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159 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
"Everything is _______ __ everything else, but near things are ____ ______ ____ distant things." - Waldo Tobler 1970
related to; more related than
Mental maps are ______ ________ of the world around us.

They are __________ = in ___ ____

They reflect our ___________ and _________ of the environment via our senses & direct experience (i.e. cognitive mapping)
mental pictures

intangible; our head

perceptions; knowledge
"geo"
the earth
"graphy"
study of
What are the three basic questions we ask in geography?
1. Where?
2. Why There?
3. Why do we care?
Where do people move, why do they move there, and why do we care?
People move to warmer locations

Moved there because of jobs or retirement

Important because it shows economy is bad
Everything happens _________

Geography is an integral part of _____ __________
somewhere; human experience
What are the two major sub-fields?
1. Physical geography
2. Human geography
Physical geography studies the __________ & _________ of the natural environment.
structures and functions
Human geography studies the _______ ____________ of human activities.
spatial organization
Six Fundamental Themes in Geography?
1. Location
2. Place
3. Regions
4. Interactions
5. Human-Environment Relations
6. Geotechnologies
Two basic approaches to studying world geography?
1. Systematic geography
2. Regional geography
Studies one theme and looks at its spatial variations in all parts of the globe

Provides a picture of global patterns
Systematic geography
Focuses on a particular region and studies its identity (both physical + human geography)

Tells stories about a region
Regional geography
8 Things used to characterize a region?
1. Where
2. Unique landscapes
3. Climate + Vegetation
4. Population distribution
5. Industries and Cities
6. Regional Variations
7. Historical Development
8. Roles in the global system
Two basic ways of defining location?
1. Absolute location (site)
2. Relative location (situation)
fixed mathematically through coordinates of latitude and longitude
absolute location
Coordinates of Allendale?
42.9 N and 85.9 W
Measures the N-S angular distance from the equator

Ranges from 90 N to 90 S
Latitude
Lines of equal latitude
parallels
longitude = 0
Prime Meridian
Where does Prime Meridian pass through and why?
Greenwich, England because England was most powerful country
Measures E-W angular distance from the Prime Meridian

Ranges from 180 W to 180 E
Longitude
Lines of equal longitude
meridians
Where is the point of origin?
Prime Meridian and Equator

Located in Gulf of Guinea
The parallel of 0 Latitude

12 Hours of daylight everyday of the year
Equator
the parallel of 23.5 N

marks the northernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun

occurs on or about June 21
Tropic of Cancer
the parallel of 23.5 S

marks the southernmost location reached by vertical rays from the Sun

occurs on or about Dec. 21
Tropic of Capricorn
the parallel of 66.5 N

experiences 24 hours of either daylight or darkness
Arctic Circle
the parallel of 66.5 S

experiences 24 hours of either daylight or darkness
Antarctic Circle
A position defined in terms of distances and relationships to certain _____ ___ _________

A measure of _____________ or nearness/ proximity

A crucial location quality

Can ______ over time
other KEY locations

accessibility

change
__% of all data has a spatial component

Data from most sciences can be analyzed "_________"
80

spatially
GIS?
Geographic Information Systems
integrated computer system designed to capture, store, analyze, and visualize geographically referenced information
Geographic Information Systems
All information in a GIS is tied to _________
locations
a digital map of US states
spatial data
each row (a state) in the attribute table is linked to a state in the map
"tied to location"
a table of info about the properties of US states
attribute data
3 Things a GIS can do?
1. Geovisualization
2. Query
3. Spatial Analysis
Asking questions about objects by locations and attributes
Query
_______ ________ is the true power of GIS

Spatial analysis means analyzing __________ _____________ among geographic phenomena (features)
spatial analysis

locational relationships
A technology of obtaining information about the properties of Earth's environment from a distance
Remote Sensoring
Remote sensoring technology is based on the physical principle that all objects _______ & ____ electromagnetic (EM) energy

Different types of objects reflect and emit _________ types and amounts of EM energy

In other words, different types of objects have their own ___________ EM energy _______ --> "__________"

By analyzing the characteristics of EM energy signals of earth surface objects, we can identify them.
reflect and emit

different

distinctive; signals; signatures
The _____ of these curves indicates different types of earth surface features
shape
In RS, electromagnetic (EM) energy reflected & emitted by ground objects is recorded by _______

In other words, remote sensors are special instruments used to _______ the EM energy signals of earth surface objects
sensors

capture
In a RS system, remote sensors are carried by certain flying vehicles called?
platforms
Two most often used platforms?

So we have ________ RS & __________ RS
Aircraft and satellite

airborne and spaceborne
Based on the platforms used, we differentiate b/w ______ ___________ & _________ _______
aerial photography and satellite imagery
3 Advantages of remote sensing?
1. Global coverage
2. Fast and easy to update environmental info
3. Near real-time monitoring of environment
GPS?
Global Positioning System
GPS is a satellite-based system for determining ________ _________ on or near earth surface
accurate positions
4 Advantages to GPS?
1. Extremely high accuracy
2. Global coverage
3. All-weather operation
4. Usefulness at high velocities
Simple principle GPS operate on?
Distance = Speed of Light x Time
How many satellites are needed to fix a position?
At least 4
What 1 satellite tells you:
Distance location which defines a sphere
What 2 satellites tell you:
2 measurements narrows down intersection of 2 spheres
What 3 satellites tell you:
3 spheres - one of 2 points is accurate
What 4 satellites tell you:
Precise position is determined
How accurate is GPS?
1 cm to 100 m accuracy; 10 m for civil uses
5 Things GPS can do?
1. Location
2. Navigation
3. Tracking
4. Mapping
5. Timing
Maps are the _______ ____ of the geographer.
primary tool
the study of why of where
geography
3 Roles of Maps?
1. Where
2. Why there
3. Why do we care
A 2-Dimensional, scaled-down, graphic representation of earth's surface
map
3 Features of Map?
1. 2-D --> All maps distort reality to some degree
2. Scaled-down --> selective + generalization
3. Graphic --> all maps use abstract symbols
8 Essential Map Elements?
1. Title
2. Legend
3. Scale
4. Direction
5. Location
6. Projection
7. Data source
8. Date of publication
the amount of reduction in a map
scale
Map Distance / Earth Distance
Map Scale
Three types of map scale?
1. Verbal scale
2. Fractional scale
3. Graphic (bar) scale
2 Most Common Scales?
Verbal and Graphic
A larger-scale map covers a _______ part of Earth's surface?
smaller
__________ _______ are used to locate places on a map.
coordinate systems
A mathematical transformation of feature locations from the 3D surface of the Earth to a 2D map surface
map projection
A map projection ________ the earth.
flattens
peel & flatten the earth
map projection
Four Types of Map Projection?
1. Conformal
2. Equal-area (equivalent)
3. Equidistant
4. Azimuthal (true-direction)
Shapes: True (accurate)

Area: grossly distorted at higher latitudes
Mercator projection
Relative sizes: true

Shapes: distorted

Pay more attention to size than to shape
Equivalent projection
Distorts EVERYTHING

Designed purely for appearance

Attempt to balance map properties

Useful for thematic & reference maps at the world scale
Robinson projection
3 Types of Maps?
1. General Reference
2. Thematic
3. Special
Primary Function of General Reference Maps?
Show locations of geographic features
Two examples of small-scale maps?
Continental and Country Maps
Example of large scale map?
Topographic map
Just looks and relationships of shape and size

Not very accurate
Small scale general reference maps
Show terrain and long-lasting features

Usually large-scale

Contouring + (stylized) symbols

USGS maps
Topographic
a line joining points of equal elevation
contour
If contour lines are close together the represented surface is _____
steep
4 Ways to depict terrain (3D) on a flat map?
1. Contouring
2. Hypsometric tints
3. Relief shading
4. Combination
Also called layer tints

Adding color b/w selected contour intervals --> highlight elevation or depth
hypsometric tints
Also known as hill shading, terrain shading

Use the brightness of a terrain's surface to depict the shape of landscape

3-D visual effects
Relief Shading
Combination of ________ + ______ _______ + ____________ _____ to enhance 3D effect
contours, relief shading, and hypsometric tints
Make it easy for cartographers to automatically generate hypsometrically colored relief maps
Digital elevation models
Topographic map MUST have _______ _____
contour lines
Focus on 1 particular phenomenon or theme

Themes can be physical or cultural

Qualitative or quantitative
Thematic maps
Shows differences in type, category, etc.

Most often use distinctly different colors (hues)

Sometimes use textures
Qualitative thematic map
Displays the distribution of quantitative data

Shows differences in quantity of a phenomenon

Many symbolization methods
Quantitative thematic map
6 Frequently used types of thematic maps?
1. Graduated symbol
2. Proportional symbol
3. Dot
4. Isoline
5. Choropleth
6. Flow
Size of a symbol represents quantities of a phenomenon

Quantitative values are grouped into classes

Most useful for showing the rank or progression of values

Symbol can be circles or squares

Size of symbol doesn't tell exact size - represents range
Graduated symbol map
Each size represents only one value

Size of a symbol reflects the actual data value of a phenomenon

Symbol can be circles or squares

Represent data values more precisely
Proportional symbol map
Difference between a graduated symbol map and a proportional symbol map?
Graduated represents ranges and proportional represents exact values
Each dot represents a certain number of units of a phenomenon

Dot size = identical
Dot map
What's the % of Canadian population living within 100 miles of the U.S.-Canada border?
90%
Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over the surface of the earth
Isoline map
"iso" from the Greek isos, meaning "_____"
equal
a generic term that refers to any line that joins points of equal value of something
isoline
4 Types of isolines often used in geography?
1. Contour line
2. Isotherm
3. Isohyet
4. Isolines of populations
a line joining points of equal temperature
isotherm
a line joining points of equal quantities of precipitation

Often plus graduated color (or hue value) to enhance the pattern
isohyet
Best for mapping relative data values

(Should) use hue values to display data in areas
Choropleth map
how dark or light a particular color is
hue value
(usually) administrative or statistical units
area units
meaning the higher the data value, the darker it looks on a map
convention
Width of arrow = _________ of a phenomenon
magnitude
Unique map transformations

Size or distance = f (data values)

Effective in emphasizing a particular theme
cartogram
The earth's surface is shaped into an almost infinite variety of _________.
landforms
How many continents?
7
Does the shape of the continents tell you anything?
They all fit together
Says that earth's crust is broken into a mosaic of plates that move relative to each other
Plate Tectonic Theory
The movement of plates results in ___________ _____.
continental drift
the supercontinent that existed 225 million years ago
Pangaea
3 Applications of plate tectonics theory?
1. Layout of continents & oceans
2. Mountains
3. Earthquakes & volcanoes
3 Main Types of Plate Boundaries?
1. Divergent Boundary
2. Convergent Boundary
3. Transform Boundary
Where two plates move apart

Explains volcano, earthquakes, etc.
Divergent Boundary
the opening b/w two plates
ridge
This process is caused by magma rising along a ridge, pushing seafloor away from the ridge
seafloor spreading
Where are most divergent boundaries (ridges) found?
On the ocean floor
Occurs where an oceanic plate dives under a continental one

Explains mountains, volcano, earthquake, etc.
Oceanic-continental convergence
process whereby an oceanic (denser) plate slides under a continental (lighter) plate
subduction
a narrow depression in the sea floor caused by the subduction of one plate under another
trench
occurs where two continental plates are pushed together

collision

explains mountains, earthquakes

Ex: Himalayas, Alps
continental-continental convergence
where two plates slide horizontally past each other

explains earthquake, etc.

Ex: San Andreas fault
transform boundary
Total Surface Area of Earth's surface?
200 Million Sq. Miles
Percentage of Earth's surface that is Land?
29%
Percentage of Earth's surface that is Water?
71%
Percentage of land surface in North Hemisphere?
39%
Percentage of land surface in Southern Hemisphere?
19%
In the southern hemisphere, a majority of land?

Very little in?

Almost nothing?
In tropical and subtropical zones

Midlatitude zone

Beyond midlatitude
The Earth is ca. ___ billions of years old. The atmosphere is ___ nitrogen, ___ oxygen, and __ argon.
4.5
78%
21%
1%
The world population around 1900 was below _ _______. It has increased to over _ _______.
1 Billion and 6 Billion
The human-environment relation truly began to change when ___________ was started about ______ years ago.
agriculture and 10,000
Agriculture set the stage for enormous human alternation of the environment from ________ _____ to ________ _______ to best suit our needs. Agriculture also set the stage for ____________ and the rest of our history.
clearing lands, favoring species, and urbanization
The mountains of _______ and _____ were once covered with precious trees, i.e. the cedars of Lebanon.
Lebanon and Syria
A key difference between conservation and preservation is that conservation focuses on __________ _________, whereas preservation emphasizes __________ ______ ___ ______.
protecting resources and preserving nature for itself
In ____ the United States established the world's first national park, that is, the ________ ________ ____ in _______.
1872; Yosemite National Park in Wyoming
At the end of the 19th century, the idea of conservation began to spread to other countries. So the Banff National Park was created in ______, the Royal National Park in _________, and the Singwitsi National Reserve in _____ ______.
Canada, Australia, and South Africa
The Industrial Revolution increased _______ _____________ and lowered ______________ _____, making it easier to gain access to resources for ________ _______.
trading opportunities, transportation costs, and consumer society
In the 1930s, _______ hit the American Prairie and wind erosion destroyed countless U.S. farmers. That disaster was known as the "____ ____."
drought and Dust Bowl
Despite the lessons of the "Dust Bowl," _______ ___________ continued. The land was reshaped to __ ____ __________.
intense cultivation and be more profitable
"Silent Spring" is a book written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962. The book claimed detrimental effects of ___ on the environment, particularly on _____. "Silent Spring" is widely credited with launching the ___________ movement in the West and with the ban of the environmentally persistent pesticide DDT in 1972 in the United States.
DDT, birds, and environment
Repeated catastrophes throughout the century proved beyond all doubt that the fate of the humanity is ____ _______ ______ __ the fate of our environment.
very closely linked to
The 1st major international conference on global environment problems was held in _________ (place) in ____ (year). A slogan used by young people at that conference was "__ ____ ____ ___ ______."
Stockholm, 1972; We only have one planet
In 1986 a horrible nuclear accident occurred at _________ (place) in _______ (country).
Chernobyl; Ukraine
The depletion of the ozone layer (4% thinner since 1969) was mainly caused by _____ used in cooling systems (e.g., refrigerators).
CFC's
World consumption of drinking water has increased __ _____ since 1900. Around ___ of world population does not have access to clean drinking water.
10 times; 1/3
Global warming is caused by the increase in __________ _____ which comes principally from ___ __ ______ _____. Its main consequences include _________ _____ _____, ______ _____, ___ _______________.
greenhouse gases; inhabited lands flood, forest fires, and desertification
The term "P-bomb" means ______________. The two key questions in discussion of the carrying capacity of the Earth are: ___ ____ ___ __ ____? and ____ _____ __ __________?
overpopulation; How many can we feed? and What level of consumption?
_____ ___________ is at the root of many major threats to our environment.
Major consumption
The level of average fossil fuel consumption in the U.S. is about ___ __ _ _____ higher than that in Europe, and __ __ __ _____ higher than that in China and India.
2.5 to 3 times and 20 to 30 times
"Sustainable development" means _ ___ __ _______ _____ _____, _______ __________ ______ ____ _______ _____ _____ __ ___ ______.
a way of meeting needs today, without preventing people from meeting their needs in the future