Government Chapters 5 & 6

Front 1

Civil Liberties

Back 1

individual freedoms guaranteed to the people primarily through the bill of rights (Religion)

Front 2

Civil Rights

Back 2

citizenship rights guaranteed to the people and protected by the government (Amendments 13, 14, 15, 19, 26)

Front 3

Habeas Corpus

Back 3

right of accused person to be brought before judge and be informed of charged and evidence against them

Front 4

Bill of Attainder

Back 4

laws under which certain specific groups or individuals are detained and sentenced without trial

Front 5

Ex Post Facto Laws

Back 5

Laws criminalizing an action after it occurs

Front 6

Incorporation

Back 6

Supreme Court applying Bill of Rights to states

Front 7

Selective Incorporation

Back 7

incorporation of rights on a case-by-case basis

Front 8

Establishment Clause

Back 8

first amendment guarantee that government will not create an official state church

Front 9

Separationists

Back 9

Supporters of separation of church and state

Front 10

Accomodationists

Back 10

support government non preferential accommodation of religion

Front 11

Lemon Test

Back 11

three-pronged rule used by courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated

Front 12

Free Exercise Clause

Back 12

first amendment guarantee that citizens may engage in religious activities of their choice

Front 13

Police Power

Back 13

Ability of government to protect citizens and maintain social order

Front 14

Compelling State Interest

Back 14

fundamental state purpose must be shown before and can limit some freedoms or treat some groups of people differently (curfew for teenager)

Front 15

Sedition

Back 15

Speech criticizing government to promote rebellion

Front 16

Bad Tendency Test

Back 16

Rule used by courts allowing speech to be punished if it leads to punishable actions

Front 17

Clear and Present Danger Test

Back 17

allows language to be regulated if it presents an immediate and urgent danger

Front 18

Imminent Lawless Action Test

Back 18

Restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing imminent lawless action

Front 19

Freedom of Assembly

Back 19

right of people to gather peacefully and petition the government

Front 20

Miller Test

Back 20

Rule used by courts saying the the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards

Front 21

Fighting Words

Back 21

speech intended to incite violence

Front 22

Political Correctness

Back 22

Language shapes behavior and should be regulated to control social efforts

Front 23

Prior Restraint

Back 23

Censorship of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken

Front 24

Libel

Back 24

written defamation of a character

Front 25

Due Process of Law

Back 25

guarantee that laws will be fair and reasonable and citizens suspected of breaking the law are treated fairly

Front 26

Exclusionary Rule

Back 26

Evidence seized illegally may not be used to obtain a conviction

Front 27

Civil Rights

Back 27

Citizenship rights given to the people and protected by the government

Front 28

Suspect Classification

Back 28

any discriminatory law must be justified by compelling state interest

Front 29

Strict Scrutiny

Back 29

heightened standard of review to assess constitutionality of laws that limit freedoms or make a suspect classification

Front 30

Intermediate Standard of Review

Back 30

standard of review used by Supreme Court to evaluate laws that make a suspect classification

Front 31

Minimum Rationality Test

Back 31

used to evaluate laws that make a non suspect classification

Front 32

Black Codes

Back 32

series of laws in the post Civil War south restricting rights of former slaves

Front 33

Reconstruction

Back 33

period after Civil War where federal Government took action to rebuild the south

Front 34

Poll Taxes

Back 34

taxes levied as qualification for voting

Front 35

Literacy Test

Back 35

tests requiring reading skills as a qualification for voting

Front 36

Grandfather clauses

Back 36

Exempted those from voter restrictions who were descendants of voters in 1867

Front 37

Jim Crow Laws

Back 37

Southern laws intended to deny blacks rights on basis other than race

Front 38

Segregation

Back 38

Practice of separating races

Front 39

Plessy V. Ferguson

Back 39

Supreme court case establishing constitutionality of "separate but equal"

Front 40

NAACP

Back 40

interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans

Front 41

Brown V. Board of Education

Back 41

Supreme Court case ruling that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional for education

Front 42

De jure Discrimination

Back 42

discrimination arising fro or supported by law

Front 43

De Facto Discrimination

Back 43

Discrimination that is the result of tradition and habit

Front 44

Busing

Back 44

achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries

Front 45

Affirmative Action

Back 45

policy of creating opportunity for members of certain groups as substantive remedy for past discrimination

Front 46

English-only Movements

Back 46

efforts to make English the official language of the US

Front 47

Equal Rights Amendment

Back 47

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned gender discrimination