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55 Cards in this Set
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German Economic Problems The Treaty of Versailles |
Leaders of the victorious countries gathered to sign the Treaty of Versailles -American President Wilson believed that defeated countries should be treated with honor and justice (to avoid revenge): however, this was the not the majority opinion. -Ensure Germany remained weak and wage another war. -Germans were humiliated by the treaty: war guilt clause stained German honor. -Placed heavy restrictions on Germany (made it hard for Germany to recover from the war): Huge reparation payments Loss of colonies & territory |
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The Treaty of Versailles (In Greater Detail) |
1. French took the "rich prizes" of German territory west of the Rhine: the Saar Valley with its coal fields and the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. 2. The German army limited to 100,000. No submarines, aircraft or heavy artillery. 3. Germany had to pay reparation fees. *Check: at the time, $33 billion US dollars (132 marks)* 4. Germany's colonies were given out to France, Britain, and Japan (*Check Japan) 5. Germany had to admit that it was totally to blame for all the losses and damages of the war (the War Guilt Clause). |
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German Economic Problems Inflation |
-To finance WW1, Germany borrowed a lot of money: burdened with a huge debt. To pay off, the government began printing money. -Caused severe inflation and an tremendous increase of prices for goods. Spring 1922: 300 marks = 1 USD Early 1923: 50,000 marks = 1 USD -German industries were not expanding. |
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German Economic Problems Depression & Unemployment |
-Germany was beginning to recover when the Great Depression hit (1929: Stock Market Crash in the US) -Americans could no longer afford German goods -American banks no longer lend money to the German government. -German businesses went bankrupt: people lost their jobs. -Germans were starving and desperate. |
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How Hitler Entered the "Scene" |
-Many Germans were bitter about inflation and economic troubles. Hitler and the Nazi Party said that a dictatorship will solve all their problems (believed that the government is a "crook") |
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Germany - Political Instability |
-Political leadership was critical to Germany's recovery: but the German political system was badly wounded as the economy. -End of WW1: Germany had more than a dozen major political parties. No party was strong enough to "rebuild" Germany. -The parties fell into three general groups: Communists, Social Democrats and National Socialists (Nazis). -No party could win a majority government; Communists and Nazis fought often; elections marked with violence and intimidation. -As conditions worsened, Germans were willing to listen to extremist voices of the Nazi party. |
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The Core Beliefs of the Nazi Party |
-The government should be run by the army and the wealthy -Industry should be privately owned -The power of the military should be increased -Democratic government should be outlawed -Activities of Jews and foreigners should be severely restricted (Nazis believes these two groups were responsible for Germany's economic problems) |
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How Hitler Comes to Power (What he promises to the people of Germany) |
-In 1919, Hitler joined a small political groups that was to become the Nazi party (in a short time, he took over leadership of the party). -Hitler promised the German people he would get back the land lost during WW1, restore Germany to world leadership and "deal" with the Jews. |
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Master Race - Hitler |
Furthermore, Hitler pronounced that Aryans (Caucasians not of Jewish descent and for Hitler, particularly people of pure German descent) were the "master race".
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Mein Kampf |
-Meaning "My Struggle" -A book written by Hitler in the early 1920s -Displays Hitler's anti-Semitic views: describes Jews as "deadly poison" and "vermin". |
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When Hitler Comes into Power (Time) (What does he become?) |
-Hitler and the Nazi party gained control of the German Parliament in 1933. -The end of democracy in Germany -Germans pledges absolute obedience to their leader, der Fuhrer. -Hitler became a dictator: outlawing all other political parties and using force to keep control. |
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3 Forces set up/controlled by Hitler (What did they do?) |
Stormtroopers (SA) - Page 217 -Forcibly broke up meetings of other political parties, then, opponents were thrown into prison or concentration camps. Gestapo German secret police under Nazi rule. -Oppressed opposition to Nazis -Sent Jews to concentration camps SS guards -A protective squad: to protect Hitler. -Later, they also served as assistant policemen and concentration camp guards. |
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What the Nazis Controlled |
-Newspapers, radios -What Germans read and heard: many books were burned in huge public bonfires. -Teaches had to be a Nazi party member. -Students had to join the Hitler Youth Movement: learning Nazi ideas. |
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What Jews were Banned from (Before Nuremberg Laws) |
-Banned from all government, teaching, banking, broadcasting, newspapers and entertainment jobs. -Banned from many shops and public buildings. -Many Jews were "banned" (taken away) from their property and business. |
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Nuremberg Laws |
-Passed in 1935 -Took away citizenship and civil rights of all Jews in Germany. -Illegal for a Jew to marry a non-Jew Could not: -go to public schools -own land -associate with anyone who is non-Jew -go to a park, library, bank, or museum. |
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Kristallnacht |
Night of "Broken" Glass -Happened in 1938, when a German embassy official in Paris was shot by a Polish-Jewish youth. -7,000 Jewish shops were looted -20,000 Jews were arrested |
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Canada's Response to Jewish Immigrants |
-Nearly 800,000 Jews tried to escape Germany from 1933 to 1939. -Even though the textbook says P.M King would fight for the admission of Jewish refugees: he was actually anti-Semitic. -Anti-Semitism (even fascist parties) also existed in Canada. -Others thought Jews were "foreigners" and would not fit in. -Furthermore, people believed that Jews were not good farmers and will move to the city (many ppl in the city were already on relief because of the depression). -Canadian immigration policy "preferred" British & American immigrants. *Check*: Only ended up accepting 2 Jewish children. |
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The St. Louis Incident |
June 1939 Ocean liner, St. Louis arrived off Canada's East Coast carrying 907 Jews: including 400 women and children. -Already denied entry into Cuba & other Latin American countries. -Canadian government refused the St. Louis to enter Canada. -Minister of Justice, Ernest Lapointe "emphatically opposed" to the landing of the ship. -Ship was forced back to Europe. |
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Steps to War |
Textbook: Page 223 |
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Why Canada "Slept" (6 Reasons) |
- Memories of WW1 - Tragic loss. - Pacifism - Canadians promoted the cause of peace. - The Great Depression - Canadians were preoccupied with food, clothing, jobs and shelter. - Isolationism - Canada felt "far" from any world problems. - Political Leadership - PM King was not very concerned with foreign affairs - he was concerned about the unity of Canadians. - Appeasement (Doing something to keep someone from being angry): King and other leaders misjudged the fascist threat. King thought Hitler was "a simple sort of peasant, not very intelligent and no serious danger to anyone." |
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Dictators Around the World |
Hitler (German dictator) Mussolini (Italian dictator) Franco (Spanish dictator) |
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How and When Canada Entered the War |
September 11, 1939: War was declared -No enthusiasm: more lives lost -Canada's entry in the war was not automatic (Canada was now an independent nation) -Hitler's march to war awakened Canada. -Britain was still Canada's greatest ally. -Recent visit of the Royal Family increased support -On September 3, 1939, the passenger liner Athenia was torpedoed by a German submarine (killing 200 Canadians): convinced Canadians. |
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Canadian Preparations for War |
In 1939, there were only 10,000 soldiers in the armed forces (due to the depression). -1938-39: Budget for defence was $35 million. King wanted Canada to act mainly as a supplier of food and war materials: save Canadian lives and avoid conscription. -War Measures Act: ordered factories to make war materials. Flying bases were made. -New War Taxes: September 12 -End of September: over 58,000 men and women enlisted. (basic pay: $1.30/day) -Jan 1940: canadian troops arrived in Britain. |
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Mussolini |
An Italian dictator -June 1940: tried to enter the war on the side of Germany (Axis Powers) |
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The Battle of Britain (Canadian Contributions) |
-Before German troops invaded Brtain, Hitler tried to destroy the Royal Air Force. August 1940: the Luftwaffe (German air force) began attacking southern England- bombers struck at British targets. Nazis called it "War of Terror" British called it "The Blitz", short for, Blitzkrieg (lightning warfare) -Designed to destroy the British will to resist. -Canadian fighter pilots were in the Royal Air Force: fighting against the Germans. -Canadian ships helped ensure that vital supplies crossed the Atlantic: tracked and sunk German submarines.
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General Roles of Canada in WW2 |
- Hong Kong, Dieppe, the Italian campaign, Juno beach (normandy) - Liberated French and Dutch territory - Helped free some of the prisoners in the Nazi death camps. |
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Canadians at Hong Kong, December 1941 |
-Canada has declared war on Japan (pearl harbour incident triggered many countries). -With European nations focussing on Hitler and Mussolini, the Japanese were able to overtake Euro colonies in Asia. -Canadians were assigned to defend a vital British colony: Hong Kong. -Unfortunately, the Japanese were very well prepared. -After 17 days of fighting (On Dec 25, 1941), Canadians surrender. -Survivors were transferred to Japanese prison camps: many died (starvation, illness, etc...) POWs - Prisoners of War |
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The Dieppe Raid, August 1942 |
-Canadians and British to test the German forces along the French coast of Dieppe. -Planned to be a quick punch at the German stronghold: worry the Nazis, gather information and return to Britain. Called "Operation Jubilee" -Germans were well-prepared: mowing down the soldiers: horrible losses (killing nearly 900 Canadians) |
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Canadians at Sea (Fight Against German Submarines: What system was used?) (How large did Canada's navy become?) |
Britain, and later Russia, depended heavily on supplies from North America. -Naval forces made sure the cargoes got through safely. -German submarines were sinking Allied ships at an alarming rate: Canada escorted groups of supply ships across the Atlantic: supply ships travelled as a group in convoys: including 3 or 4 corvettes. -Royal Canadian Navy escorted over 25,000 merchant ships to Great Britain and other countries. -Canada became the 3rd largest navy in the world. |
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Canadians at Sea (Civilian Sailors of the Merchant Marine) (How did the Allies improve their protection against German submarines?) |
These sailors sailed the cargo ships: the main target of the German submarines. -They suffered great losses: many died. Better training Battle experience Improved radar for underwater detection Protection provided by patrol aircraft |
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Canadians in the Air (Air raids by the Allies on the Germans) (Target: German cities) |
In 1942, the Allies started air raiding Germany: just like the Germans did to Britain at the start of the war. Targets: City of Cologne City of Hamburg City of Berlin Results: Didn't destroy the German's determination to fight: similar to the results of the German "Blitz" on London & South England. |
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Canadians in the Air (Canada's airforce) (How large did Canada's airforce become?) (Which other airforce where Canadians part of?) |
Similar to Canada's navy at the start of the war (1939), Canada's airforce was also very small.
-By the end of the war, Canada's airforce was the 4th largest in the world. -Many Canadians flew in the British Royal Air Force. |
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Canadians in the Air (What did they do?) (Airforce losses) (What factors acted as a threat?) |
-Did things such as, bomb enemy targets at night.
-The losses were high: some Allied bombing missions resulted in 500 aircrew lost. -Fast enemy fighters -Anti-aircraft fire -Radar -Poor weather -Darkness -Unreliable equipment -Fatigue -Being found in enemy searchlights |
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Canadians in the Air (Dambusters raid) (Type of Bomb) (The goal?) (Successful or not?) |
May 17, 1943 -Canadian bombers took part in the daring raid on hydroelectric installations in the Ruhr valley of Germany. Pilots flew low and sent "spinning bombs" bouncing along the water. Goal: Cripple German industry and shorten the war. Successful: 2 dams blown but many Canadians killed. |
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The Italian Campaign, July 10, 1943 (Where did it take place?) (What was it supposed to do?) (Which Canadian Division? - Operation ....) (The General in charge) (What happened to the Italians?) (What did Hitler then do?) |
- Canadian, British and American forces made an assault on a Italian region, Sicily from the sea. -Designed to take pressure off the Russian Allies and steal German troops from north-western Europe. - The First Canadian Division "spearheaded" (lead the attack): known as Operation Husky. - General: Guy Simonds - The Italians were demoralized: lost the will to fight, turned on their fascist leader Mussolini (he soon lost power). - Hitler sent hundreds of thousands of German troops to hold Italy. |
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Battle of Ortona (Under the Italian Campaign) (Ortona's natural formation) (Which German Elite fighting force was in charge of holding down the town?) (What did Germans do to the town?) (What were the Canadians forced to do?) (How long it take? Was it successful?) (Casualties) |
East coast of Italy. (Italian town) -Ortona was a natural fortress, surrounded by high ridges and deep gullies. -First German Parachute Division -Fortified buildings, booby-trapped houses, and blew up dwellings to block the narrow streets of the town. -Take the town, street by street and house by house: "mouse-holing" technique. After taking one house, they blasted a hole from the attic into the neighbouring house. Once inside, they poured grenades and machine gun fire on the enemy until the house was taken. -After a week of battle, Ortona was in Canada's hands. -Once again, the casualties were very high. |
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D-Day, 1944 (Part 1) (Who decided on the attack?) (Where did it take place? Why?) (What Allied troops attended?) (How many German divisions in N. France under whose command?) (Bombers contribution) (What did D-Day stand for?) |
-General Eisenhower -Normandy beaches of northern France: close to Britain: didn't have to travel that far. -American, British and Commonwealth (including Canadians). *If specific numbers needed: page 240* -Germans had 60 divisions under the command of Field Marshall Rommel. -Spring 1944: Allied bombers started attacking and destroying Nazi military sites in N. France: to soften enemy defences. -Day of Deliverance |
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D-Day, 1944 (Part 2) (When did D-day start?) Timeline 2:00 am 3:15 am 5:30 am 6:30 am *Specific examples: Page 241 Juno Beach (What did Canadians face?) (Did Canadians meet their objective?) |
Originally, June 5 but postponed (due to bad weather) to June 6, 1944. 2:00 am: Paratroopers were dropped to protect the landing forces. 3:15 am: 2000 bombers began to pound the German defences on the beaches. 5:30 am: The air raids were joined by the guns of the Allied warships. 6:30 am: The first wave of Canadian, British and American troops poured onto the beaches of France. -Water obstacles, land mines, barbed wire, and heavy machine-gun fire from the Germans. -Canadians met their objectives: the Allied force to do so that day. |
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The Liberation of Europe (Other invasion: around the same time as D-Day) (What were Hitler's secret weapons?) (What happened to these secret weapons?) (How many remaining months of battle after the landing of Normandy? Casualties within this time) |
- While forces were dealing with D-Day, other Allied forces invaded Europe from the south through Italy and France. - Hitler's secret weapons: flying bomb V-1 and rocket V-2 -As the Allied invades north through Belgium, they overran the rocket launching sites. - 11 more months of fighting: lost 1000 Canadians for each of the months. |
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The Liberation of Europe (Canadians goal: including return to Dieppe) (Pushing Nazis out of the Netherlands) |
-Canadian units had to clear German forces from the channel ports. Included Dieppe. Canadians paraded in victory before the townspeople who had seen them slaughtered two years before. -As the Nazis retreated from Holland, they flooded the lowlands. Canadian troops pushed the Nazis out from the towns of the Netherlands. *Holland is a part of the Netherlands* |
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The Liberation of Europe (The story of Holland) |
-Some Dutch people had nothing to eat but tulip bulbs. -Holland was liberated and Canadian forces turned to feed the starving population. -The Dutch were filled with gratitude. -Canada also sheltered the Princess of the Netherlands (including her daughters) came to Canada during WW1: tulips are now sent to Canada every year to thank our hospitality (pronounced the hospital the Netherlands when she gave birth). |
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The Liberation of Europe (Allied Forces coming from all sides) (When did the Soviet troops reach Berlin) (When was the fighting in Europe over?) |
-Allied forces coming from the West and Russsians were advancing on Berlin from the east. -April 1945. -May 8, 1945 |
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The Liberation of Europe (Why Hitler Killed Himself) (VE Day) |
-Hitler learned that the Italian dictator, Mussolini, had been captured and killed (strung up by the heels in a public square in Milan). Hitler planned to kill himself rather than suffer the same fate. -April 30, 1945 -Victory in Europe Day: May 7, 1945 |
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The Holocaust (Read about the story of Rose: Page 247-248) (What were concentration camps?) (Who were they run by?) (What did they do to the Jews) (How many Jews were killed? (What happened to the camps at the end of the war?) |
-Every Jewish person would be transported to concentration camps and exterminated: the "final solution" to the "Jewish problem". -Run by the SS (Hitler's secret police) -Experiments, hanging, shooting, torturing, overworking, gassing (disguised as showers!) -End of the war, one-third of the Jews in Europe were killed by Hitler: estimated 6 million. -Before the war ended, orders went out from Berlin to destroy the camps to keep them secret. But the Allies overran the camps. |
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Commandos in the Pacific (War between which country is not over?) (What type of soldiers were needed?) (What Canadian politicians have done before) (What unit was created, what did they do?) (First Chinese Canadian to "fight") (Factor in what government decision?) (Japanese-Canadians) |
-War between the Allies and the Japanese was not over. -Allies needed soldiers who could speak Japanese and Chinese: regions seized by the Japanese has Chinese-speaking populations. -Canadian politicians had discouraged Asian Canadians from enlisting: might fuel demands for the right to vote. -An elite commando unit, Force 136 was formed: sabotaged operations deep in the jungles, co-ordinated guerrilla units already harassing the Japanese forces. -First Chinese Canadian to go behind enemy lines: Henry Fung. -This was a major factor to grant Chinese Canadians the right to vote in 1947. -On the other hand, the Japanese-Canadians were treated as traitors: the 35 J.Cans were allowed to continue fighting in WW2. Furthermore, the Japanese were also allowed on the Canadian Intelligence Corps (to translate). Later granted the right to vote. |
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Japan Surrenders (Which president warned the Japanese to surrender?) (Why was Hiroshima chosen?) (Enola Gay) (People killed / injured in Hiroshima) (Did the Japanese surrender?) |
-American president, Truman, warned the Japanese to surrender or risk being totally destroyed. -Hiroshima was a major port and an army headquarters. -Enola Gay was the bomber that carried a single atomic bomb: called the "Little Boy". -71,000 were dead or missing and 68,000 injured. -Still, the Japanese did not surrender. |
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Japan Surrenders (How many days after - second bomb?) (Where was the second bomb dropped?) (How many killed / injured?) (Bomb nickname) (It's effect today) (When did the Japanese surrender: end of WW2) |
-3 days -The city of Nagasaki -35,000 killed and 60,000 injured -Fat Man -Illness caused by mass amounts of radiation -Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945 |
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Total War |
-All industries, materials and people were put to work for the war effort. |
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WPTB |
Wartime Prices and Trade Board -Controlled prices and supervised the distribution of food and other scarce goods. Government: -Stopped production of things not essential to the war effort (liquor, silk stockings, etc...) |
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Ration Cards |
Everyone needed these to buy gasoline, butter, sugar, meat, tea, and coffee: the government limited the amount a person could buy. |
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What People Did in Canada |
-Kitchens: saved fat and bones for bombs and glue for aircraft. -Gave up buying new aluminum pots and pans and new stoves: materials used to build more airplanes. -Scrap metal, rags, paper, etc... were collected. -Bought Victory Bonds -Organized fundraising events |
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War Measures Act Internment Camps Which people were sent here? (What does the War Measures Act allow the cabinet to do?) |
-Some Italian Canadians -Some German Canadians -Some Jews that fled from Nazi persecution -Alot of Japanese Canadians -The at allows the Canadian cabinet to make any decision during the emergency of wartime without debate in the House of Commons. |
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Internment of Japanese Canadians (What triggered the first arrests?) (What act imprisoned all Canadian citizens of Japanese descent?) (The treatment of the Japanese) (What were the Japanese forced to do?) (What happened if the Japanese resisted?) |
-Pearl harbour attack: angered Canadians. -The War Measures Act -Taken from their homes, packed into trains, and sent to internment camps in the interior of British Columbia. -Work on road construction, farm labourers. -Resistance: separated from their families- sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in Angler, Ontario. |
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Internment of Japanese Canadians (Where did most Japanese Canadians live?) (2 reasons why the Canadian government move all J.Cans away from the coast to inland centre) (How many kg of things were they allowed to take?) (Crude living conditions. Describe.) (What were WW1 veterans paid to do?) |
-British Columbia - 1. to prevent spying which could lead to an enemy invasion 2. to protect Japanese Canadians from being harmed in anti-Japanese riots. -68 kg of clothing, bedding and cooking utensils for each adult. -Two bedrooms and kitchen for two families: no electricity or running water (until 1943), food packages from Japan through the Red Cross, remote communities, under surveillance by the RCMP. -They were paid to watch over the settlements and report anything out of the ordinary. |
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Internment of Japanese Canadians (What did the government consider doing after Japan surrendered?) (Did the deportation take place? Why?) (Did Japanese return to Japan?) (What happened to the J.Canadians possessions?) (Japanese Property Claims Commission) (Formal apology) |
-They considered sending all the Japanese Canadians to Japan. -The deportation never took place: dishonourable and unfair. -However, 4000 Japanese Canadians returned to Japan in 1946. -They were sold for a fraction of their value (previously they have been told that the government would hold their belongings in trust). -It was to review the claims of those who felt they had not been treated fairly: in some cases, additional money was made available, but it never fully compensated for their losses. -The Canadian government formally apologized in 1988: offered $20,000 to every survivor. |
