

The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae and connects with the occipital bone. It also moves the head vertically

The axis has no movement however moves the head horizontally

Front 35

What is the intervertebral disc?

Back 35

the disc acts as a shock absorber and enables flexibility

Front 36

" a sideways curvature of the spine"

Back 36

Scoliosis

Front 37

What is the spinous process?

Back 37

a bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae

Front 38

What is the pedicle?

Back 38

a stub that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch

Front 39

The ____ region of the vertebral column has the most flexibility

Back 39

Lumbar

Front 40

What are the 2 main parts of the thoracic cavity

Back 40

Sternum and Ribs

Front 41

How many ribs are in the human body?

Back 41

True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10) and floating ribs (11-12)

Front 42

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?

Back 42

the acromion process

Front 43

The _______ is the most superior portion of the sternum

Back 43

manubrium

Front 44

The name of the fossa on the ventral side of the scapula is called the ____ fossa

Back 44

Subscapular fossa

Front 45

The forearm bones are joined together down their shafts by a tough connective tissue membrane called the _____

Back 45

Interosseous membrane

Front 46

The ______ process is the second most common broken bone

Back 46

styloid

Front 47

Between the greater and lesser tubercles lies the _____

Back 47

Bicepital groove

Front 48

How many bones are in the hand?

Back 48

8 carpals: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Metacarpals (5) and 14 phalanges.

Totaling 27

Front 49

What is an interphalanges joint?

Back 49

Joint between the phlanx

Front 50

radiocarpals are

Back 50

connection at wrist

Front 51

What does SLTPHCTT stand for?

Back 51

Some like to pee how can they think?

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Front 52

The ______ groove lies between the greater and lesser tubercle

Front 53

The head of the humerus articulates with the ______

Front 54

The bony projection if the hamate is called the ____

Front 55

Falling onto your hands, the 2 bones that are likely to fracture are the _____ and the ____

Front 56

What are the three bones that fuse together to make the hip bone?

Back 56

ilium, ishium, pubis

Front 57

The weight of the torso and upper limbs is transmitted from the sacroiliac joint to the ____

Back 57

acetabulum

Front 58

What is it that we specifically sit on?

Front 59

"Lies parallel to the tibia and is non weight bearing"

Back 59

The fibula

Front 60

What is the order of the ankle to foot?

Back 60

TTC

Tibia, Talus, calcaneus

Front 61

The foot is made up of :

Back 61

Talus, calcaneus, cuneiforms, naviculer, cuboid, metatarsals and phalanges

Front 62

The tarsal to which the achilles tendon attaches to

Back 62

Calcaneus

Front 63

What are the 3 types of joints?

Back 63

Fibrous: no movement (skull) , cartilaginous: limited movements (intervertebral discs) and synovial: large amount of movement (hips)

Front 64

"consists of the synovial membrane and fibrous capsule"

Back 64

Joint capsule

Front 65

A ball and socket (spheroidal) joint is :

Back 65

ball at one bone fits into the socket of another, allowing movements around 3 axes

Front 66

Gliding joints are:

Back 66

connects flat or slightly curved bone surface glide against one another

Front 67

"Connects the sternum to the clavicle and is the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton"

Back 67

Sternoclavicular joint

Front 68

"Connects the upper limbs and the scapula, a typical multiaxial joint, which has a wide range of motion; however has a relative lack of stability"

Back 68

Glenohumeral joint

Front 69

What is the ACL?

Back 69

Anterior cruciate ligament, restricts anterior movement of the tibia

Front 70

What is the PCL?

Back 70

Posterior cruciate ligament, prevents posterior movement of the tibia

Front 71

"Joint is stabilized medially and laterally by the collateral ligament "

Back 71

MCL and LCL

Front 72

Q Angles may contribute to the perdisposition of ___ tears

Back 72

ACL

Front 73

What is potts fracture?

Back 73

A force on the medical side of the ankle causing deltoid ligaments to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus

Front 74

What is the position of the foot during the ankle taping procedure?

Back 74

Dorsiflexion

Front 75

" a plasma membrane that lies beneath the endonysium, a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fibre"

Back 75

Sarcolemma

Front 76

Nerves are transmitted in impulse _____ that ensure smooth movements

Back 76

Waves

Front 77

What is the all or none principle?

Back 77

This is when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it will do so to its fullest potential; either all fibres contract, or none will

Front 78

What is the sliding filament theory

Back 78

Mechanisms of contraction is acchieved by overlapping actin and myosin filaments

Front 79

What is the exciting contraction coupling

Back 79

electriccal signal --> spinal cord --> nerve axon --> neuromuscular junction --> muscle fibres --> calcium ions into cytoplasm

Front 80

What is the reflex arc?

Back 80

Single neural pathway along which an initial sensory stimulus and corresponding message travel

Front 81

What are the steps to the reflex arc?

Back 81

1. receptor

2. Sensory neurons: carries impulses to the CNS

3. Intermediate nerve fibres: interprets the signal and issues response

4. Motor nerve: carries response from spinal cord to organ

5. Organ: response

Front 82

What is glycolysis:

Back 82

The first stage in the anaerobic lactic system, in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA. Then enters more pathways

Front 83

What is Krebs cycle:

Back 83

Metabolism of fats and proteins. Then creates two ATP molecules which then moves to the electron transport chain

Front 84

What is the Electron transport chain?

Back 84

Final stage, creates 32 ATP, final electron acceptor is oxygen

Front 85

What is cellular respiration?

Back 85

The bodies cell use O2 to generate energy through various metabolic pathways found in the mitochondria of cells. This is used when activity is longer than 90 seconds. This is the complete breakdown of glucose

Front 86

What are the three types of muscle fibres?

Back 86

Type 1 or Slow-oxidative (SO), Type IIA or Fast-oxidative glycolytic and Type IIB or Fast- Gylcolytic

Front 87

What is the Type I :

Back 87

Generate energy slowly, are more fatigue-resistant and rely on aerobic process

Front 88

What is the Type IIA:

Back 88

High speed energy released as well as glycolytic capacity

Front 89

What is the type IIB:

Back 89

Store glycogen and high levels of enzymes for quick contraction without requiring oxygen

Front 90

What is pulmonary circulation

Back 90

The part of the blood circulation which carried oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lunch and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

Front 91

The _____ node is the hearts pacemaker, which is located where the electrical signals are initiated, thus leading to the contraction of the heart

Back 91

Sinoatrial node

Front 92

The _____ node transmits electrical signals from the atria into the ventricle. It also transmits the signal into another region of specialized tissues that run down to the ventricular septum

Back 92

Atrioventricular node

Front 93

Systolic vs Diastolic

Back 93

D pressure will occur at the beginning of the cardiac cycle. It is the minimum pressure in the arteries when pumping the ventricles full with blood. At the end, S pressure will occur when the ventricle contracts

Front 94

During exercise, the skeletal muscle has an increased need for O2, thus the body will redistribute the blood flow, taking from less active organs such as..?

Back 94

Stomach, intestines and kidneys

Front 95

What is conductive zone?

Back 95

composed of all the structure which convey air from the outside of the body through the lungs.

Front 96

What is respiratory zone?

Back 96

All respiratory organs have moist surfaces in which the gases can dissolve and diffuse

Front 97

"Understanding of the behavior and function of the living human body when it is acted upon by forces"

Back 97

Biomechanics

Front 98

What is the difference between eccentric and centric?

Back 98

Centric has an applied force directly into the centre of the body

Eccentric has a force directed to a point other than the object centre

Front 99

"Force is applied to a body, the force tends to make the body rotate around its axis"

Back 99

Torque

Front 100

What is the moment of inertia

Back 100

A measure of an objects resistance to rotation