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102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Cell Theory

- all living things are made up of 1+ cells




- cells are the basic unit of life




- all cells from pre-existing cells


(mitosis and meiosis)

Prokaryote

Organisms that don't contain a nucleus or other membrane-based organelles.

Eukaryote

Organism that contain a nucleus & organelles with a membrane surrounding the cell.

Name the parts in a Cell


(parts that can be found in both Plant & Animal)

Cytoplasm


Cell Membrane


Nucleus


DNA


Mitochondria


Endoplasmic Reticulum


Golgi Bodies


Vacuoles

Name the parts in only Plant Cells

Cell Wall


Large Vacuole


Chloroplasts

Name the parts in only Animal Cells

Lysosomes


Small Vacuole


Centrioles

Cytoplasm

- mainly water and other substances which cell needs




- can change form, allowing movement of organelles

Cell Membrane

- supports the cell


- allows/prevents substances from entering cell




example: oxygen passes through, protein doesn't

Nucleus

Contains genetic information which is stored in chromosomes.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid.


(instructions for cell activity)

Mitochondria

- considered as "power plants"


- provide energy for cells


- stores glucose and enzymes (used in cellular respiration)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

- network of tubes from nuclear membrane and cell membrane


- transports materials and proteins

Golgi Bodies

- collect/process materials to be removed by cell


- produce and discharge mucus



Vacuoles

- layer of membrane trapping fluid in a sac


- functions vary depending on cell type




Can contain substances, remove waste, and maintain fluid pressure.

Cell Wall

- only in Plant cells


- rigid structure of cellulose


- found outside of cell membrane

Large Vacuole

- only in Plant cells


- one vacuole containing water


- when water levels drop, cell becomes soft (vice versa)

Chloroplasts

- only in Plant cells (that are exposed to light)


- contain chlorophyll (green pigment in leaves)


- Absorb light for photosynthesis



Lysosomes

Sacklike structure containing proteins that break down large molecules.




Animal cell only.

Small Vacuoles

Multiple vacuoles that store water and other substances.




Animal cell only.

Centrioles

Small protein structure used in cell division.




Animal cell only.

Cell Division for Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction (mitosis)


- one parent, exact genetic copies




Sexual Reproduction (meiosis)


- two parents, DNA shared amongst them

Cell Division for Growth

Cell sizes or cell numbers increase.

Why do cell numbers increase?

At a certain size, chemicals and water can't move through the cell fast enough.

Diffusion

Movement of chemicals from high to low pressure.

Osmosis

Movement of water from high to low pressure.

Importance of Cell Division

Reproduction


Growth


Repair

Stages of the Cell Cycle (asexual)

Interphase


Mitosis


Cytokenisis

Interphase

- longest cell stage


- carries out regular activities


- DNA is long thin strands (duplicated)

Prophase

- DNA compacts into chromosomes


- 2 identical DNA strands


- nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase

- chromosomes line up

Anaphase

- centromere splits, chromatids seperates


- chromatids known as daughter chromatids

Telophase

- final stage of mitosis


- chromosomes stretch out


- nuclear membrane and 2 nuclei form

Cytokinesis

- cytoplasm divides, 2 identical cells




Plant Cells: cell wall developed


Animal: cell membrane pinched off

Stages of Mitosis

Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


Telophase

What is Cancer?

Disease where cells grow & divide out of control.

Tumor

Mass of cells that continue to grow and divide.

Benign

Disease/tumor that doesn't spread.

Malignant

Disease/tumor that spreads to other cells.

Metastasis

Cancer breaking away from original tumor and infecting elsewhere.

Mutation

A random change in DNA.

Where do mutations occur?

During the death of a cell or allow the cell to survive and continue to grow & divide.

Carcinogen

Environmental factor that causes cancer.




Example: smoking, processed red meat, etc.

Reduce risk of cancer by...

Eating superfoods, antioxadants, and having a healthy diet.

Technology used to find Cancer

X-ray, ultrasound, endoscopy, CT scan, MRI

Cancer Treatments

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, biophotonics

Cell Structure Hierarchy in Animals

Cells


Tissues


Organs


Organ Systems


Organisms

Specialized Cells

Cells that perform a specific function.

Tissue

Collection of similar cells that perform a specific function.

The Tissue Types

Epithelial


Connective


Muscle


Nerve

Epithelial tissue

- protection and low-friction surfaces




Example: skin, digestive system lining

Connective tissue

- support and insulation




Example: bone, tendons, blood

Muscle tissue

- movement




Example: heart, biceps

Nerve tissue

- sensory, communication, coordination




Example: brain

Organ

Structure composed of different tissues working together.

Organ examples...

Stomach, intestines, eyes, ears, heart, liver, etc.

Organ System

System of organs working together to perform a function.

Example of organ systems...

Digestive System


Respiratory System


Circulatory System

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialised cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Can differentiate into any type of cell.

Tissue Stem Cells

Within specialised tissue, can only differentiate into certain types of cells.




Example: bone marrow, umbilical cord

Digestive System Function

- to chemically/mechanically break down food


- produce usable nutrient molecules


- excrete waste (and toxins by vomit and diarrhea)

Components in the Digestive System

mouth & nose


esophagus


liver


gall bladder


stomach


pancreas


small & large intestine


rectum & anus

Mouth

Breaks down food




Mechanically (teeth, tongue)


Chemically (saliva)

Esophagus

Muscles contract to move food down toward stomach.

Stomach

- store food, continue digestion


- chemicals break down food


- stomach stirs contents (mechanical digestion)

Small Intestine

- skinny tube, digestion & absorption occurs


- enzymes complete chemical digestion


- duodenum is where most digestion occurs


- intestines have folds, helping absorption (nutrients)

Accessory Organs

Pancreas - regulates sugar with insulin




Liver - produces bile to break down fat




Gall Bladder - stores bile

Large Intestine

- short fat tube, absorption and waste exertion occurs


- absorbs water, mineral, salt, essential nutrients (vitamin K)




Constipation -> too much water absorbed


Diarrhea -> too little absorbed

Respiratory System Function

- gas exchange (provide O2 and remove CO2)


- air pulled into lungs by lowering diaphram

Components of Respiratory System

Mouth & Nose


Pharynx & Larynx


Trachea


Lung


Bronchus


Bronchioles


Alveoli


Diaphram

Nasal Cavity (respiratory)

Filters, warms and moistens air.




(mucus, cilia)

Oral Cavity (respiratory)

Backup route for uptake of air.

Pharynx

Passageway with respiratory and digestive systems.

Larynx

- blocks food & liquids from entering trachea


- flap called epiglottis


- contains vocal chords

Trachea

- carries air towards lungs


- contains cilia which filter air

Lung

Organ where gas exchange happens.

Bronchus

Where trachea branches in the lungs.

Bronchioles

- Smaller and more branched tubes


- allows distribution of oxygen throughout lungs

Alveoli

- air sac made of thin cells


- surrounded by capillaries (allow gas exchange in circulatory system)

Diaphram

Air pulled into lungs by lowering diaphragm.

Respiratory System Diseases

Tuberculosis (bacteria on lungs)


Cancer


Asthma (spasms in bronchi)


SARS (flu-like)

Circulatory System Function

To transport substances around the body.


(oxygen, nutrients, etc.)

Parts of the Circulatory System

Blood


Blood Vessels


Heart

Four Components of Blood

Red Blood Cells


White Blood Cells


Platelets


Plasma

Red Blood Cells(circulatory system)

- 45% of blood


- carry oxygen

White Blood Cells(circulatory system)

- <1% of blood cells


- fight bacteria and viruses

Platelets(circulatory system)

- tiny cells, help with blood clotting


- <1% of blood

Plasma (circulatory system)

- 55% of blood


- carries blood cells and proteins

Three types of Blood Vessels

Arteries


Veins


Capillary

Arteries

Pump blood away from the heart.


(oxygenated blood)

Veins

Carry blood toward heart.


(carries carbon)

Capillaries

Tiny blood cells allowing exchange of gasses.

Heart

- rhythm of contraction and relaxation


- rhythm allows blood to leave and enter heart

Benefits and Risks of Organ Transplantation

- recipient lives healthy


- rejection from the body

How does the digestion system work with the circulatory system.

Circulatory system allows the nutrients, provided by the digestive system, to be distributed throughout the body.

List and explain the Human Heart's 4 chambers.

Right Atrium - receives CO2 rich blood


Right Ventricle - pump carbon blood into lungs




Left Atrium - receives oxygen-rich blood


Left Ventricle - pumps oxygen blood to body

Dermal Tissue System

Tissues covering the outer surface of a plant.

Vascular Tissue System

Tissues conducting materials within a plant.




Xylem: transports water from roots to leave upwards




Phloem: transports dissolved food and hormones throughout plant

Root System

- anchors the plant


- absorbs water & minerals from soil


- absorbed by root hairs


- stores food

Shoot System

- used to conduct photosynthesis


- allows for sexual reproduction


- consist of leaf, stem, flower

Meristematic Cells

Undifferentiated cells that divide to form specialised cells. (for plants)




Essentially embryonic cells for plants.

Epidermal and Periderm Tissue

Thin layer of cells covering non-woody surfaces of plant. (Epidermal) Periderm tissue covers surface and produces bark.