Gpysch 101 Exam 1

Front 1

What is Pyschology?

Back 1

Knowledge gained by systematic study

-Behvioral process

-Biological process

-Cognitive process

Front 2

Validity

Back 2

Properties that lead to correct conclusions

Front 3

Scientific Method in Pyschology

Back 3

1. Problem/ Question/ Hypothesis

2. Design Methods (What is your plan)

3. Data Collection (Execute)

4. Data Anaylsis/ Interpretation

5. Share Results

Front 4

Operational Definitions

Back 4

One defiition may not account for all possibilities

Eamples:

-Vegetarian

-Touch Down

-Happy

Front 5

1. Basic Research

2. Applied Research

3. Translational Research

Back 5

1. Fundamental Questions

2. Practical Application

3. Bi-Directional (Uses Basic and Applied) and involves feedback

Front 6

1. Independant Variable

2. Dependant Variable

Back 6

1. The "Causual" part of the relation we seek to establish

2. The recorded information, and is the Effect half of the cause and effect relation.

Front 7

Quasi- Experimental Independant Variable

Back 7

Cannot be (or is not) manipulated by the investigator but a comparison is made

Front 8

Error Variable

Back 8

The factors, other than the IV, that can influence the DV

Front 9

Descriptive Research

Back 9

(Remember Descriptive Research does not have an IV)

-It Describes state of affairs (ex: JMU is 60% girls)

OR

-Relations betwee and among variables (ex: the more you study, the higher your grades will be)

Front 10

Types of Descriptive Research

Back 10

-Case Study

-Naturalistic Observation

-Participant Observation

-Correlation Studies

Front 11

Correlation Studies

Back 11

When two or more variables are related (statisticall determined)

Front 12

Correlation Coefficient

Back 12

Tells the strength and direction of a relation

- Closer to 1 = strong

- Closer to 0 = weak

- Ranges from +1 to -1 = direction

Front 13

Positive, Negative, and Zero Correlation

Back 13

Positive- both variables increase or decrease TOGETHER (+)

Negative- as one variable increases, the other decreases (-)

Zero- No relationship between or among variables

Front 14

Correlation / Causation

Back 14

Causation necessitates correlation

Correlation alone does not indicate causation

Front 15

Bystander Effect

Back 15

-Bystanders icrease --> help less likely

- Diffusion of respondsibility

Front 16

Influences of Bystander Effect

Back 16

- ambiguity of situation

- strangers versus people you know

- identifyig strangers to help

Front 17

Social Loafing

Back 17

Effort towards a goal.

-Reduced effort as work group size increases

- Occurs whe we can "hide" in a crowd or when groups are not cohesive

Front 18

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 18

When behaviors/ attitudes conflict, we feel discomfort

Front 19

Schemas

Back 19

(Mental shortcuts)- Organized ideas about events/ people (using some type of information)

Front 20

Stereotypes

Back 20

Beliefs about characteristics based on group membership

Front 21

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 21

Tendency to assume internal attribution for behaviors of others

Examples: Drivers

Front 22

Types of Learning

Back 22

1. Associative

- Social Learning

-Classical Conditioning

- Operant Conditioning

2. NonAssociative

Front 23

Social Learning Theory

Back 23

Obeservational learning

modeling- learning from other behaviors and consequences

Front 24

Classical Conditioning (Respondant Conditioning)

Back 24

Associations betwee Stimuli

Learned Reflexes

Front 25

Stimulus, Response, Reflex

Back 25

Stimulus- produces a response

Response- reaction to a stimulus

Reflex- an involuntary response to a stimulus

Front 26

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 26

Stimulus that elicits a reflex without experience (No learning required)

Front 27

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 27

Reflec occurs without experience (No learning required)

(always the same as the conditioned response)

Front 28

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 28

Typically evokes no response.

(always the same as the conditioned stimulus)

Front 29

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 29

once a neutral stimulus (NS) that results in a reflexive response only AFTER experience

(always the same as the neutral stimulus)

UCS+ NS = CS

Front 30

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 30

Reflexive response AFTER experience

(always the same as the unconditioned response)

Front 31

Generalization

Back 31

A learned response to a specific stimulus is also elicited by similiar stimuli

Front 32

Discrimination

Back 32

A learned response to a specific stimulus is only elicited by that specific stimulus

Front 33

Extinction

Back 33

Reduction in responding to CS if it is no longer paired with the UCS.

(Gradual weakening of a conditioned response, without further reinforcement)

Front 34

Higher- Order Conditioning

(hint: think Bright- Noisy- Tasty Water)

Back 34

When a Conditioned Stimulus functions as if it were a Unconditioned Stimulus, then paired with another Neutral Stimulus ==> New Conditioned Response

Example: If we paired a black square with a metronome to make the Dog Salivate

Front 35

Operant Conditioning

Back 35

Associations between behaviors and consequences.

Consequences of behavior-

-reinforcement

- punishment

Front 36

Reinforcement (Positive and Negative)

Back 36

INCREASES the likelihood that a response will occur.

Positive- Adding a stimulus

(Example: If you make good grades, I will give you money)

Negative: Substracting a stimulus

(Example: If you make good grades, I will take away your chores)

Front 37

Punishment (Positive and Negative)

Back 37

Decreases the likelihood that a response will occur

Positive- adding a stimulus

(example: If you continue to excessively talk in class, I will yell at you)

Negative- Substracting a stimulus

(example: If you continue to excessively talk in class you will lose points)

Front 38

Stimulus Control

Back 38

When behavior comes under the control of a discriminative stimulus

Front 39

Fixed Ratio

Back 39

Fixed # of responses emitted

Front 40

Fixed Interval

Back 40

Fixed amount of time passing

Front 41

Variable Ratio

Back 41

Variable # of responses emitted

(EX: gambling)

Front 42

Variable Interval

Back 42

Variable amount of time must pass

Front 43

Latent Learning

Back 43

Skills you can do, but never asked to perform

(Example: you see someone tie your shoes repeatly and you can copy without being taught)

Front 44

Habituation

Back 44

simplist form of learning

decreasing responsiveness as result of repeated exposure (getting use to something)

Front 45

Sensitization

Back 45

Increased responsiveness following presentation of a single strong stimulus