Govt Ch 13,14,15

Front 1

Budget

Back 1

A policy deocument allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures)

Front 2

Expenditures

Back 2

Federal spending of revenues. Major areas of such spending are social services and the military.

Front 3

revenues

Back 3

The financial resources of the federal govt. The individuals income tax and social security tas are two major sources of revenue.

Front 4

income tax

Back 4

shares of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the govt. the first income tax declared unconsitutional

Front 5

sixteenth amendment

Back 5

the consitiutional amendment adorped in 1915 that explicitly permitted congress to levy an income tax

Front 6

federal debt

Back 6

all the money borrowed by the federal govt over the years and sill outstanding today the federal debt is about $5 trillion

Front 7

tax ependitures

Back 7

revenue losses attributes to provisions of the fedreal tax laws withch allow a special exemption, exlusion or deductuion

Front 8

social security act

Back 8

the 1935 law passed during the great depression taht was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older americans and thus save them from poverty.

Front 9

medicare

Back 9

a program added to the social security system in 1965 that provided hospitals insurance for the elderly and permits older americans to purchase inexpensive voerage for doctor fees and other.

Front 10

continuing resolutions

Back 10

when congress cannot reach agreement and pass appropriations bill, these resolutions allow agencies to spend out tha level of the previous year.

Front 11

uncontrollable expenditures

Back 11

determined how many eligible beneficiaries there are for some particular program

Front 12

entitlements

Back 12

policies for which expenditure are uncontrollable because congress has in effect obligated itself to pay X level of benefits for Y number of recipients

Front 13

House ways and means committee

Back 13

the house of representatives that review all bills coming from a house committee before they go to the full house

Front 14

Senate finance committee

Back 14

the senate committee that along with the house wasy and means committee, writes the two codes, subject to the approval of congress as a whole

Front 15

congressional budget and impoundment control act of 1974

Back 15

designed to reform the congressional budgetary process. its reporters hoped taht it would also make congress less dependent on presidental budgest and better able to set and meet its own budgets

Front 16

budget resolution

Back 16

binding congress to a total expenditure lever, supposedly the bottom line of all federal spending for all programs

Front 17

reconciliation

Back 17

a congressional process through which program authorization are revised to achieve required savings. it usually also includes tax or other

Front 18

authorization bill

Back 18

establishes, continues or changes a discretionalry govt program or an entitlement. it specifies program goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs

Front 19

continuing resolutions

Back 19

when congress can not reach agreement and pass appropriations bills, these resolutions allow agencies to spend at the level of the previous year

Front 20

patronage

Back 20

one of the key inducements used by machines. a patronage job, promotion, or contract is on that is given for political reasona rather than for merit or competence alone

Front 21

pendleton civil service act

Back 21

passed in 1883, an act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

Front 22

civil service

Back 22

a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan govt sevice

Front 23

merit principle

Back 23

the idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill

Front 24

Hatch act

Back 24

a federal law prohibiting govt employees from active participation in partisan politics

Front 25

office of personnel management

Back 25

the office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal govt using elaborate rules in the process

Front 26

GS (general schedule) rating

Back 26

a schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience

Front 27

senior executive service

Back 27

the elite cadre of about 11,000 federal govt manages. established by the civil service reform act of 1978.

Front 28

bureaucracy

Back 28

a hierarchial authority structure that uses task specialization operates on the merit principle and behaves with impersonality

Front 29

independent regulatory agency

Back 29

a govt agency responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules supposedly to protect the public interest. also judges disputes over rules

Front 30

government corporations

Back 30

provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its service

Front 31

indepented executive agences

Back 31

the govt not accounted for by cabinet dept. its adminitration are typically appointed by the pres and serve at the presidents pleasure

Front 32

policy implementation

Back 32

the stage of policy making between the establishmtn of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the ppl whom it affects. involves translating goal and objectives

Front 33

standard operating procedures

Back 33

better knownas SOP, these procedures are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations, uniformity improves fairness an makes personnel interchangeable

Front 34

administrative discretion

Back 34

the authority of administrative actors to select amoung various responses to a given problem. descretion is greatest when routines do not fit case

Front 35

street-level bureaucrats

Back 35

referring to htose bureaucrats who are in constant contact with public and have considerable aminitrative discretion`

Front 36

regulation

Back 36

the use of govt authority to control of change some practie in the private sector. regulations pervade the daily lives of ppl and institutions

Front 37

command and control policy

Back 37

the existing systerm of regulations whereby govt tells business how to reach coretain goals, checks that these commands are followed and punishes offenders

Front 38

incentive system

Back 38

a more effective and efficient policy than command and control; market-like strategies are used to manage public policy

Front 39

deregulation

Back 39

the lifting of resitrcions on business, industry and professional activities for which govt and rusles has been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer

Front 40

executive orders

Back 40

regulations originating from the executive branch. executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bereaucracy.

Front 41

iron triangles

Back 41

entities composed of bureaucratic agencies interstet groups and congressional comittees or subcommittees, which have cominated some areas of domestic policymaking. servies, information or policy.

Front 42

cabinet

Back 42

a group of presidential advisers not mentions in the constitution, although every president has had one. today the cabinet is composed of 13 secretaries and the attorney general

Front 43

impeachment

Back 43

the political equivalent of an indiciment in criminal law, prescribed by the constitution. the house of pres may impeach the president by a majority vote for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

Front 44

National security council

Back 44

an office created in 1947 to coordinate the presidents foreign and military policy advisors. ifs formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and its managed by the presidents national security advisor

Front 45

22nd amendments

Back 45

passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office

Front 46

25th amendment

Back 46

passed in 1951, the amendment that permits the vice president to become acting president if both the vice president and the president cabinet determine taht the presided is disabled. the amendment also outlines houw a recuperated president can reclaim the job.

Front 47

watergate

Back 47

the events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the democratic national committee head quarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of white house involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of president nixon under the threat of impeachment

Front 48

council of economic advisors (CEA)

Back 48

a three member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy

Front 49

crisis

Back 49

a sudden unpredictable and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager

Front 50

legislative veto

Back 50

the ability of congress to override a presidental decision. althought thear powers resoulution asserts this authority there is reason to believe that if challenged the supreme court would find the legislative veto in violation of the doctrin of separation of powers

Front 51

office of management and budget (OMB)

Back 51

an office that grea out of the bureau of the budget created in 1921 consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled profssionals. the OMB perfoms both managerial and budgetary functions and although the president is its boss, the director and staff have considerable independence in the budgetary process.

Front 52

pocket veto

Back 52

a veto taking place when congress adjourns within 10 days of having submitted a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Front 53

presidential coattails

Back 53

the situation occurring when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates fo the presidents party because thy suppor the president. recent studies show that few races are won this way

Front 54

veto

Back 54

the constitutional pwer of the president to send a bill back to congress with reason for rejecting it. a two thirds vote in each house can override a veto

Front 55

war powers resolution

Back 55

a law pased in 1973 in reaction to american fighting in vietnam and cambodia requiring presidents to consult with congress whenever possible prior to using miliary force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless congress declares war or grants an extension. presidents view the resolution as unconstitutional