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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A variation of a particular character
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Trait
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The study of heredity
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Genetics
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Who used the observation of pea plants to study inheritance
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Gregor Mendel
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When sperm from the pollen of one flower fertilzes a different plant it is called
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Cross-fertilization
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Offspring of 2 different true-breeding varieties are called
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Hybrid
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Mating of 2 organisms that differ in only one character
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Monohybrid
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Mating of 2 organisms that differ in two character
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Dihybrid
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Alternative form of a gene
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Allele
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Having identical alleles for a gene
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Homozygous
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Having different alleles for a gene
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Heterozygous
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An allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the only one affecting a trait
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Dominant
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An allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to to affect a trait
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Recessive
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Diagram showing the probablilties of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
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Punnett square
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Observable traits
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Phenotype
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Genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of alleles
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Genotype
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If a round yellow pea was crossed with a wrinkled green pea, what would the gametes be
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F1 generation: Round yellow
(round and yellow are dominant) F2 generation: 1 round yellow, 1 wrinkled yellow, 1 round green, 1 wrinkled green |
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A diagram that shows all possible oursomes of a genetic cross
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Punnett Square
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Generalization that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns
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Chromosome theory of inheritance
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Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
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Gene locus
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Tendency for alleles of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together
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Gene linkage
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Gene located on a sex chromosome
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Sex-linked gene
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Package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself
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Virus
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Virus that infects bacteria; also called a "phage"
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Bacteriophage
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Molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
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DNA
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Building block (monomer)of nucleic acid polymers
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Nucleotide
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Double-ring nitrogenous base
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Purine
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Single-ring nitrogenous base
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Pyrimidines
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2 strands of nucleotides wound about each other - the structure of DNA
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Double helix
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Scientists who created the double helix model of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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Process of copying DNA molecule to form 2 new daughter strands
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DNA replication
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Nucleic aicd containing the sugar ribose
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RNA
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Process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule
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Transcription
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Process by which a sequence of nucleic acids in RNA is used to direct the production of a chain of specific amino acids
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Translation
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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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Mutation
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Physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
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Mutagens
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Complete set of an organisms; an organisms combination of alleles
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Genome
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Condition also called trisomy 21 - an abnormal number of chromosomes
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Down Syndrome
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When a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
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Nondisjunction
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Family tree that records and traces the occurrence of a trait in a family
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Pedigree
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Examples of human disorders that are inherited as dominant traits
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Dwarfism or achondroplasia
Extra fingers or toes Huntingtons disease |
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Example of human sex-linked disorder
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Red-green color blindness
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2 classes of genes that direct the production of proteins that regulate cell growth and division - important in cancer genes
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Growth factors
Tumor suppressor genes |
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Cancer-causing gene
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Oncogenic
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Use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans
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Biotechnology
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Combination of genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is separate from the bacterial chomosome
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Plasmid
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Examples fo genetically engineered plants or animals
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New crops that are resistant to to pests
Sheep with better wool, pigs with leaner meat |
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Particular stretches of DNA that are variable among individuals
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Genetic markers
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Each individuals particular banding pattern on an electrophoresis gel, determined by restriction fragments of the persons DNA
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DNA fingerprint
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Certain groups of cells that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to develop into various types of cells
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Stem cells
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Inherited characteristic that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
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Adaptation
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All of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time
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Evolution
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Who studied geology, plants, and animals from different environments and noticed how they adapted
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Charles Darwin
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The process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than other individuals
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Natural selection
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Preserved remains left by an organisms that lived in the past
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Fossils
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Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
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Fossil record
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No longer existing as a living species on Earth
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Extinct
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Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time
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Population
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All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
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Gene pool
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Contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contribution of other individuals
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Fitness
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Medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria
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Antibiotics
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The origin of a new species
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Speciation
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Study of the processes of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed
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Embryology
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Branch of biology that involves identification, naming, and classification of species
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Taxonomy
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What is the most widely used system of classification
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Linnaeus
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What are the 2 main characteristics of the Linnaeus system of classification
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1. 2 part (bi-nomal) Latin name for each species
2. Hierarchy of species into groups |
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Name for the evolutionary tree that shows species on different branches of the tree
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Phylogenetic tree
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Classification system from Broadest to Narrow
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Tip to learn classification
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K = Kids
P = Prefer C = Candy (over) F = Fresh G = Green S = Spinach |
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How do viruses reproduce
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Lysogenic cycle - virus injects itself into the host and is copied when host reproduces
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What is it called when the phage attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA
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Lytic cycle
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Examples of a RNA virus illness
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Cold, flu, measles, mumps
AIDS, polio |
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Examples of a DNA virus illness
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Hepatitis and herpes
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HIV is an example of what kind of RNA virus
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Retrovirus - reverse the usual DNA to RNA flow of genetic information
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Dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen
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Vaccines
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Eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, fungus. A diverse kingdom of organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom. Most are unicellular and free-living.
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Protists
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Animal-lioke protist; is a heterotroph. Do not have a cell wall. Live mostly in water.
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Protozoans
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Plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis
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Algae
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Diverse group of protozoans named for their use of hair-like projections called cilia to move and feed
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Ciliates
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Freshwater ciliate that feeds mainly on bacteria. Organism covered by thousands of cilia that function in locomotion and feeding
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Paramecium
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Group of unicellular photosynthetic protists with one or two flagella and no cell wall
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Euglena
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Most common inhabitant in pond water. Single cell protist and can live in both light and darkness
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Euglena
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How are protozoas categorized?
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By how they move:
Flagella, pseudopodia, cilia |
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An example of large, multicellular marine algae
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Seaweed
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Are fungi more related to plants or human?
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Humans
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What are most fungi made of
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Hyphae - tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and covered by cell wall
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How do fungi reproduce?
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Release large numbers of microscopic spores
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Two examples of fungi
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Yeasts - make breads and ferment alcohol
Molds - penicillin |
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What are the 4 main characteristics of an animal
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Eukaryotic
Lack cell walls Multicellular Heterotrophs that ingest food |
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Animals without backbones
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Invertebrates (95% of all animals on earth)
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Animals with backbones
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Vertebrates
(Fish, dogs, humans etc) |
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Fossil records show that animal diversity increased mostly when?
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About 500 million years ago
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How did animal life begin?
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During the Cambrian "Explosion" - first fossils seen with hard skeletons.
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Member of a group of animals that have a notochord - a flexible rod that extends along the body to anus
(Notochord = spinal cord) |
Chordate
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Are vertebrates chordates?
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Yes
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Skeletal segments of the backbone that protects the nerve cord of the the spinal cord
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Vertebrae
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A group of vertebrates (frogs, toads) that live mostly in water, but also on land
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Amphibian
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An individual with two identical alleles for a particular character
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Homozygous
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If you want to know the genotype of a pea plant that has purple flowers, what experiment would you perform?
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Testcross
Testcross breeds an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype (purple) with a recessive |
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What is the predicted phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross?
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9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Principle of independent assortment (Round yellow pea with wrinkled green pea) |
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AB blood type in humans is a result of
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Codominance
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How many alleles for a sex-linked (X-linked)gene does a male carry?
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One
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Heredity material is called
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DNA
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The "backbone" of nucleic acid polymers is composed of
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Sugar-phosphate...sugar-phosphate
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The complete set of genetic material in an organism is called its
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Genome
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Trisomy 21 is a condition usually caused by
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Nondisjunction
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What is the probability that each child born to two carriers of a recessive-disorder allele will have the disorder?
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1/4
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What do biologists use to cut a section of DNA from a chromosome?
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Restriction enzymes
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Why do scientists use gel electrophorsis
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To compare DNA samples from different sources
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What provides clues about the size and structure of once-living organisms?
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Fossils
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What is the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce better genetic traits?
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Artifical selection
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What are some examples of reproductive barriers between species?
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Different breeding seasons.
Different mating behaviors. Different habitats. |
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Divisions on the geologic time scale are marked by what intervals
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Regular intervals of time
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The number of species was drastically cut by what occurrance
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Mass extinction
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The fine threads that make up the bodies of most fungi are called
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Hyphae
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Animals called invertebrates all lack a
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Backbone
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What is an example of an invertebrate chordate?
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Lancelet
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