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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Civil Liberties
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Basic rights and freedoms interpreted by the Bill of Right and the Constitution.
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Civil Rights
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The right to be free from unequal treatment based upon race, gender, disability, age, religion, and national orgin.
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Morality
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Personal view of what is right and wrong.
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Legality
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What is righrt or wrong in terms of law.
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Ethics
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Cultral or community view of what is right or wrong.
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Eminent Domanin
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action of government to take private propert with compensation under any means necessary.
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Fiscal Policy
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taxing, spending, and borrowing policies of the National government.
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Monetary Policies
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economic policies inculding the money supply, interest rates, and banking activity.
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Inflation
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A general increase in the level of prices.
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Recession
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Decline in the general level of economic activity.
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FICA Tax
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Pays for Social Security and Medicaid.
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Flat Tax
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All income groups pay the same percentage.
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Regressive Tax
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lower income groups pay a higher percentage.
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Progressive Tax
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higher income groups pay a higher percentage.
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Persistant Poverty
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People who are in poverty for over 5 years.
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Public Assistance Programs
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Eligible programs for people living in poverty. Programs include; Unemployment, SSI, TANF (family assistance), Food Stamps, Earned Income Tax Credit, and Medicaid.
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Temporary Poverty
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People who are living below the Standard of living for less than 5 years.
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Social Insurance
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beneficiaries make contributions to which they are then entitled to recieve when they reach a certain age.
(ex. Medicare, Social Security) |
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Collective Security Agreement
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Multi-nation agreements to join together for protection against foreign threats.
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Nation Building
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refers to the process of constructing a national identity using the power of the state.
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Imperialism
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the creation of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship between states.
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Gerrymandering
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drawing district lines to benifit one group/party over another in elections.
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Cracking
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Splitting a district with a large number of citizens from one group into two districts to minimize their influence.
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Packing
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putting together members from groups into one district to maximize their impact.
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Pluralist
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Power distributed amongst competing groups.
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Retrospective Voting
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voting based on how you feel about the current elected officials.
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Pocketbook Voting
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Voting based on the condition of the economy.
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Socialization
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Learning of a culture and its values.
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Slander
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False spoken statements that defame the character of a person.
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Suffrage
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The drive for voting rights for women (1890-1920).
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Public Interest Groups
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AARP,NAACP, ACLU, NOW, Common Cause are public interest groups typically viewed as liberal learning groups.
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Political Parties
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a political organization that seeks to attain power in government.
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PACs
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a donation over $50-200 in part or total.
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Equal Time Rule
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Selling of time not coverage.
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Soft News
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Cable News Talk Shows, TV News, Magazines, Publications, Entertainment News.
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libel
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making harmful false written statements about an individual.
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Equal Protection
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Prohibits government from establishing a national religion.
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Incorporation
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applying the Bill of Rights.
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Clear and Present Danger Test
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The court must assess the;
1. Clearness or seriousness of the threat. 2.Immediacy of danger posed. |
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Due Process
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required government to recognize the rights of individual citizens and protects citizens from infringement.
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Writ of Habeas Corpus
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have to tell people in a court of law why you are holding them.
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Double Jeopardy
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protects people from being tried twice for the same offense.
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Prenumbra
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an unstated right derived from stated rights in the Constitution.
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The Right to Privacy
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"The right to be left alone"
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Ex post facto law
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Law passed after the fact, thereby making previously legal activity illegal and subject to current penalty.
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Bill of Attainder
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A law declaring an act illegal without a judical trail.
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Push Polling
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Polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate.
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Primary Election
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Election in which voters decide which candidates within a party will represent in the general election.
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Lobbying
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The activities of a group or organization that seeks to influence legislation and persuade political leaders to support the group's position.
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General Election
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Election in which voters will decide which candidates will fill public offices.
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Gender Gap
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the differences between women and men as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes.
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Open Primary
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a direct primary election in which voters need not meet a test of party membership.
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Popular Vote
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the vote for a U.S. presidential candidate made by the qualified voters, as opposed to that made by the electoral college.
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Electoral Vote
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the vote cast in the electoral college of the U.S. by the representatives of each state in a presidential election.
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Doctrine of No Prior Restraint
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This doctrine provides that a publication cannot be suppressed by the government before it is released to the public. Nor can publication of something be conditioned upon judicial approval before its release.
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Deterrence
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the act of deterring, esp. deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating
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The 3 Componets of the Lemon Test Are:
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A Law:
1) Must Have a secular purpose 2) Cannot advance/inhibit religion 3) Cannot foster an excessive government entanglement with religion |
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What speech that is not protected by the 1st Amendment?
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Speech is not protected if it poses serious and immediate threat. The Court must assess the
1. Clearness or seriousness of the threat 2. Immediacy of danger posed |
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Two Clauses that frame Freedom of Religion in the 1st Amendment are:
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1) Prohibits government from restricting religious practices.
2)The Court distinguishes between practice and belief in it’s decisions. The Court cannot stop anyone from believing in something but they have banned some practices because they threaten the “health, safety or welfare of individuals.” |
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Affirmative action
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any program whose goal is to overcome the results of past discrimination by giving members of historically disadvantaged groups preferential treatment in hiring, promotions or other aspects of life
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Johnson v. Texas
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(flag burning) a landmark decision that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag in force in 48 of the 50 states.
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Brown v. Board of Education
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(desegregating schools) a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.
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Griswold v. Connecticut
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(right to privacy) a landmark case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy.
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Miranda v. Arizona
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(miranda rights) The Court ruled that a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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("seperate but equal") a landmark decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal."
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California v. Bakke
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(Restrictions on School Admissions) a landmark decision on the permissible scopefactors in an admissions program, but only for the purpose of improving the learning environment through diversity in accordance with the university's constitutionally protected First Amendment right to Academic Freedom (
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The three influences on the media are:
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Economic
Ideology Professional interest |
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Top three sources for news in the U.S.
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Television
Internet Radio |
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The 3 and 8th Amendments deals with what?
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Deals with your rights as a criminal defendant.
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What issues currently fall under the right to privacy?
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Birth Control and Abortion
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Three levels of suspect classifications/scrutiny and the leagal areas they cover.
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1. Rational Basis- (age, wealth, mental/physical disabilites, & sexual orientation)
2. Intermediate (Gender) 3.Strict (Race & National Origin) |
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What are the 5 major types of interest groups? (EPISS)
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Economic
Professional Ideological Social (Religion, Race, etc) Specific Interest |
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What are the 4 Theories why interests groups form?
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Pluralist
Disturbance Transactions Population Ecology |
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Pluralist Interest groups
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power distributed amongst competing groups
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Disturbance Interest Groups
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formed to counteract other groups
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Transaction Interest Groups
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interest groups that are biased towards those with political resources
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Population Ecology Interest Groups
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groups that form with a given interest in a given area.
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The 4 types of third parties are? (PISS)
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1 Protest Parties
2 Ideological Parties 3 Single-Issue Parties 4 Splinter Parties |
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What are some possible reforms of the Electoral College?
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1 Direct Vote
2 National Bonus Plan 3 Congressional District Plan 4 Proportional Allocation of Electoral Votes. |
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What are the 6 major issues in campaigns and elections?
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1.Incumbent Advantage
2. It’s all about the money. 3. Increasingly long campaign cycle and voter fatigue. 4. Making sure our votes count. 5. Re-Districting 6. Electoral College reform. |
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Trends in the media are?
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1. Movement towards more polarized sources of news
2. Movement towards non-network news and “new media” |
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What are the two types of economic policies
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Fiscal & Monetary
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Define Fiscal.
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taxing, spending, borrowing policies of the national government
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Define Monetary.
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economic policies including the money supply, interest rates, and banking activity
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Who are the members of the Presidents Economic Team?
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OMB (Office of Management and Budget)
CEA (Council of Economic Advisors) Dept of the Treasury |
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What are the 6 types of public assistance programs?
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1. Unemployment
2. SSI 3. TANF 4. Food Stamps 5. Income Tax Credit 6. Medicaid |
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Where does the money for public finacing come from?
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11 % of citizens that donate $3 dollars of tax money to go toward campaign funds.
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What issue does the 2nd amendment cover? What was decided in 2009 in reguards to this amendment?
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The right to bear arms. In 2008, The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a sweeping ban on handguns in the nation's capital violated the Second Amendment right to bear arms.
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BCRA Act (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act)
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In 2002, it amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, which regulates the financing of political campaigns.
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Redistricting
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the process in the United States of changing political borders. This often means changing electoral district and constituency boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results.[
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Why are Iowa and New Hampshire important to presidential candidates?
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They are always first in presidential campaigns due to there historic backgrounds in the history of politics.
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Domino Effect
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If a candidate wins the first state, he is more likely to win the next.
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Front End Strategy
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Campaigning in Iowa and New Hampshire first to gain the domino effect.
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Big State Strategy
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Gaining more people to broaden votes.
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The "Fed"
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Federal Reseve Bank
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Examples of political participation
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Voting & protesting.
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