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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Political Ideology
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set of fundamental beliefs or principles about politics
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Valence Issue
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Nearly everyone agrees it is bad
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Position Issue
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Some think it is good and some think it is bad
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Issue Constraint
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Analysis of ideological perspectives and consistency in those positions
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Permissive Opinion
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Wide range of possible government activities are acceptable to the public
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Directive Opinion
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Specific alternatives are definitely demanded or opposed
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Compartmentalization
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Not making the connections between dissonant attitudes
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Gatekeeping
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Controlling what news gets covered
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Political Party
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An organization influenced by political ideology whose primary interest is to gain control of government by winning elections
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Stratarchy
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A political system where power is diffused among and within levels of party organizations
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Temporary Party Organization
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Primaries and conventions that exist only to select candidates, etc to party conventions at higher levels
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Platform
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A document that sets forth a political party's position on issues
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Caucus
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A once used nominating process involving selection of candidates by an informal committee of party leaders
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Superdelegate
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An unpledged party official or elected official who serves as a delegate to a party's national convention
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Neo-conservatism
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Fiscally conservative but does allow for a limited government role in solving social problems
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Republican / Conservative / Right Wing
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Traditional Family Values / No Gay Marriage / Fiscally Conservative / Small Government / Pro Life / Pro Death Penalty
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Democratic / Liberal / Left Wing
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Pro Choice / Healthcare / Anti Death Penalty / Equal Rights for Gays / Big Government
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Neo-Liberal
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Less government regulation of business and economy while adopting a more liberal view of greater government involvement in social programs
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Dealignment
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Citizens abandon allegiance to a political party and become independent voters
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Realignment
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Occurs when members of one party shift their affiliation to another party
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Straight Ticket Voting
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Voting for all the candidates of one party
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Political Action Committee (PAC)
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An organizational device used by corporations, labor unions, and other organizations to campaign distributions
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Texas Ethics Commission
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Enforces state standards for lobbyists and public officials, including registration of lobbyists and reporting of political campaign contributions
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Soft Money
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Campaign money donated to a national political party rather than to candidates
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Hard Money
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Campaign money contributed directly by individuals
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Interest Group
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A group of people who have the same interests and they lobby the government for it and they want to influence the distribution of public goods.
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Lobbying
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Communicating with legislators or other government officials on behalf of an interest group or a corporation for the purpose of influencing the decision making process
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Political Mind
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Attitudes and beliefs about our leaders developed through “socialization” where we tend to associate with people who have the same beliefs as us and the beliefs in the environment we grew up – long term beliefs
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Political Environment
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Short-term specific attitude about specific leader or person
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Public Opinion
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Political Mind + Political Environment
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Daniel Bem
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Studied how public mind and public environment relate through higher and lower order beliefs, and vertical and horizontal linkages
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Higher Order Beliefs
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Public Mind beliefs that are highly organized and long term (I am a Republican)
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Lower Order Beliefs
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Public Environment beliefs that are more topical, current and fleeting (I want to vote on someone who cares about healthcare)
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Vertical Linkages
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• When general beliefs help to shape specific ones
• Ex: I am Republican (Higher Order Belief), therefore I like McCain (Lower Order Belief) |
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Horizontal Linkages
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• When some specific beliefs influence other specific beliefs
• Ex: I like McCain, McCain likes Palin, therefore, I like Palin |
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Walter Lippmann
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Walter Lippmann wrote Public Opinion in the 1920’s and said that public opinion relates to distance – the closer we are to something the more influence it has on us
Because: • We know more about these things • We care more about the things that affect us personally • Ex: School shootings in Colorado are more important than school shootings in Russia |
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Murray Edelman
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Murray Edelman wrote The Symbolic Uses of Politics in the 1960’s and discussed how all politics is symbolic
Because: • We always have limited knowledge • We always look for shortcuts and stereotypes • Reality is always less important than the perception of reality |
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Political Party
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An organization with the same political ideology. They want to control government by winning elections.
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Responsible Party
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a. They only promise things they can actually deliver
b. Once elected they actually do what they promised |
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Rational Party
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a. Try to locate where they can win the majority of voters (Convergence)
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Convergence
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candidates move towards the median voter
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Ambiguity
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a political party strategy in which the candidates don’t clearly state what they believe in, in attempt to confuse people
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Hotelling
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We are all rational consumers; therefore we want the best deal. In politics a political party needs to be close to the other political party and at the same time closer to the people. We look for the candidate closest to us.
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Anthony Downs
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In his book Economic Theory of Democracy, Downs states that political parties (?) want to maximize utility; that is they want the maximize the collective measure of satisfaction in order to capture the median voters
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Risk Acceptant
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They accept the risk and are willing to take a chance on what the candidate says
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Risk Adverse
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They don’t want to take the risk on political parties so they don’t vote
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Pluralism
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The competition between interest groups (David Truman). It is actually closer to the perception of pluralism.
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Iron Triangle
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Congress can also be referred to as the legislature
Interest Groups and the bureaucracy work together to create jobs Bureaucracy (petty government officials) can provide testimonies for the legislature THE IRON TRIANGLE IS A CLOSED POLICY MAKING ENVIRONMENT! |
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Issue Networks
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ISSUE NETWORKS ARE OPEN POLICY MAKING ENVIRONMENTS! (As described by founder, Hugh Heclo)
Anyone who wants in issue network can get in one There is trend from less iron triangles to more issue networks because in the 1970s Congress had reforms for port of entry for every interest group into Congress |