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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cracking
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break up black population within state when districting so they cant make a difference in policy
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stacking
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putting black people in one district but not enough to be politically viable
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packing
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longer life than other two; encourages black vote-put into district so they can win political office-drawn so overpop. areas have one rep
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apportionment
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redistricting states
legislature in states redraws lines to accomodate population shifts based on where people live |
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gerry-mandering
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draw lines so more democrats can get elected to office
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descriptive representation
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extent to which the legislature looks like the people in a demographic sense
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symbolic
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extent to which people have confidence in the legislature
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substantive
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asks whether the laws passed by the legislature correspond to the policy interests or preferences of the people
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1787 Northwest Ordinance Act
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banned slavery in new territory of upper midwest
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Fair Pay Restoration Act 2007
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Ledbetter v Goodyear Tire
employees complaining of pay discrimination had to file the charges within 180 days of initial act of discrimination |
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Civil Rights Act of 2008
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reverse cts decision in Alexander v Sandoval and restore to individuals the right to sue in cases of institutional racism as well as individual racism
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delegate
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vote the way the people want them to
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politico
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act depending on issue
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trustee
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trust to do as right- do what they think is right
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why have committees
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greater specialization
allows congress ability to claim credit for and bring project home |
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senate
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unlimited debate- filibuster
no rules committee every senator has same amount of power when it comes to killing a bill |
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cloture
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overrides a filibuster
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hold
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want to be notified when a bill comes up
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conference committee
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irons out differences in a bill
sends back to House and Senate |
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qualifications of pres
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35, natural born citizen, res of us for 14 years
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22nd amendment
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2 four year terms
VP-eligible to 10 years if exceeding pres in death, resign, or impeachment |
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impeachment
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power delegated to House of Rep in Constitution to charge Pres, VP, or other higher crimes or misdemeanors
House votes to impeach |
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executive privelege
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implied power that allows Pres to refuse to disclose info regardging confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary
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Pres. Succession Act
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Pres-VP-Speaker of the House- Pres pro tempore-Sec of State, Treas, Defense-Cabinet Heads
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Twenty Fifth Amend
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1967 est procedures for filling vacancies in office of Pres. and VP as well as providing for procedures to deal with disability of Pres.
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Powers of Pres
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Apptmt- Cabinet
Convene Congress Make treaties veto commander in chief pardon |
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inherent powers
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lincoln argued that they allowed him to circumvent the constitution in a time of war or national crisis
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New Deal
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a package of bold and controversial programs designated to invigorate the failing American Economy
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Cabinet
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informal institution based on practice and precedent whose membership is determined by tradition and presidential discretion
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first lady
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informal adviser
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Exec Office of Pres
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est FDR 1939
oversee New Deal Programs provides general staff to help direct diverse activities of exec branch |
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Exec Order
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a rule or regulation that has the effect of law
all must be published in Federal Registrar |
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honeymoon period
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1st hundred days of presidency
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Emacipation Proclamation
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only applied to parts under confederate control/freed very few slaves
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Antebellum Era
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took no action responding to AA quest for freedom, ignorance or repress demands
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Freedmens Bureau Act
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people appointed blacks to federal office for 1st time
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Post Recon Era
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Roosevelt never took any stand on issues of racial discrimination, refusing to speak out against lynchings, couldn't risk losing support only responded to threat of march over Washington
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Civil Right Era
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Truman-strong anti-racist
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Post Civ Rights Era
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Nixon-white supremacist- presided over successful desegregation of Southern schools, renewal of VRA
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Clinton Admin
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1st Authentically non-racist, non white supremacist
refused to support elimination of affirmative action also had 3 strikes law- respons. for incarceration of young black men |
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Bush Admin
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less support from AA than any ther Pres of post civ rights era
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external constraints for President
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time period
crisis (war, economy) media public opinion foreign affairs part of maj party honeymoon period econ environment election mandate (margin) public norms |
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lame duck period
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everyone looking forward to next election and not focused on the present term
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Congress
indiv char |
delegate v trustee
persuasion committees stuff gets supported (leadership) party vote ability to use franking privelege |
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Congress
external constraints |
opinions of constituents
type of district vote margin committees party affiliation incumbency frank privelege crises familial affiliations redistrciting chamber? |
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bureaucracy
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thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs
Congress must rely on bureaucrats in exec branch to enforce and implement laws |
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spoils system
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firing of public office holders of a defeated political party an their replacement with loyalists of the newly elected party
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patronage
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jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support
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Pendleton Act
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reform measure that created the Civil Service Commission to administer a partial merit system
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merit system
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federal civil service jobs are classified into grades or levels, apptmts made on basis on performance on competitive examinations
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independent reg commission
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agency created by Congress that is generally concerned with a specific aspect of the economy
commission members are apptd by Pres and hold their jobs for fixed terms |
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Equal Opp Commission
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created by civil rights act of 1964
Dept of Housing and Urban Development corresponded in Pres. power and ability to persuade COngress that new agencies would be an effective way to solve pressing social problems |
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modern bureaucracy
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govt exists for public good, not to make $
bureaucrats driven by re-election key to modern bureaucracy- to understand who bureaucrats are |
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organization of bureaucracy
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cabinet depts
govt corp independent exec agencies independent reg commissions |
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Hatch Act
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1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns
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implementation
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process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy
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iron triangles
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relatively stable relationships and patterns of interaction that occur among an agency, interest groups, and congressional committees
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issue networks
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loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas
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interagency council
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working group created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies
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admin discretion
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ability of bureaucrats to make choice concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions
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rule making
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a quasi legislative admin process that has the characteristics of a leg act
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regulations
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rules that govern the operation of a part govt program that have the force of law
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admin adjudication
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process in which bureaucratic agency settles a dispute between 2 parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes
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exec control
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pres make apptmnts with exec branch
can reorganize with approval of congress |
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congressional control
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possesses the authority to create or abolish depts and agencies as well as to transfer agency functions
expand or contract bureaucratic discretion and alter agency budgets |
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govt corps
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function like private corps
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independent reg commissions
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supposed to be beyond direct presidential and congressional influence
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Freedmen's Bureau
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1st federal agency with a race mission- address problems of refugees
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title X
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Community Relations Agency
federal bureau designed to improve race relations in communities having racial conflicts |
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political patronage
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way blacks gain access to federal bureaucracy
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civil servants
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can not be fired after probationary period
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civil rights division
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responsible for enforcing civil rights laws
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bureaucracy
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dept agencies, staff that help pres carry out duties
started with 3 groups and now huge |
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dept of homeland security
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most recent bureaucracy
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congress and bureaucracy
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encourage expansion
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judicial control
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checks and balances control extent of growthin branches, but dont want it to stop growing
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Pres wont stop
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no incentive to to stop explosion because its where he gets stuff through
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Judiciary Act of 1979
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est the basic 3-tiered structure of federal court system
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Marbury v Madison
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Supreme Court under John Marshall 1st asserted the power of judicial reviewby finding that the congressional statute extending the courts original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
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trial courts
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court of original jurisdiction where cases begin
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appellate courts
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court that generally views only findings of law made by lower courts
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jurisdiction
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authority to hear and decide the issues in any particular case
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original jurisdiction
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courts authority to hear disputes as a trial court and may occur on federal or state level
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appellate jurisdiction
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power vested in particular courts to review and/or revise the decision ofa lower court
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criminal law
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body of law that regulates individual conduct and enforced by state and natnl govts
related to protection of property and individual safety assumes that society itself is the victim of the illegal act |
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civil law
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body of law that regulates the conduct and relationships btwn private individuals or companies
involves lawsuits filed to recover something of value |
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const courts
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federal courts specifically created by the const. or by congress for specialized purposes
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Judiciary Act of 1979
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est the basic 3-tiered structure of federal court system
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Marbury v Madison
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Supreme Court under John Marshall 1st asserted the power of judicial reviewby finding that the congressional statute extending the courts original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
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trial courts
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court of original jurisdiction where cases begin
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appellate courts
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court that generally views only findings of law made by lower courts
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jurisdiction
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authority to hear and decide the issues in any particular case
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original jurisdiction
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courts authority to hear disputes as a trial court and may occur on federal or state level
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appellate jurisdiction
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power vested in particular courts to review and/or revise the decision ofa lower court
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criminal law
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body of law that regulates individual conduct and enforced by state and natnl govts
related to protection of property and individual safety assumes that society itself is the victim of the illegal act |
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civil law
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body of law that regulates the conduct and relationships btwn private individuals or companies
involves lawsuits filed to recover something of value |
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const courts
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federal courts specifically created by the const. or by Congress pursuant to its authority in art 3
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legislative courts
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est by Congress for specialized purposes
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District Courts
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every state has at least one federal district court
trial courts |
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District Court Cases
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1. fed govt as party
2. present federal question based on claim under Const., treaty, federal stature 3. involve civil suits- citizens from different states- amt of $ |
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brief
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doc containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial
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precedents
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a prior judicial decision that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of similar nature
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stare decisis
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a reliance on past decisions or precedents o formulate decision in new cases
can be helpful in predicting decisions |
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senatorial courtesy
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pres generally defers selection of district court judges to choice of senators of own party
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who are fed judges
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typically held other pol offices
most involved in politics most judicial nominees with prior judicial experience nom by pres and confirmed by senate role of court changed and so has attn to nominees |
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criteria for fed judges nominee
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1. competence
2. ideology/policy pref 3. rewards 4. pursuit of pol support 5. religion 6. race and gender |
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writ of certiorari
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request for court to order up the records from a lower court to review the case
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Rule of Four
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at least 4 justices of the SC must vote to consider a case before it can be heard
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solicit or general
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4th ranking member of Dept of Justice responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of US govt to SC
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amicus curae
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friend of court: amici may file briefs or even appear to argue their interests orally before the court
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oral arguments
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once a case accepted- oral arugement limited to immediate parties in case
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conference and vote
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meet in closed conference once a week once door closes, no one else enters
highlight importance and power of chief justice |
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writing opinions
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after court reaches decision, justices formulate a formal opinion of court reasoning behind decisions
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judicial restraint
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philosophy of judicial decision making that argues courts should allow the decisions of other branches of govt to stand, even when they offend a judges sense of principles
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strict constructionists
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an approach to constitutional interpretation that emphasizes the Framer's original intentions
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judicial activism
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philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, esp in areas of equality and personal liberty
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judicial implementation
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how and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit
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judicial self restraint
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justices and judges should look to intent of framers of const. and precendents interpreting the const. rather than applying own political values or changing const to fit needs of society
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school desegregation
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1954 sc overruled Plessy v Ferguson principle "separate but equal" violated equal protection clause
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Cummings v Richmond County Board of Education
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permissable to provide a hs for white not blacks
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Brown II
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deseg with all deliberate speed
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1971 Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg
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court ordered school districts to use busing to achieve racial balance or quotas so that pupils of all grade eves have about same prop of black and white students
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Milliken v Bradley
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Sc began process of dismantling busing for purpose of desegregation
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Griggs et al V Duke Power Co.
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1971 unanimous SC struck down educational and test requirements that had discriminatory impact on blacks seeking employment, unless such requirement could be shown necessary to performance of job
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institutional racism
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disparate impact- deals with policies pr programs that have racially discriminatory impact or effect
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Alexander V Sandoral
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took away individuals right to sue states practicing institutional racism
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political socialization
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process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values
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mass media
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socialization agent
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public opinion polls
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interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population
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public opinion
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what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time
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Literary Digest
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1916 presidential polling
did straw polls |
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straw polls
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unscientific surveys used to gauge public opinion, to predict the popular vote in those 4 pres elections
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sample
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subset of whole population selected to be questioned for the purposes of prediction or gauging opinion
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traditional public opinion polls
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1. determine content and phrasing questions
2. select sample 3. contact respondents |
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random sample
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method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected
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stratified sampling
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variation of random sampling;
census data used to divide country into 4 sampling regions; set of countries and standard metropolitan statistical areas randomly selected in proportion to total ntnl pop |
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push polls
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taken for purposes of providing info on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate
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tracking polls
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continuous surveys that enable a campaign to chart its daily rise or fall in support
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exit polls
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conducted at selected polling places on election day
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margin of error
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measure of accuracy of public opinion poll
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political ideology
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coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of govt held by groups and individuals
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mass media
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entire array of organizations through which information is collected and disseminated to general public
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news media
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media providing public with new info about subject of public interest
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yellow journalism
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form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late 19th century that featured pics, comics, color and news coverage
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muckracking
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form of journalism in vogue in early 20th century concerned with reforming govt and business conduct
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affiliates
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local TV stations that carry programming of a ntnl network
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wire service
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electronic delivery of news gathered by news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations
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narrowcasting
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targeting media prog at special pop within society
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content regulation
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govt attempts to regulate the substance of mass media
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equal time rule
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broadcast stations required to sell airtime equally to all candidates in a political campaign
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press briefing
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relatively redistricted session btwn a press sec or aide and the pres
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agenda setting
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consistent process of forming the list of issues to be addressed by govt
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framing
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process by which a news org defines a political issue and consequently affects opinion about the issue
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media bias
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press told an untruth , part of truth, or facts out of context of event
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why low voter turnout
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too busy, difficult to register, difficult to get absentee ballot, # of elections, time to register, research, physical limitations
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retrospective judgement
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voters eval of performance of party in power
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prospective judgement
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voters eval of candidate based on what s/he pledges to do about issue if elected
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primary election
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voters decide which candidate of party will rep party
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closed primary
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only party's registered voters are eligible to vote
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open primary
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party members, independents, and sometimes members of other party allowed to vote
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crossover voting
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participation in primary of party with which the voter is not associated/affiliated
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raiding
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org. attempt by voters of one party to influence the prim result of the other party
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runoff primary
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2nd prim election btwn 2 candidates
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caucuses
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oldest more party oriented method of choosing delegates to ntnl convention
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front loading
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tendency of states to choose an early date on primary calender
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contrast ads
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compares records and proposals of candidates with bias towards sponsor
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soft $
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virtually unregulated $ funneled by individuals and political committees, through state and local govt parties
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527 pol committee
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non-profit and unregulated interest groups that focus on special causes or policy positions and attempt to influence voters
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501 (c) (3) committee
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nonprofit and tax exempt groups that can educate voters about issues and are not required to release the names of their contributors
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Columbia University
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sociological model
Voter Decides |
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Columbia- soc model
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role of campaigns- see campaigns, *vote for candidates based on campaigns
*found that campaigns not really like commercials *cross pressured people- waited until last minute |
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University of Michigan
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Psychological model
funnel of causality The American Voter |
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U of Mich.- psych model
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party ID= psychological attatchment
demographics play into party ID-lens through which pple look at candidates |
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Rochester School
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Rational Model
The Responsible Electorate |
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Rochester school-rational
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whatever makes sense to you
if benefits outweigh costs, then we will take on that behavior *voters are not fools- look at issues as well as parties |
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problem Recognition
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ID of an issue that disturbs the ppole and leades them to call for govt interventions
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agenda setting
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govt recognition that a problem is worthy of consideration for govtal intervention
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policy formulation
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ID of alternative approaches to addressing the problems placed on govts agenda
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policy adoption
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formal selection of public policies through leg, exec, jud, and bur means
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budgeting
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allocation of resources to provide for proper implementation of public policies
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policy implementation
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actual admin or application of public policies to their targets
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systemic agenda
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all public issues that are viewed as requiring govt attn: a discussion agenda
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govt/institutional agenda
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changing list of issues to which govt believe they should address themselves
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incentive techniques
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encourage people to act in their own best interest by offering payoffs or financial inducements to get them to comply with public policies
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capacity techniques
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provide people with info, education, training or resources that will enable them to participate in desired activities
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hortatory techniques
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encourage people to comply with policy by appealing to people's "better instincts" in an effort to get them to act in a desired way
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entitlement programs
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income security prog to which all those meeting eligibility criteria are entitled
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econ reg
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govt reg of business practices, industry rates or areas serviced by particular industries
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soc reg
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govt reg of quality of safety of products as well as the conditions under which goods and services are provided
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deregulation
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reduction in market controls in favor of market based competition
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economic stability
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situatuation in which ther is economic growth, rising ntnl income, high employment, and steadiness in the general level of prices
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inflation
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rise in general price levels of an economy
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recession
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short term decline in the economy that occurs as investment sags, production falls off, and unemployment increases
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Board of Govs
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7 member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions
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reserve requirements
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govt regs that a portion of member banks deposits must be retained to back loans made
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fiscal policy
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federal govt policies on taxes, spending, debt management
intended to promote the nation's microeconomic goals particularly with respect to employment, price stability and growth |
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discretionary fiscal policy
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deliberate decisions by pres and congress to run budget surpluses or deficits
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Ending Welfare as we know it
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Clinton admin 1992
2 mjr reforms 1. ntnl health insurance 2. ending welfare as we know it |
