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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John A. Macdonald |
-First Prime Minister of Canada, in office Twice -Leader of the Conservatives -Part of the Great Coalition, the "Father of Confederation" in Charlottetown & Quebec -Confederation's distribution of powers between provincial and federal in the British North America Act. -Sent 1200 soldiers to Red River to appease both Quebec and Ontario over the death of Scott by Metis Rebels. Sends the NWMP to deal with the Cypress Hills Massacre (Whiskey Trade later) -Lost his position in office due to the Pacific Scandal but got back in with the National Policy campaign -Strongly supported the building of the CPR
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Lord Durham |
- John Lambton, known as "Radical Jack" -Sent as Governor-General to restore order and solve "the Canadian Problem" (the Lower Canada Rebellion, Papineau and Upper Canada rebellion, Lyon Mackenzie) Lost support by putting 8 rebel leaders in exile - Wrote Durham's Report outlining solutions to the problems in Canada such as: assimilating the French, Responsible Government, legislative assembly elected by the people (One of the most famous documents in Canadian history (inspired many different reactions)) |
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Act of Union (BNA Act) (Constitution Act 1867) 1840 |
-An act of British Parliament that made Canada a Constitutional Monarchy and the Province of Canada - Attributed to Durham's Report, the response of the Seventy-two resolutions, written by the Great Coalition (mostly Macdonald) -demolished Upper and Lower Canada and made Provinces -Addressed the composition of Parliament; manner of elections, role of the monarch (Senate, House of Commons, Cabinet) -Separated powers between Federal (Foreign and Military) and Provincial (domestic) Governments |
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Metis |
-People of native and (usually) French descent -Usually Cree, Ojibwa, and Salteaux on native side and French or Scottish on the European -Comite National des Metis, party/organization which spoke for the Metis of Red River, led by Riel -Red River Rebellion & Northwest rebellion -Closely linked with the North West Company -Pemmican trade, Pemmican War -Live on the Prairies mostly Manitoba area -Nomadic Buffalo Hunters |
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Pemmican |
-Paste made of (buffalo) meat, fat, and berries, high in calories - made by the Natives and Metis and traded with the Voyageurs in the NWC -First Governor of Red River, Macdonell made the Pemmican Proclamation, that started the Pemmican War between the Settlers and HBC who needed a food source for the winter and the Metis and NWC who needed it for trade and en-route meals. |
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Manifest Destiny |
-Some American's belief that they were destined to control all of North America -The HBC sold Rupert's Land to the Government of Canada because they were worried they couldn't keep out the American expansionists and annexationists. -The Soldiers led by Wolseley, that were sent to Red River during the Red River Rebellion were said, by Macdonald, to creating a strong Canadian presence in the west. -The NWMP were also sent to keep out Americans after the Cypress Hills Massacre during the Whiskey trade. |
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Hudson Bay Company (HBC) (Fur Trade) |
-Created in 1670 -Company that "Sleeps on the Bay", they wait for the native traders to bring furs to them, York Boats -Promotes Celibacy (changes later) -Headquarters in London, with the Directors -payed by salary, had standard trading practices (no liquor) made beaver - Called Baymen, Factors -sold Rupert's Land to the Canadian Government in exchange for land and money but lost trade monopoly -felt they could not keep American expansionists and annexationists out -supported Lord Selkirk's Red River settlement because it would provide a food source, territory claims, and a retirement destination for employees |
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North West Company (NWC) (Fur Trade) |
-created in 1784 -Company "of the River", aggressive, portaging -Promotes country marriages -Headquarters in Montreal, with the Partners -Payed by Profit-sharing, had flexible trading practices -Called Voyageurs, hivernants, Nor'Westers |
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Red River |
-Settlement founded by Lord Selkirk 1812 -For Scottish farmers "Crofters" evicted by the enclosure movement -Supported by the HBC for territory claims, food source, and employee retirement -threatened the Metis' Nomadic Buffalo hunting culture and the NWC's trade routes because of its location and their pemmican trade with the Metis. -Wars: Pemmican War, Battle of Seven Oaks - Red River carts, Made by the Metis, were named after it. |
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Louis Riel |
-Metis, Leader of the Comite National des Metis went against the Canadian Party of Schultz's -trained as a lawyer and highly religious -Led two movements against the Canadian Government: the Red River Rebellion and the North West Rebellion |
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Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) |
-also known as the "Iron Road" -Promised to the citizens of British Colombia as part of their agreement to join confederation -Allan used American money to finance the construction, and when found out created the Pacific scandal, getting Macdonald a vote of non-confidence, and was succeeded my Mackenzie, who also had little confidence in the benefits of the railway -Macdonald was re-elected over his National Policy Campaign -Britain refused to finance the CPR so George Stephen and his cousin Donald Smith did -Van Horne was appointed general manager and then rose to vice-president and president -Bribed Crowfoot and Father Lacombe with lifetime passes to go through Reserve lands -challenged by the Canadian Shield and Rocky Mountains - hired chinese immigrants and payed them less
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The North West Mounted Police (NWMP) |
-The NWC and HBC merged and the standard trade practices ended the NWC's liquor trade with the natives. -American Whiskey traders had been coming over the 49th parallel to trade "Rotgut" Whiskey with the natives -Macdonald ignored it until the Cypress Hills Massacre were "Wolfers" killed innocent Assiniboine - Sent the NWMP on The Great March to the Whiskey base, Fort Whoop-Up -were a strong, permanent Canadian presence in the west -Metis "Carters" drove red river carts, "Killer of horses" field guns as a upper-hand over the Whiskey traders |
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The Red River Rebellion |
-Blocked surveyors and Governor McDougall -Seized HBC Fort Garry as a military base and a better bargaining position with the Government - Organized a Provisional Government -drew up a List of Rights (Swore allegiance to the Queen to avoid treason accusations) -The Manitoba Act was past making: Manitoba "Water of the Prairie" a Province, Metis lands Protected (Scrip), French and English official languages, Roman Catholic Public Schools. - There was no French provision in schools -In a fight with members of the Canadian Party, Thomas Scott was accused of treason and executed by the Metis. -Wolseley and soldiers were sent to Red River by Macdonald to appease Quebec and Ontario -Riel Fled to the United States |
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The North West Rebellion |
-Metis had sold Scrip for less than its worth and moved along the Saskatchewan River -White settlers and the Metis felt ignored by the Government, faced with high costs and weak markets for their farm goods -Metis also resented the orderly division of their lands, smallpox, Whiskey side-effects, and starvation due to buffalo destruction -the Government also cut money from the Indian Department providing rations and supplies in hard times as promised in the treaties -Starving Salteaux thus attacked a food storehouse, taking food and a hostage and were arrested by the NWMP, who they used to consider protecters -called Riel back from Montana to unite the white settlers, Native, and Metis -Wrote a Petition of rights -the petition was ignored and Riel's speeches turned violent, which lost the white settler's support and got the NWMP's attention -Declared a Provisional Government and demanded that Crozier's Police Fort Surrender, and the post does not -Crozier and the Metis fight at Duck Lake -Cree Big Bear and Poundmaker loot Fort Battleford and kill two settlers -Cree Wandering Spirit kills 12 and take the rest of the settlers prisoner at Frog Lake -Cree besieged NWMP Fort Pitt -militia troops sent with General Middleton and are defeated at Cut Knife Hill by Poundmaker -Big Bear surrenders to the NWMP ending the rebellion -Cree and Metis were tried and sent to jail or the gallows, Riel was tried for high treason and hung, debatably for the death of Scott |
