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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is matter? |
anything that has mass and takes up space. |
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What is empirical knowledge? |
Knowledge gained from observing and investigating macroscopic things. |
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What is theoretical knowledge? |
Knowledge based on concepts and explanations of microscopic things. |
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What is IUPAC? What does it do? |
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is the governing body over the standards and procedures in chemistry, founded in 1919, looking to use chemistry for the service of humanity. |
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Who were the Greek philosophers? What did they do? |
Democritus said that all matter is made up of tiny particles called "atomos" and the void. Aristotle, the more famous philosopher, said that all matter consisted of earth, air, fire, and water. This belief was accepted for nearly 2000 years. |
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Who were the alchemists? What did they do? |
The alchemists, found in the 1st-7th centuries, attempted to create the "elixir of life," gain immortality, and turn ordinary metals into gold. These experiments advanced technology, and provided us with many procedures and safety measures. Many lives were lost in the process. |
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Who was John Dalton? What was his model? |
In 1808, John Dalton proposed that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are the same, and atoms of different elements are different. His model was the Billiard Ball model. |
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Who was J.J. Thompson? What was his model? |
In 1897, J.J. Thompson discovered the extremely small electron. He said that an atom is composed of a positively charged sphere embedded with negatively charged electrons. His model was the Plum Pudding model. |
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Who was Ernest Rutherford? What was his model? |
In 1909, Ernest Rutherford discovered the positively charged nucleus of the atom. He did this by shooting positive alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. In doing this, he found that most particles traveled straight through the foil, proving that most of the atom is empty space, while others were deflecting in all directions. Rutherford determined that the positive alpha particles must have been repelled by a positively charged object in the center of the atom, which we now call the nucleus. His model was the Nuclear model. |
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Who was Neils Bohr? What was his model? |
In 1913, Neils Bohr, a student under both Thompson and Rutherford, discovered that the electrons of an atom were located at certain energy levels outside the nucleus. He found this through experimenting with spectroscopes and hydrogen gas. He found that when electrons were excited, they could jump to higher energy levels, and then would release that energy as color when they bounced back down to their original energy levels. His model was the Planetary model. |
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Who was James Chadwick? What did he discover? |
In 1932, James Chadwick discovered neutrons, and that the nucleus is made up of both protons and neutrons, which have relatively similar mass. |
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What does the atomic number represent? |
The atomic number tells the number of protons in the atom's nucleus. Since atoms are neutral, this number must also equal the number of electrons. |
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What does the atomic mass represent? |
The mass number is the sum of the protons and the neutrons in the atom's nucleus. Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass, so to find the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass. |
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How is atomic mass measured? |
All masses are compared to the standard mass of C-12, which is 12u. Therefore, one atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12 of the mass of C-12. |
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What is the Octet Rule? |
When atoms combine, they will gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons. |
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What are ions? |
Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons. |
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What is a cation? What is an anion? |
A cation is an atom that has lost electrons, and is now positively charged. Metals form cations. An anion is an atom that has gained electrons, and is now negatively charged. Non-metals form anions. |
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What is the valence of an atom? |
The valence is the combing capacity of the atom, determined by the number of electrons it will gain, lose, or share in order to become stable. |
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What are multivalent ions? How are they named? |
Multivalent ions have more than one possible way to form stable ions. Using the suffix method, the ending of -ic is given to the ion with the higher valence, and the ending of -ous is given to the lower valence. Using the IUPAC method, the valence of the ion appears in Roman numerals. |
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What is a polyatomic ion? How are they beneficial and harmful? |
A polyatomic ion is made up of more than one atom, but acts as a single entity, with a net charge. They perform many important tasks within our bodies, but can cause things such as algae blooms. |
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What is an isotope? What are its properties? How do most elements exist? |
An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. They have similar chemical properties, as this is based on the electrons, but have different physical properties. Most elements exit naturally as a mixture of different isotopes. |
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What does a mass spectrometer do? |
A mass spectrometer is used to determine the amount of each isotope (relative abundance) in a sample of an element, as well as the atomic mass. |
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What is a radioisotope? |
A radioisotope is a radioactive isotope, that will decay over time and release radiation as its nucleus changes. |
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What are the three types of radiation? What are their properties? |
Alpha particles can penetrate a few centimeters of air, are relatively slow, and can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Beta particles can penetrate a few meters of air, are relatively fast, and can be stopped by 1 - 2 millimeters of metal. Gamma rays can penetrate unlimited amounts of air, are very fast, and can be stopped by 1 meter of lead or concrete. |
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How is atomic mass calculated? |
All atomic masses are positive, rational numbers. To find them, add the percentage of each isotope together, as it is a weighted average. |
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What is an element? |
An element is composed of one type of atom, and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. |
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How did Johann Dobereiner arrange the elements? |
He created triads of of elements with similar chemical properties. |
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How did John Newlands arrange the elements? |
He proposed the Law of Octaves, and arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, in columns of seven. |
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How did Dmitri Mendeleev arrange the elements? |
He created the first periodic table. Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, and left gaps where he predicted undiscovered elements would be placed, based on the trends in the periodic table. |
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What did Henry Moseley prove? |
He showed that there were additional gaps in the periodic table for technetium and promethium. |
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What did Glenn Seaborg discover? |
He discovered 10 additional elements. |
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What did Phillip Stewart depict? |
He depicted the periodic table as a "chemical galaxy." |
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How is the Modern Periodic Table arranged? |
It is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. |
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What is SATP? |
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure. |
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What types of elements are found in the periodic table? Where are they found? What are their characteristics? |
Metals are found on the left side of the table, and are solids at SATP (except mercury), malleable, ductile, lustrous, and conductors of electricity. Non-metals are found on the right side of the table, and are mostly gases or solids at SATP, non-conductors of electricity, and brittle. Metalloids are found on the "staircase" and have properties of both metals and non-metals. |
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What is the Modern Periodic Law? |
When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties show a recurrence and gradual change. |
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What are the four groups of elements? |
Group one is the Alkali Metals, group two is the Alkaline Earth Metals, group seventeen is the Halogens, and group eighteen is the Noble Gases. |
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What holds atoms together? What is this force called? |
The force of attraction between the positive protons in the nucleus and the negative electrons. The net force of attraction experienced by an electron is called the Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC). |
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What is the shielding effect? |
The inner electrons can partially block the electrons in the outer energy levels from experiencing the full attraction of the nucleus. |
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What trend is seen in the atomic radius? |
The atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period, as more protons are in the nucleus and the ENC increases, holding the electrons in tighter to the nucleus. It increases down a group, as the number of energy levels increases. |
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What trend is seen in the ionic radius? |
The cation is always smaller, as electrons have been lost and there are less energy levels. The anion is always larger, as there are more electrons repelling each other, and therefore a lower ENC. |
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What trend is seen in the ionization energy? |
The ionization energy increases from left to right across a period, as the ENC increases and more energy is needed to remove electrons. It decreases down a group, as the number of energy levels increases and the shielding effect makes it easier to remove electrons. |
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What trend is seen in electron affinity? |
Electron affinity increases from left to right across a period, as the increasing ENC attracts the electrons more. It decreases down a group, as there is more shielding and less attraction. |
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What trend is seen in electronegativity? |
The electronegativity increases from left to right across a period, as the higher ENC increases the attraction of electrons. It decreases down a group as the shielding effect lowers the attraction of electrons. |
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What trend is seen in the reactivity of metals? |
The reactivity of metals decreases from left to right across a period as the ENC increases, making it harder to remove electrons. The reactivity increases down a group, as the shielding effect increases, making it easier for electrons to be removed. |
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What is the trend seen in the reactivity of non-metals? |
The reactivity of non-metals increases from left to right across a period, as the ENC increases and more electrons are attracted. It decreases down a group, as the shielding effect lowers the amount of electron attraction. |
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What are the 6 clues of a chemical reaction? |
- colour change - energy (heat) is released or absorbed - a gas is produced - an odour is produced - precipitate forms - irreversible |
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What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? |
During a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must equal the totalmass of the products. |
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What is a catalyst? |
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction. |
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What is a word equation? |
Give the names of the reactants and products. Ex. Octane + oxygen ➡ carbon dioxide + water |
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What is a chemical equation? |
Provides the formula and proportions of the reactants and products, using coefficients. |
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How do you balance an equation? |
1) Write out the skeleton equation. 2) Balance all polyatomic ions as one unit. 3) Balance all atoms other than H, O, or any lone atoms. 4) Balance H and O. 5) Balance lone atoms. 6) Check that the final equation is balanced. |
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What occurs in a synthesis reaction? |
Atoms or molecules combine together to form one compound. Ex. A + B ➡ AB |
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What occurs in a decomposition reaction? |
A larger compound breaks apart to form more than one substance. Ex. AB ➡ A + B |
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What occurs in a single displacement reaction? |
One element and one molecule react to form a new molecule and element. Ex. A + BC ➡ AC +B (A = metal) Ex. A + BC ➡ BA + C (A = non-metal) |
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What determines if a single displacement reaction will occur? |
One element will kick out another if it is higher on the Activity Series. (Nelson Chemistry 11, pg. 165) |
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What occurs in a double displacement reaction? |
Two compounds switch their cations and anions. Ex. AB + CD ➡ AD + CB |
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What is an implication of double displacement reactions? |
Since these compounds are mixed in the aqueous phase, there is a chance that the products can split apart to reform the reactants. |
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What are the 3 types of double displacement reactions that will go to completion? |
1) Precipitation reaction 2) Gas-Producing reaction 3) Neutralization reaction |
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What occurs in a precipitation reaction? |
A precipitate forms based on the solubility of the product, which is found in a chart. (Nelson Chemistry 11, pg. 173) |
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What occurs in a gas-producing reaction? |
A gas is released, leaving the aqueous phase and forcing the reactants to be used up. |
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What occurs in a neutralization reaction? |
An acid and a base combine, producing a salt and water. |
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What occurs in a neutralization reaction? |
An acid and a base combine, producing a salt and water. |
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What is combustion? |
A chemical reaction in which a fuel burns in oxygen, to produce combustion products and usually a flame. |
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What is a hydrocarbon? |
An organic fuel made up of only hydrogen and carbon. |
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How does burning these fuels affect the environment? |
Many of these substances contain impurities, such as sulfur compounds or heavy metals. When combustion occurs, these substances are released into the atmosphere as air pollution. One of the products is carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that traps thermal energy in the Earth's atmosphere. |
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What is complete combustion? |
When excess oxygen is present, the greatest possible amount of energy is released from the fuel. The products are carbon dioxide and water. A blue flame is often seen. |
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What is incomplete combustion? |
There is a limited supply of oxygen, producing a variety of products, such as soot (C), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O). A yellow, sooty flame is often seen. |
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What are some of the dangers of incomplete combustion? |
- idling causes dual residue buildup, making cars run less efficiently - soot particles lead to respiratory problems - carbon monoxide replaces the oxygen on the hemoglobin in you blood, which can kill you |
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What is an oxide? |
A compound containing oxygen and one other element (metal or non-metal). |
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What are the properties of metallic oxides? |
- basic - react with water to form bases that release hydroxide ions |
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How can metallic oxides be used? |
To neutralize unwanted acidity in lakes, soil, and chemical spills. |
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What are the properties of non-metallic oxides? |
- acidic - react with water to form acids that release hydrogen ions |
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How can non-metallic oxides affect the environment? |
Acid rain, respiratory irritants, smog, etc. |
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What are the two ways to neutralize an acid? |
- with a base (hydroxide compound) to produce water and a salt - with a carbonate compound to form carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes to form water and carbon dioxide |
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How are neutralization reactions used? |
- basic substances can relieve heartburn - carbonates can neutralize acidic lakes - carbonates are used to produce carbon dioxide which causes baked goods to rise |
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How are neutralizing reactants chosen? |
Safety, cost, chemical properties. |
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What are ores? |
Rocks that contain valuable resources such as gold, iron, etc.
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How is the ore excavated? |
Using surface mines (open-pit) or underground mines. |
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What is metallurgy and what are the processes involved? |
Extracting metal from the ore. This can be done physically through grinding or flotation, or chemically through smelting or electrorefining. |
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What are the impacts of mining in Canada? |
Mining is beneficial for Canada's economy, however it has caused many environmental disasters and human tragedies as well. |
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What is contaminated land? |
Land that contains hazardous substances in sufficient concentration to pose a threat to human health or the environment. |
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What is remediation and What are the types? |
Decontaminating the land or water. It can be achieved through physical remediation, bioremediation, chemical remediation, or phytoremediation. |
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What are the five major principles of green chemistry? |
Use renewable resources as starting materials, use chemicals that have less environmental impact, use catalysts to increase reaction efficiency, use less energy, and waste not. |
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What is qualitative analysis? What is quantitative analysis? |
Qualitative analysis gives a description of something without the use of numbers, while quantitative analysis measures the amount or quantity of something. |
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What is the mole? (And by "mole," I don't mean the little rodent in your garden.) |
The SI base unit for the amount (n) of a substance. |
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What is Avogadro's constant? |
Avogadro's constant is the amount of entities in each mole of a substance. It is 6.02 x 10^23. |
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What is molar mass? |
The mass, in grams per mole, of one mole of that element. It can be found by looking at the atomic mass of the element on the periodic table. |
