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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
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civil rights
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Refers to the gov't-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary of discriminatory treatment by gov'ts or individuals based on categories such as race, sex, national origin, age, religion, or sexual orientation.
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13th amendment
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one of the three civil war amendments; specifically bans slavery in the U.S.
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black codes
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laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
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14th Amendment
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One of the three Civil war Amendments; guarantees equal protection and due process of the laws to all u.s. citizens
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15th amendment
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one of the three civil war amendments; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
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jim crow laws
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Laws enacted by southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
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Civil Rights Cases (1883)
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Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Ct decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private discrimination and not state discrimination.
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poll tax
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a tax leviedin many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.
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grandfather clause
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voting qualification provision in many southernstates that allowed only those whose grandathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.
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plessy vs Ferguson (1896)
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plessy challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites. the ct. found that separate but equal accommodations didn't violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
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suffrage movment
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the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the U.S., from 1890- 1920
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nineteenth amendment
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amendment to the constitution that guaranteed women the right to vote.
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Brown vs Board of Education
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(1954) U.s. Supreme ct decision holding that shool segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection; marked the end of legal segregation in the u.s.
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equal protection clause
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section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive "equal protection of the laws"
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civil rights act of 1964
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Legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision
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de jure discrimination
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Racial segregation that is a direct result of the law or official policy
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de facto discrimination
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racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social institutional, non- governmental factors) rather than the law.
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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Fed agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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Proposed amendment that would bar discrimination against woment by federal or state gov'ts
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suspect classificaion
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Category or class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Ct.
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Strict scrutiny
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A heightened standard of review used by the supreme ct to determine the constitutional validity of challenged practice.
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Title IX
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Provision o f the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students.
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affirmative action
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policies designed to give specialattention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
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