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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
"Everything is _______ __ everything else, but near things are ____ ______ ____ distant things." - Waldo Tobler 1970
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related to; more related than
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Mental maps are ______ ________ of the world around us.
They are __________ = in ___ ____ They reflect our ___________ and _________ of the environment via our senses & direct experience (i.e. cognitive mapping) |
mental pictures
intangible; our head perceptions; knowledge |
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"geo"
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the earth
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"graphy"
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study of
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What are the three basic questions we ask in geography?
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1. Where?
2. Why There? 3. Why do we care? |
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Where do people move, why do they move there, and why do we care?
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People move to warmer locations
Moved there because of jobs or retirement Important because it shows economy is bad |
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Everything happens _________
Geography is an integral part of _____ __________ |
somewhere; human experience
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What are the two major sub-fields?
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1. Physical geography
2. Human geography |
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Physical geography studies the __________ & _________ of the natural environment.
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structures and functions
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Human geography studies the _______ ____________ of human activities.
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spatial organization
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Six Fundamental Themes in Geography?
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1. Location
2. Place 3. Regions 4. Interactions 5. Human-Environment Relations 6. Geotechnologies |
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Two basic approaches to studying world geography?
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1. Systematic geography
2. Regional geography |
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Studies one theme and looks at its spatial variations in all parts of the globe
Provides a picture of global patterns |
Systematic geography
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Focuses on a particular region and studies its identity (both physical + human geography)
Tells stories about a region |
Regional geography
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8 Things used to characterize a region?
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1. Where
2. Unique landscapes 3. Climate + Vegetation 4. Population distribution 5. Industries and Cities 6. Regional Variations 7. Historical Development 8. Roles in the global system |
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Two basic ways of defining location?
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1. Absolute location (site)
2. Relative location (situation) |
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fixed mathematically through coordinates of latitude and longitude
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absolute location
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Coordinates of Allendale?
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42.9 N and 85.9 W
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Measures the N-S angular distance from the equator
Ranges from 90 N to 90 S |
Latitude
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Lines of equal latitude
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parallels
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longitude = 0
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Prime Meridian
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Where does Prime Meridian pass through and why?
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Greenwich, England because England was most powerful country
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Measures E-W angular distance from the Prime Meridian
Ranges from 180 W to 180 E |
Longitude
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Lines of equal longitude
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meridians
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Where is the point of origin?
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Prime Meridian and Equator
Located in Gulf of Guinea |
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The parallel of 0 Latitude
12 Hours of daylight everyday of the year |
Equator
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the parallel of 23.5 N
marks the northernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun occurs on or about June 21 |
Tropic of Cancer
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the parallel of 23.5 S
marks the southernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun occurs on or about Dec. 21 |
Tropic of Capricorn
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the parallel of 66.5 N
experiences 24 hours of either daylight or darkness |
Arctic Circle
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the parallel of 66.5 S
experiences 24 hours of either daylight or darkness |
Antarctic Circle
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A position defined in terms of distances and relationships to certain _____ ___ _________
A measure of _____________ or nearness/ proximity A crucial location quality Can ______ over time |
other KEY locations
accessibility change |
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__% of all data has a spatial component
Data from most sciences can be analyzed "_________" |
80
spatially |
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GIS?
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Geographic Information Systems
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integrated computer system designed to capture, store, analyze, and visualize geographically referenced information
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Geographic Information Systems
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All information in a GIS is tied to _________
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locations
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a digital map of US states
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spatial data
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each row (a state) in the attribute table is linked to a state in the map
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"tied to location"
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a table of info about the properties of US states
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attribute data
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3 Things a GIS can do?
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1. Geovisualization
2. Query 3. Spatial Analysis |
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Asking questions about objects by locations and attributes
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Query
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_______ ________ is the true power of GIS
Spatial analysis means analyzing __________ _____________ among geographic phenomena (features) |
spatial analysis
locational relationships |
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A technology of obtaining information about the properties of Earth's environment from a distance
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Remote Sensoring
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Remote sensoring technology is based on the physical principle that all objects _______ & ____ electromagnetic (EM) energy
Different types of objects reflect and emit _________ types and amounts of EM energy In other words, different types of objects have their own ___________ EM energy _______ --> "__________" By analyzing the characteristics of EM energy signals of earth surface objects, we can identify them. |
reflect and emit
different distinctive; signals; signatures |
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The _____ of these curves indicates different types of earth surface features
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shape
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In RS, electromagnetic (EM) energy reflected & emitted by ground objects is recorded by _______
In other words, remote sensors are special instruments used to _______ the EM energy signals of earth surface objects |
sensors
capture |
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In a RS system, remote sensors are carried by certain flying vehicles called?
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platforms
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Two most often used platforms?
So we have ________ RS & __________ RS |
Aircraft and satellite
airborne and spaceborne |
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Based on the platforms used, we differentiate b/w ______ ___________ & _________ _______
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aerial photography and satellite imagery
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3 Advantages of remote sensing?
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1. Global coverage
2. Fast and easy to update environmental info 3. Near real-time monitoring of environment |
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GPS?
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Global Positioning System
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GPS is a satellite-based system for determining ________ _________ on or near earth surface
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accurate positions
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4 Advantages to GPS?
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1. Extremely high accuracy
2. Global coverage 3. All-weather operation 4. Usefulness at high velocities |
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Simple principle GPS operate on?
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Distance = Speed of Light x Time
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How many satellites are needed to fix a position?
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At least 4
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What 1 satellite tells you:
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Distance location which defines a sphere
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What 2 satellites tell you:
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2 measurements narrows down intersection of 2 spheres
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What 3 satellites tell you:
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3 spheres - one of 2 points is accurate
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What 4 satellites tell you:
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Precise position is determined
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How accurate is GPS?
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1 cm to 100 m accuracy; 10 m for civil uses
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5 Things GPS can do?
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1. Location
2. Navigation 3. Tracking 4. Mapping 5. Timing |
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Maps are the _______ ____ of the geographer.
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primary tool
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the study of why of where
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geography
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3 Roles of Maps?
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1. Where
2. Why there 3. Why do we care |
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A 2-Dimensional, scaled-down, graphic representation of earth's surface
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map
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3 Features of Map?
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1. 2-D --> All maps distort reality to some degree
2. Scaled-down --> selective + generalization 3. Graphic --> all maps use abstract symbols |
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8 Essential Map Elements?
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1. Title
2. Legend 3. Scale 4. Direction 5. Location 6. Projection 7. Data source 8. Date of publication |
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the amount of reduction in a map
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scale
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Map Distance / Earth Distance
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Map Scale
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Three types of map scale?
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1. Verbal scale
2. Fractional scale 3. Graphic (bar) scale |
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2 Most Common Scales?
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Verbal and Graphic
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A larger-scale map covers a _______ part of Earth's surface?
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smaller
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__________ _______ are used to locate places on a map.
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coordinate systems
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A mathematical transformation of feature locations from the 3D surface of the Earth to a 2D map surface
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map projection
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A map projection ________ the earth.
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flattens
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peel & flatten the earth
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map projection
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Four Types of Map Projection?
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1. Conformal
2. Equal-area (equivalent) 3. Equidistant 4. Azimuthal (true-direction) |
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Shapes: True (accurate)
Area: grossly distorted at higher latitudes |
Mercator projection
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Relative sizes: true
Shapes: distorted Pay more attention to size than to shape |
Equivalent projection
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Distorts EVERYTHING
Designed purely for appearance Attempt to balance map properties Useful for thematic & reference maps at the world scale |
Robinson projection
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3 Types of Maps?
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1. General Reference
2. Thematic 3. Special |
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Primary Function of General Reference Maps?
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Show locations of geographic features
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Two examples of small-scale maps?
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Continental and Country Maps
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Example of large scale map?
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Topographic map
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Just looks and relationships of shape and size
Not very accurate |
Small scale general reference maps
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Show terrain and long-lasting features
Usually large-scale Contouring + (stylized) symbols USGS maps |
Topographic
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a line joining points of equal elevation
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contour
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If contour lines are close together the represented surface is _____
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steep
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4 Ways to depict terrain (3D) on a flat map?
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1. Contouring
2. Hypsometric tints 3. Relief shading 4. Combination |
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Also called layer tints
Adding color b/w selected contour intervals --> highlight elevation or depth |
hypsometric tints
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Also known as hill shading, terrain shading
Use the brightness of a terrain's surface to depict the shape of landscape 3-D visual effects |
Relief Shading
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Combination of ________ + ______ _______ + ____________ _____ to enhance 3D effect
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contours, relief shading, and hypsometric tints
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Make it easy for cartographers to automatically generate hypsometrically colored relief maps
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Digital elevation models
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Topographic map MUST have _______ _____
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contour lines
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Focus on 1 particular phenomenon or theme
Themes can be physical or cultural Qualitative or quantitative |
Thematic maps
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Shows differences in type, category, etc.
Most often use distinctly different colors (hues) Sometimes use textures |
Qualitative thematic map
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Displays the distribution of quantitative data
Shows differences in quantity of a phenomenon Many symbolization methods |
Quantitative thematic map
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6 Frequently used types of thematic maps?
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1. Graduated symbol
2. Proportional symbol 3. Dot 4. Isoline 5. Choropleth 6. Flow |
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Size of a symbol represents quantities of a phenomenon
Quantitative values are grouped into classes Most useful for showing the rank or progression of values Symbol can be circles or squares Size of symbol doesn't tell exact size - represents range |
Graduated symbol map
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Each size represents only one value
Size of a symbol reflects the actual data value of a phenomenon Symbol can be circles or squares Represent data values more precisely |
Proportional symbol map
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Difference between a graduated symbol map and a proportional symbol map?
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Graduated represents ranges and proportional represents exact values
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Each dot represents a certain number of units of a phenomenon
Dot size = identical |
Dot map
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What's the % of Canadian population living within 100 miles of the U.S.-Canada border?
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90%
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Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over the surface of the earth
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Isoline map
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"iso" from the Greek isos, meaning "_____"
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equal
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a generic term that refers to any line that joins points of equal value of something
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isoline
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4 Types of isolines often used in geography?
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1. Contour line
2. Isotherm 3. Isohyet 4. Isolines of populations |
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a line joining points of equal temperature
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isotherm
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a line joining points of equal quantities of precipitation
Often plus graduated color (or hue value) to enhance the pattern |
isohyet
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Best for mapping relative data values
(Should) use hue values to display data in areas |
Choropleth map
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how dark or light a particular color is
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hue value
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(usually) administrative or statistical units
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area units
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meaning the higher the data value, the darker it looks on a map
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convention
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Width of arrow = _________ of a phenomenon
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magnitude
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Unique map transformations
Size or distance = f (data values) Effective in emphasizing a particular theme |
cartogram
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The earth's surface is shaped into an almost infinite variety of _________.
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landforms
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How many continents?
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7
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Does the shape of the continents tell you anything?
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They all fit together
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Says that earth's crust is broken into a mosaic of plates that move relative to each other
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Plate Tectonic Theory
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The movement of plates results in ___________ _____.
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continental drift
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the supercontinent that existed 225 million years ago
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Pangaea
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3 Applications of plate tectonics theory?
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1. Layout of continents & oceans
2. Mountains 3. Earthquakes & volcanoes |
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3 Main Types of Plate Boundaries?
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1. Divergent Boundary
2. Convergent Boundary 3. Transform Boundary |
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Where two plates move apart
Explains volcano, earthquakes, etc. |
Divergent Boundary
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the opening b/w two plates
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ridge
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This process is caused by magma rising along a ridge, pushing seafloor away from the ridge
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seafloor spreading
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Where are most divergent boundaries (ridges) found?
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On the ocean floor
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Occurs where an oceanic plate dives under a continental one
Explains mountains, volcano, earthquake, etc. |
Oceanic-continental convergence
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process whereby an oceanic (denser) plate slides under a continental (lighter) plate
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subduction
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a narrow depression in the sea floor caused by the subduction of one plate under another
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trench
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occurs where two continental plates are pushed together
collision explains mountains, earthquakes Ex: Himalayas, Alps |
continental-continental convergence
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where two plates slide horizontally past each other
explains earthquake, etc. Ex: San Andreas fault |
transform boundary
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Total Surface Area of Earth's surface?
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200 Million Sq. Miles
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Percentage of Earth's surface that is Land?
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29%
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Percentage of Earth's surface that is Water?
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71%
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Percentage of land surface in North Hemisphere?
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39%
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Percentage of land surface in Southern Hemisphere?
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19%
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In the southern hemisphere, a majority of land?
Very little in? Almost nothing? |
In tropical and subtropical zones
Midlatitude zone Beyond midlatitude |
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The Earth is ca. ___ billions of years old. The atmosphere is ___ nitrogen, ___ oxygen, and __ argon.
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4.5
78% 21% 1% |
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The world population around 1900 was below _ _______. It has increased to over _ _______.
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1 Billion and 6 Billion
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The human-environment relation truly began to change when ___________ was started about ______ years ago.
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agriculture and 10,000
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Agriculture set the stage for enormous human alternation of the environment from ________ _____ to ________ _______ to best suit our needs. Agriculture also set the stage for ____________ and the rest of our history.
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clearing lands, favoring species, and urbanization
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The mountains of _______ and _____ were once covered with precious trees, i.e. the cedars of Lebanon.
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Lebanon and Syria
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A key difference between conservation and preservation is that conservation focuses on __________ _________, whereas preservation emphasizes __________ ______ ___ ______.
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protecting resources and preserving nature for itself
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In ____ the United States established the world's first national park, that is, the ________ ________ ____ in _______.
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1872; Yosemite National Park in Wyoming
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At the end of the 19th century, the idea of conservation began to spread to other countries. So the Banff National Park was created in ______, the Royal National Park in _________, and the Singwitsi National Reserve in _____ ______.
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Canada, Australia, and South Africa
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The Industrial Revolution increased _______ _____________ and lowered ______________ _____, making it easier to gain access to resources for ________ _______.
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trading opportunities, transportation costs, and consumer society
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In the 1930s, _______ hit the American Prairie and wind erosion destroyed countless U.S. farmers. That disaster was known as the "____ ____."
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drought and Dust Bowl
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Despite the lessons of the "Dust Bowl," _______ ___________ continued. The land was reshaped to __ ____ __________.
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intense cultivation and be more profitable
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"Silent Spring" is a book written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962. The book claimed detrimental effects of ___ on the environment, particularly on _____. "Silent Spring" is widely credited with launching the ___________ movement in the West and with the ban of the environmentally persistent pesticide DDT in 1972 in the United States.
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DDT, birds, and environment
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Repeated catastrophes throughout the century proved beyond all doubt that the fate of the humanity is ____ _______ ______ __ the fate of our environment.
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very closely linked to
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The 1st major international conference on global environment problems was held in _________ (place) in ____ (year). A slogan used by young people at that conference was "__ ____ ____ ___ ______."
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Stockholm, 1972; We only have one planet
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In 1986 a horrible nuclear accident occurred at _________ (place) in _______ (country).
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Chernobyl; Ukraine
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The depletion of the ozone layer (4% thinner since 1969) was mainly caused by _____ used in cooling systems (e.g., refrigerators).
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CFC's
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World consumption of drinking water has increased __ _____ since 1900. Around ___ of world population does not have access to clean drinking water.
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10 times; 1/3
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Global warming is caused by the increase in __________ _____ which comes principally from ___ __ ______ _____. Its main consequences include _________ _____ _____, ______ _____, ___ _______________.
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greenhouse gases; inhabited lands flood, forest fires, and desertification
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The term "P-bomb" means ______________. The two key questions in discussion of the carrying capacity of the Earth are: ___ ____ ___ __ ____? and ____ _____ __ __________?
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overpopulation; How many can we feed? and What level of consumption?
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_____ ___________ is at the root of many major threats to our environment.
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Major consumption
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The level of average fossil fuel consumption in the U.S. is about ___ __ _ _____ higher than that in Europe, and __ __ __ _____ higher than that in China and India.
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2.5 to 3 times and 20 to 30 times
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"Sustainable development" means _ ___ __ _______ _____ _____, _______ __________ ______ ____ _______ _____ _____ __ ___ ______.
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a way of meeting needs today, without preventing people from meeting their needs in the future
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