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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the hydrological cycle?
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movement of water within and across the surface and atmosphere
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Interception is an important part of the hydrologic cycle, where
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precipitation is interrupted before it hits the bare soil.
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Interception reduces
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soil erosion and soil plugging
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Initial movement of water into the soil is?
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infiltration
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What is infiltration rate?
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max rate of flow into soil
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What is the hydrological cycle?
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movement of water within and across the surface and atmosphere
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Interception is an important part of the hydrologic cycle, where
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precipitation is interrupted before it hits the bare soil.
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Interception reduces
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soil erosion and soil plugging
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Initial movement of water into the soil is?
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infiltration
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What is infiltration rate?
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max rate of flow into soil
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If rainfall intensity is greater than infiltration rate then?
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there will be runoff; such as urban areas, deserts have low infiltration rates
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Percolation is?
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slow downward movement through substance due to gravity
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Porosity
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available pore spaces
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Permeability
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how easily water moves
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Zone of Aeration
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soil moisture
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The dividing line between the zones is?
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water table
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Groundwater is?
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zone of saturation
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Rock layer holding groundwater in _____ _____
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usable amounts
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Confined?
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impermeable layers above and below
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Permeable layer above and low/ impermeable layer below is?
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Unconfined
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Higher pressure, artesian restricted recharge area
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Confined
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Unconfined
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lower pressure must pump unrestricted recharge area
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The average annual use of water in AZ is?
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7.04 million acre-feet
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50% of water in AZ is?
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used outdoors
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Arizona mines almost ____ % of its water supply from _______.
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44; groundwater
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Over pumping can cause the ground surface to shift _______
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downwards
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Overdrawing can lead to fissures, which are _____
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Huge cracks in the surface
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In water balance, the input consists of precipitation, when ______
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water is added to the location
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The output consists of the atmospheric demand for moisture, or __________
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the potential evapotranspiration
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The combined water lost in vapor form from plants and land surfaces is _______?
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evapotranspiration
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The potential evapotranspiration is a measure of?
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the atmospheric demand for moisture.
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The net balance simply subtracts PE (potential evapotranspiration) from _________?
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P (precipitation)
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A negative number shows a net demand, and a positive number shows a _____?
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net supply
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If the water balance has a net supply, the water will first look to ______?
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recharge any borrowed soil moisture (RECHARGE), and fill up storage.
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If the water balance is a net deficit, the atmosphere will look to satisfy its demand by?
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vaporating soil moisture (UTILIZATION), and then once all of the soil moisture has been lost, the water balance moves to a deficit.
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What are the ingredients of severe weather?
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moisture, instability, and lifting mechanism
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Station models and radiosondes are used to determine the?
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forecast
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Persistence, trends, and climatology are?
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forecasting techniques
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The National Weather Service (NWS) provides?
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weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy.
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Globally, thunderstorms are?
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1,800 at any given time
40,000 each day 16 million annually |
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Thunderstorm transport?
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attempts to stabilize atmospheric conditions
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The entire life cycle of a thunderstorm is?
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1 hour
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What are single cell thunderstorms?
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brief severe weather, if at all.
It has down burst, small hail, heavy rain, and weak tornadoes |
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Multi-cell thunderstorms are?
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can be hazardous, it also has downbursts, moderate-sized hail, flash floods, weak tornadoes
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Contains a deep rotating updraft (mesocyclone) and extremely dangerous
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Super cell thunderstorms
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Downbursts, large hail, weak to violent tornadoes describe what kind of thunderstorms?
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Super cell thunderstorms
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Describe a severe thunderstorm
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Overshooting tops, large instability, strong vertical shear
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A haboob is?
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dust storm gust front
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Dense, strong downburst Less than 4km along a side Peak winds last 2-5 minutes
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microbust
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Floods kill _____ people in the US than tornadoes and hurricanes combined!
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more
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Towering cumulus stage
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'popcorn top' shows active lifting
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Dissipating stage
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shearing anvil shows end storm
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Describe flash floods
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fast moving, usually large rain event, in urban areas and deserts highly susceptible
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What are some safety tips?
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Never camp in stream channels Move to higher ground
6 inches: you 2 feet: your car Never attempt to cross water flowing over bridges or roads Especially at night Especially at low-water crossings |
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What is the stupid motorist la, ARS 28-910?
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You are required to pay for emergency services if you attempt to cross in posted areas
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Huge discharge of static electricity Same as getting „shocked‟
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Lightening
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Friction causes separation of ______?
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electrical charges
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Top of cloud becomes _______?
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positive
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Bottom of cloud becomes _____?
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negative
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Rapid expansion and contraction of air is?
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thunder
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Thunder ______ occurs with lighting
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always
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How can you tell how far away thunder is?
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See the flash, start counting
Every 5 seconds=1 mile |
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Lightning travels at the speed of light
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186,000 miles/second (3.00 x 108 m/s)
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Thunder travels at the speed of sound
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0.2 miles/second
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How many deaths are there a year from lightening?
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100, mostly in Florida
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Lightning can travel great distances;
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horizontal travel up to 10 miles
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Stay indoors; (although FIRE and copper pipes become hazards)
30/30 rule Stay in your car, roll up the windows Stay AWAY from isolated or tall trees |
Safety from lightening
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Designed to serve as lightning rod for surrounding area (1454ft)
Strikes: ~100x annually |
Eiffel Tower building
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A violently rotating column of air; in contact with the ground, usually cyclonic rotation
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a tornado
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Speed shear
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wind speed increases with height; causes the atmosphere to „tumble‟ or rotate
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A strong updraft can lift the rotating column, with _______?
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two different rotations
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Directional shear
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wind direction changes with height; amplifies the cyclonic rotation.
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Wall cloud =
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lowering of base, tornado could be imminent
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Tornadoes often appear from the ____ flank of storm
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rear
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Tornadoes tend to track from ______ to _______
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southwest; northeast
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What kills you in a tornado?
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flying and falling debris
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Non-frontal low pressure system
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hurricane
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Tropical, subtropical
Organized convection Cyclonic circulation |
characteristics of hurricanes
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How many hurricanes form a year?
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84
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Classification; disturbance
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Mass of Tstorms
Slightly cyclonic NO NAMES |
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Classification; depression
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Organized circulation
At least 1 closed isobar NO NAMES |
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Classification; storm
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Depression with
many packed isobars Wind speed 39-73 mph NAMES |
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How do they name the hurricanes??
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6-year rotation
different per basin named is retired after severe event |
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The Atlantic hurricane season last for how long?
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June 1 through November 30
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Formation for hurricanes include?
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Warm water
Unstable moist atmosphere Distance from equator Low shear Pre-existing surface disturbance |
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The structure of a hurricane is?
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Eye
Eyewall Rainbands |
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Upper level winds are wind around?
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pressure centers
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Hurricanes are likely to occur on the?
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east
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Landfall removes...?
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energy source
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Problems with landfall are:
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Storm surge; onshore rush of water
Tornadoes High winds Inland flooding |
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Hurricane Katrina: Culture of Conflict
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Dependency on protection systems
Poor land-use decisions (expansion, swamps, levees) |
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The Rock Cycle
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The relationship between the Earth‟s internal and external processes
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Rocks:
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Solid aggregate of minerals
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Minerals
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Naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid with characteristic physical properties and a narrowly defined chemical composition
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Physical Properties of minerals?
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Color
Luster Cleavage Hardness Streak |
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Igneous Rocks
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Any rock formed from the cooling and crystallization of magma or lava
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Magma:
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molten rock below surface
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Lava:
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molten rock above surface
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Large igneous crystal
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Intrusive; cooled below surface
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Small igneous crystal
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Extrusive; cooled above surface
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Light igneous color
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Felsic; more Si, Al, K, Na
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Dark igneous color
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Mafic; more Mg, Fe
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Sedimentary Rocks
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any rock formed by lithification
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Lithification
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the compaction and
cementation of sediments |
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Biotic
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organic
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Abiotic
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inorganic
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Clastic
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size, texture, shape
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Chemical (carbonate)
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color
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Metamorphic Rocks
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any rock that has been altered by
intense heat and/or pressure |
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Classified by foliation
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metamorphic rocks
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Divergent plates move ______?
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apart
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Convergent plates move ______?
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together
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Transform plates move ______?
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up and down against each other
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Earth has 3 layers.
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crust, mantle, core
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Lithosphere has what type of layers?
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crust and upper mantle
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Asthenosphere has what type of layer?
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lower mantle
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Alfred Wegener
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1912; the concept of Continental Drift
Large segments of the lithosphere move relative to one another |
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What are the proofs of continental drift?
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Continents „fit
Fossil record Rock record Spatial pattern of earthquakes and volcanoes |
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Convergent boundaries have?
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continental crust colide
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In convergent subduction zones?
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there are deep trenches, volcanic island arcs, cooler and denser crust
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In the transform boundary, plates slide _________?
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horizontally
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2in/year is the?
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rate of movement of plates
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A vibration of the earth caused by the sudden release of energy
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earthquake
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Seismology:
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the study of earthquakes
1880’s -- seismometers developed |
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Elastic Rebound Theory
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Rocks bend from pressure
• Eventuallyrupture(fault) • Releasesenergy •Ground ‘snaps’ back (rebounds) •Motion is called slip |
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Focus
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spot where break begins
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Epicenter
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spot on earth’s surface directly above focus
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A shallow earthquake:
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are the most destructive
0-70km |
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A intermediate earthquake:
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70-300 km
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A deep earthquake:
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is greater than 300 km
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A normal fault:
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has tensional stress and divergent boundaries
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This fault has compressional stress and convergent boundaries
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Reverse (thrust) fault
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Strike-slip fault
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shear stress and transform boundaries
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Seismic wave
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P waves and S waves
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P waves
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fastest, compressional
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No fluid travel, most destructive
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S waves
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Time delay allows ________
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estimation of location
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Moment magnitude:
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earthquake size
replaces Richter scale |
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Population density
Construction standards Preparedness Proximity to epicenter Duration Local geology |
functions of hazard
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Liquefaction
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saturated soils
water pressure increases prevents particle contact weakens stability |
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Volcanoes
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Vent sat earth’s surface magma and gases erupt
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Worldwide stats of volcanoes
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1300 volcanic cones
70 in NA 12 in AZ |
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There are _____ active volcanoes and ____ eruptions annually
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600;50
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Forecasting Eruptions
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CO2 gas escaping New magma enters, cools, releases gases
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A cinder cone volcano is located?
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along fractures
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These are the largest volcanoes
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shield
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Stratovolcanoes are the most ____?
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explosive
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Hot spots are when tectonic plates _____ across
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drag
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A dike of a volcano is
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the vertical area
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Horizontal area of volcano
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sill
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The crater of a volcano is?
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the circular depression
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Caldera
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Large, circular depression; volcano collapses its bigger than a crater
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Mafic lava is less _____ and _____ explosive?
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vicious; less
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Felsic lava is _____ vicious and more _____?
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more; explosive
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Tephra
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general term for ejecta; they're all the same size
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Pyroclastic Flow
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Fluidized avalanche ;solid to semi-solid
100 km /hour 500o C It's the biggest killer |
